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A single-dose of oral nattokinase potentiates thrombolysis and anti-coagulation profiles. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11601. [PMID: 26109079 PMCID: PMC4479826 DOI: 10.1038/srep11601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the quantitative effects of a single-dose of Nattokinase (NK) administration on coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters comprehensively in healthy male subjects. A double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over NK intervention study was carried out in 12 healthy young males. Following the baseline blood draw, each subject was randomized to receive either a single-dose of 2,000 FU NK (NSK-SD, Japan Bio Science Laboratory Co., Ltd) or placebo with subsequent cross-over of the groups. Subjects donated blood samples at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours following administration for analysis of coagulation/fibrinolysis parameters. As a result, D-dimer concentrations at 6, and 8 hours, and blood fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products at 4 hours after NK administration elevated significantly (p < 0.05, respectively). Factor VIII activity declined at 4 and 6 hours (p < 0.05, respectively), blood antithrombin concentration was higher at 2 and 4 hours (p < 0.05, respectively), and the activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged significantly at 2 and 4 hours following NK administration (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). All the changes, however, were within the normal range. In conclusion, thus, a single-dose of NK administration appears enhancing fibrinolysis and anti-coagulation via several different pathways simultaneously.
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Lorente L, Martín MM, Borreguero-León JM, Barrios Y, Solé-Violán J, Ferreres J, Labarta L, Díaz C, Jiménez A. The 4G/4G Genotype of PAI-1 Polymorphism Is Associated with Higher Plasma PAI-1 Concentrations and Mortality in Patients with Severe Sepsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129565. [PMID: 26066833 PMCID: PMC4466252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Two studies have reported that patients with the 4G/4G genotype of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) genetic polymorphism had higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations and higher risk of death than those with the 4G/5G or 5G/5G genotypes; one study involved 175 children with meningococcal disease, and the other included 88 adult patients with septic shock. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between carriage of the 4G/4G genotype, plasma PAI-1 concentrations and mortality in a large series of adult septic patients. Methods An observational, prospective, multicenter study was carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units including severe septic patients. We determined the PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism and plasma PAI-1 concentrations in all patients. The end-points of the study were 30-day and 6-month mortality. Results We included a total of 260 patients, 82 (31.5%) with 4G/4G, 126 (48.5%) with 4G/5G and 52 (20.0%) with 5G/5G genotype. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the 4G/4G genotype was associated with higher mortality at 30 days (Odds Ratio = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.063–3.561; p = 0.03) and at 6 months (Odds Ratio = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.221–3.934; p = 0.01), and that higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations were associated with higher mortality at 30 days (Odds Ratio = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.002–1.022; p = 0.02) at 6 months (Odds Ratio = 1.01; 95% CI = 1.003–1.023; p = 0.01). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that increased plasma PAI-1 concentrations were associated with the PAI-1 4G/4G genotype (regression coefficient = 4.82; 95% CI = 3.227 to 6.406; p<0.001). Conclusions The major findings of our study, to our knowledge the largest series reporting data about 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene, plasma PAI-1 concentrations and mortality in septic patients, were that septic patients with the 4G/4G genotype had higher plasma PAI-1 concentrations and higher risk of death than those with 4G/5G or 5G/5G genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - María M. Martín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora Candelaria, Santa Cruz Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Ysamar Barrios
- Laboratory Deparment of the Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - César Díaz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Statistical Deparment of the Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Kapoor R, Pathak S, Najmi AK, Aeri V, Panda BP. Processing of soy functional food using high pressure homogenization for improved nutritional and therapeutic benefits. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nattokinase: production and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Garg R, Thorat BN. Nattokinase purification by three phase partitioning and impact of t-butanol on freeze drying. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of fibrinolytic enzymes in the dissolution of endogenous blood thrombi. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:656-72. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt 44519
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Lorente L, Martín MM, Borreguero-León JM, Solé-Violán J, Ferreres J, Labarta L, Díaz C, Jiménez A, Páramo JA. Sustained high plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels are associated with severity and mortality in septic patients. Thromb Res 2014; 134:182-6. [PMID: 24814968 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels have been reported in septic patients. However, some questions remain unanswered, such as whether there is an association between plasma PAI-1 levels and sepsis severity and mortality, and inflammation state during the first week. METHODS Multicenter, observational and prospective study carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units of 260 patients with severe sepsis. Circulating levels of PAI-1 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured at day 1, 4 and 8. End-point was 30-day mortality. RESULTS Nonsurviving septic patients (n=89) presented higher PAI-1 levels than surviving (n=171) at day 1 (58.4 (33.3-83.8) vs 36.5 (21.1-62.5) ng/mL; p<0.001), 4 (34.0 (14.7-53.3) vs 16.2 (10.2-27.4) ng/mL; p<0.001) and 8 (30.6 (16.2-47.8) vs 18.9 (10.4-29.5) ng/mL; p=0.004). We found a positive correlation of PAI-1 levels with SOFA, lactic acid, aPTT, INR and TNF-α, and negative with platelet count at day 1, 4 and 8. Logistic regression analyses showed that PAI-1 levels at day 1 (p<0.001), 4 (p<0.001) and 8 (p=0.001) were associated with 30-day mortality. On ROC curve analysis to predict 30- day survival, the area under the curve of PAI-1 levels at day 1, 4 and 8 were 0.65 (95% CI=0.58-0.72; p<0.001), 0.69 (95% CI=0.60-0.78; p<0.001) and 0.65 (95% CI=0.54-0.75; p=0.005) respectively. CONCLUSIONS The most interesting findings of our study, to our knowledge the largest series reporting PAI-1 levels during follow-up in septic patients, were that plasma PAI-1 levels during the first week were associated with inflammation, severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - María M Martín
- Intensive Care Unit. Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Juan M Borreguero-León
- Laboratory Deparment, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Labarta
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital San Jorge de Huesca, Huesca, Spain
| | - César Díaz
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José A Páramo
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Fadl NN, Ahmed HH, Booles HF, Sayed AH. Serrapeptase and nattokinase intervention for relieving Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in rat model. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 32:721-35. [PMID: 23821590 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112467040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Serrapeptase (SP) and nattokinase (NK) are proteolytic enzymes belonging to serine proteases. In this study, we hypothesized that SP and NK could modulate certain factors that are associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology in the experimental model. Oral administration of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) in a dose of 17 mg/kg body weight (bw) daily for 45 days induced AD-like pathology in male rats with a significant increase in brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), Fas and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. Meanwhile, AlCl3 supplementation produced significant decrease in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) when compared with control values. Also, AlCl3 administration caused significant decline in the expression levels of disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 9 (ADAM9) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 10 (ADAM10) genes in the brain. Histological investigation of brain tissue of rat model of AD showed neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus and focal hyalinosis with cellular as well as a cellular amyloid plaques formation. Oral administration of SP or NK in a rat model of AD daily for 45 days resulted in a significant decrease in brain AchE activity, TGF-β, Fas and IL-6 levels. Also, the treatment with these enzymes produced significant increase in BDNF and IGF-1 levels when compared with the untreated AD-induced rats. Moreover, both SP and NK could markedly increase the expression levels of ADAM9 and ADAM10 genes in the brain tissue of the treated rats. These findings were well confirmed by the histological examination of the brain tissue of the treated rats. The present results support our hypothesis that the oral administration of proteolytitc enzymes, SP and/or NK, would have an effective role in modulating certain factors characterizing AD. Thus, these enzymes may have a therapeutic application in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Fadl
- Medical Physiology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Girach A, Pakola S. Vitreomacular interface diseases: pathophysiology, diagnosis and future treatment options. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.12.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Korean red ginseng combined with nattokinase ameliorates dyslipidemia and the area of aortic plaques in high cholesterol-diet fed rabbits. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Nattokinase improves blood flow by inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation. Lab Anim Res 2013; 29:221-5. [PMID: 24396387 PMCID: PMC3879341 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2013.29.4.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nattokinase on the in vitro platelet aggregation and in vivo thrombosis were investigated in comparison with aspirin. Rabbit platelet-rich plasma was incubated with nattokinase and aggregation inducers collagen and thrombin, and the platelet aggregation rate was analyzed. Nattokinase significantly inhibited both the collagen- and thrombin-induced platelet aggregations. Nattokinase also reduced thromboxane B2 formation from collagen-activated platelets in a concentration-dependent manner. Rats were orally administered with nattokinase for 1 week, and their carotid arteries were exposed. Arterial thrombosis was induced by applying 35% FeCl3-soaked filter paper for 10 min, and the blood flow was monitored with a laser Doppler probe. Nattokinase delayed the FeCl3-induced arterial occlusion in a dose-dependent manner, doubling the occlusion time at 160 mg/kg. In addition, a high dose (500 mg/kg) of nattokinase fully prevented the occlusion, as achieved with aspirin (30 mg/kg). The results indicate that nattokinase extracted from fermented soybean inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking thromboxane formation, and thereby delay thrombosis following oxidative arterial wall injury. Therefore, it is suggested that nattokinase could be a good candidate without adverse effects for the improvement of blood flow.
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Carrion B, Janson IA, Kong YP, Putnam AJ. A safe and efficient method to retrieve mesenchymal stem cells from three-dimensional fibrin gels. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:252-63. [PMID: 23808842 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) display multipotent characteristics that make them ideal for potential therapeutic applications. MSCs are typically cultured as monolayers on tissue culture plastic, but there is increasing evidence suggesting that they may lose their multipotency over time in vitro and eventually cease to retain any resemblance to in vivo resident MSCs. Three-dimensional (3D) culture systems that more closely recapitulate the physiological environment of MSCs and other cell types are increasingly explored for their capacity to support and maintain the cell phenotypes. In much of our own work, we have utilized fibrin, a natural protein-based material that serves as the provisional extracellular matrix during wound healing. Fibrin has proven to be useful in numerous tissue engineering applications and has been used clinically as a hemostatic material. Its rapid self-assembly driven by thrombin-mediated alteration of fibrinogen makes fibrin an attractive 3D substrate, in which cells can adhere, spread, proliferate, and undergo complex morphogenetic programs. However, there is a significant need for simple cost-effective methods to safely retrieve cells encapsulated within fibrin hydrogels to perform additional analyses or use the cells for therapy. Here, we present a safe and efficient protocol for the isolation of MSCs from 3D fibrin gels. The key ingredient of our successful extraction method is nattokinase, a serine protease of the subtilisin family that has a strong fibrinolytic activity. Our data show that MSCs recovered from 3D fibrin gels using nattokinase are not only viable but also retain their proliferative and multilineage potentials. Demonstrated for MSCs, this method can be readily adapted to retrieve any other cell type from 3D fibrin gel constructs for various applications, including expansion, bioassays, and in vivo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Carrion
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Kamiya S, Ogasawara M, Arakawa M, Hagimori M. The Effect of Lactic Acid Bacteria-fermented Soybean Milk Products on Carrageenan-induced Tail Thrombosis in Rats. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2013; 32:101-5. [PMID: 24936368 PMCID: PMC4034362 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.32.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is characterized by congenital and acquired procatarxis. Lactic acid
bacteria-fermented soybean milk products (FS-LAB) inhibit hepatic lipid accumulation and
prevent atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, the therapeutic efficacy of FS-LAB
against thrombosis has yet to be investigated. In this study, FS-LAB were administered
subcutaneously into the tails of rats, with the subsequent intravenous administration of
κ-carrageenan 12 hr after the initial injection. In general, administration of
κ-carrageenan induces thrombosis. The length of the infarcted tail regions was
significantly shorter in the rats administered a single-fold or double-fold concentration
of the FS-LAB solution compared with the region in control rats. Therefore, FS-LAB
exhibited significant antithrombotic effects. Our study is the first to characterize the
properties of FS-LAB and, by testing their efficacy on an in vivo rat
model of thrombosis, demonstrate the potency of their antithrombotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seitaro Kamiya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis ten bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ogasawara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis ten bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Masayuki Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis ten bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
| | - Masayori Hagimori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagasaki International University, 2825-7 Huis ten bosch, Sasebo 859-3298, Japan
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Ghasemi Y, Dabbagh F, Ghasemian A. Cloning of a fibrinolytic enzyme (subtilisin) gene from Bacillus subtilis in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 52:1-7. [PMID: 22069026 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-011-9467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Several investigations are being pursued to enhance the efficacy and specificity of fibrinolytic therapy. In this regard, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes attracted much more medical interests during these decades. Subtilisin, a member of subtilases (the superfamily of subtilisin-like serine proteases) and also a fibrinolytic enzyme is quite common in Gram-positive bacteria, and Bacillus species stand out in particular, as many extracellular and even intracellular variants have been identified. In the present work, the subtilisin gene from Bacillus subtilis PTCC 1023 was cloned into the vector pET-15b and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). Total genomic DNA were isolated and used for PCR amplification of the subtilisin gene by means of the specific primers. SDS-PAGE and enzyme assay were done for characterizing the expressed protein. A ~1,100 bp of the structural subtilisin gene was amplified. The DNA and amino acid sequence alignments resulting from the BLAST search of subtilisin showed high sequence identity with the other strains of B. subtilis, whereas significantly lower identity was observed with other bacterial subtilisins. The recombinant enzyme had the same molecular weight as other reported subtilisins and the E. coli transformants showed high subtilisin activity. This study provides evidence that subtilisin can be actively expressed in E. coli. The commercial availability of subtilisin is of great importance for industrial applications and also pharmaceutical purposes as thrombolytic agent. Thus, the characterization of new recombinant subtilisin and the development of rapid, simple, and effective production methods are not only of academic interest, but also of practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Zhang X, Yun LJ, Peng LB, Lu Y, Ma KP, Tang F. Optimization of Douchi fibrinolytic enzyme production by statistical experimental methods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:153-158. [DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dong XY, Kong FP, Yuan GY, Wei F, Jiang ML, Li GM, Wang Z, Zhao YD, Chen H. Optimisation of preparation conditions and properties of phytosterol liposome-encapsulating nattokinase. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:548-56. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2010.528759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Abstract
AbstractVitronectin (Vn) is a multifunctional glycoprotein profusely present in serum and bound to epithelial cell surfaces. It plays an important role in cell migration, tissue repair and regulation of membrane attack complex (MAC) formation. In the last decade the role of Vn has been extensively investigated in eukaryotic signalling and cell migration leading to the possibility of developing novel anticancer drugs. In parallel, several studies have suggested that pathogens utilize Vn in invasion of the host. Here we review the properties of Vn and its role in host-pathogen interactions that might be a future target for therapeutic intervention.
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Yongjun C, Wei B, Shujun J, Meizhi W, Yan J, Yan Y, Zhongliang Z, Goulin Z. Directed evolution improves the fibrinolytic activity of nattokinase from Bacillus natto. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2011; 325:155-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2011.02423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cai Yongjun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Bao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Jiang Shujun
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Weng Meizhi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Jia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Yin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Zheng Zhongliang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
| | - Zou Goulin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan; China
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Schneider EW, Johnson MW. Emerging nonsurgical methods for the treatment of vitreomacular adhesion: a review. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:1151-65. [PMID: 21887098 PMCID: PMC3162296 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the dissemination of optical coherence tomography over the past two decades, the role of persistent vitreomacular adhesion (VMA) in the development of numerous macular pathologies - including idiopathic macular hole, vitreomacular traction syndrome, cystoid and diabetic macular edema, neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusion, exudative age-related macular degeneration, and myopic traction maculopathy - has been established. While invasive vitreoretinal procedures have long been utilized to address complications related to these disorders, such an approach is hampered by incomplete vitreoretinal separation and vitreous removal, surgical complications, and high costs. In light of such limitations, investigators have increasingly looked to nonsurgical means for the treatment of persistent pathologic VMA. Chief among these alternative measures is the intravitreal application of pharmacologic agents for the induction of vitreous liquefaction and/or vitreoretinal separation, an approach termed pharmacologic vitreolysis. This article aims to review the available evidence regarding the use of pharmacologic agents in the treatment of VMA-related pathology. In addition, a discussion of vitreous molecular organization and principles of physiologic posterior vitreous detachment is provided to allow for a consideration of vitreolytic agent mode of action and molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W Schneider
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, WK Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark W Johnson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, WK Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Chiang SS, Liu CF, Ku TW, Mau JL, Lin HT, Pan TM. Use of murine models to detect the allergenicity of genetically modified Lactococcus lactis NZ9000/pNZPNK. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3876-3883. [PMID: 21410287 DOI: 10.1021/jf104656m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
By introducing aprN into Lactococcus lactis NZ9000, the genetically modified L. lactis NZ9000/pNZPNK successfully expressed the nattokinase. The safety assessment of this novel strain was based on allergenicity of pepsin digestion stability and murine model serologic identity. Subjecting to the GM strain and host to pepsin digestion, the soluble fractions and cell debris were fast degraded completely. Feeding with ovalbumin resulted in significantly higher production of IgG1 and IgE as compared to that of L. lactis NZ9000/pNZPNK or L. lactis NZ9000. Further, the serum IgG2a level increased dose-dependently at week 2 and induced immune reaction toward Th1 pathway. Secretion of cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 fed with lactococci was significantly lower than that of the OVA group. L. lactis NZ9000/pNZPNK did not increase the proliferation of type 2 helper T cells in spleen or induce allergenicity in BALB/c mice. On the basis of the results, the new GM lactic acid bacterium is regarded as safe to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Shih Chiang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Production of nattokinase using Bacillus natto NRRL 3666: Media optimization, scale up, and kinetic modeling. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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75
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Yanagisawa Y, Chatake T, Chiba-Kamoshida K, Naito S, Ohsugi T, Sumi H, Yasuda I, Morimoto Y. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction experiment of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1670-3. [PMID: 21139221 PMCID: PMC2998380 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110043137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase is a single polypeptide chain composed of 275 amino acids (molecular weight 27,724) which displays strong fibrinolytic activity. Moreover, it can activate other fibrinolytic enzymes such as pro-urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. In the present study, native nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto was purified using gel-filtration chromatography and crystallized to give needle-like crystals which could be used for X-ray diffraction experiments. The crystals belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a=74.3, b=49.9, c=56.3 Å, β=95.2°. Diffraction images were processed to a resolution of 1.74 Å with an Rmerge of 5.2% (15.3% in the highest resolution shell) and a completeness of 69.8% (30.0% in the highest resolution shell). This study reports the first X-ray diffraction analysis of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhide Yanagisawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Chatake
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Asashironishi 2, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kaori Chiba-Kamoshida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Sawa Naito
- Kurashiki University of Science and Arts, Nishinoura 2640, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Tadanori Ohsugi
- Kurashiki University of Science and Arts, Nishinoura 2640, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sumi
- Kurashiki University of Science and Arts, Nishinoura 2640, Tsurajima-cho, Kurashiki, Okayama 712-8505, Japan
| | - Ichiro Yasuda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yukio Morimoto
- Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Asashironishi 2, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
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77
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Haiko J, Laakkonen L, Juuti K, Kalkkinen N, Korhonen TK. The omptins of Yersinia pestis and Salmonella enterica cleave the reactive center loop of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:4553-61. [PMID: 20639337 PMCID: PMC2937412 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00458-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) and a key molecule that regulates fibrinolysis by inactivating human plasminogen activators. Here we show that two important human pathogens, the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis and the enteropathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, inactivate PAI-1 by cleaving the R346-M347 bait peptide bond in the reactive center loop. No cleavage of PAI-1 was detected with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, an oral/fecal pathogen from which Y. pestis has evolved, or with Escherichia coli. The cleavage and inactivation of PAI-1 were mediated by the outer membrane proteases plasminogen activator Pla of Y. pestis and PgtE protease of S. enterica, which belong to the omptin family of transmembrane endopeptidases identified in Gram-negative bacteria. Cleavage of PAI-1 was also detected with the omptins Epo of Erwinia pyrifoliae and Kop of Klebsiella pneumoniae, which both belong to the same omptin subfamily as Pla and PgtE, whereas no cleavage of PAI-1 was detected with omptins of Shigella flexneri or E. coli or the Yersinia chromosomal omptins, which belong to other omptin subfamilies. The results reveal a novel serpinolytic mechanism by which enterobacterial species expressing omptins of the Pla subfamily bypass normal control of host proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Haiko
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, Neuroscience Center, P.O. Box 56, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Laakkonen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, Neuroscience Center, P.O. Box 56, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Juuti
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, Neuroscience Center, P.O. Box 56, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nisse Kalkkinen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, Neuroscience Center, P.O. Box 56, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo K. Korhonen
- General Microbiology, Department of Biosciences, P.O. Box 56, Neuroscience Center, P.O. Box 56, Institute of Biotechnology, P.O. Box 65, University of Helsinki, FI 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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78
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Activation of human pro-urokinase by unrelated proteases secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem J 2010; 428:473-82. [PMID: 20337595 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, interact with and engage the host plasminogen (Plg) activation system, which encompasses the urokinase (uPA)-type Plg activator, and is involved in extracellular proteolysis, including matrilysis and fibrinolysis. We hypothesized that secreted bacterial proteases might contribute to the activation of this major extracellular proteolytic system, thereby participating in bacterial dissemination. We report that LasB, a thermolysin-like metalloprotease secreted by Ps. aeruginosa, converts the human uPA zymogen into its active form (kcat=4.9 s-1, Km=8.9 microM). Accordingly, whereas the extracellular secretome from the LasB-expressing pseudomonal strain PAO1 efficiently activates pro-uPA, the secretome from the isogenic LasB-deficient strain PDO240 is markedly less potent in pro-uPA activation. Still, both secretomes induce some metalloprotease-independent activation of the human zymogen. The latter involves a serine protease, which we identified via both recombinant protein expression in Escherichia coli and purification from pseudomonal cultures as protease IV (PIV; kcat=0.73 s-1, Km=6.2 microM). In contrast, neither secretomes nor the pure proteases activate Plg. Along with this, LasB converts Plg into mini-Plg and angiostatin, whereas, as reported previously, it processes the uPA receptor, inactivates the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, and activates pro-matrix metalloproteinase 2. PIV does not target these factors at all. To conclude, LasB and PIV, although belonging to different protease families and displaying quite different substrate specificities, both activate the urokinase-type precursor of the Plg activation cascade. Direct pro-uPA activation, as also reported for other bacterial proteases, might be a frequent phenomenon that contributes to bacterial virulence.
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79
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Yin LJ, Lin HH, Jiang ST. Bioproperties of potent nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis YJ1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:5737-5742. [PMID: 20334345 DOI: 10.1021/jf100290h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzyme activity was observed during cultivation of Bacillus subtilis YJ1 in a medium containing 1% skim milk, 1% rice husk, 0.5% NaCl, and 0.25% glucose. It was purified to electrophoretical homogeneity after CM-sepharose FF chromatography. The specific activity and yield were 1791.9 FU/mg and 9.5%, respectively. This purified fibrinolytic enzyme had M of 27.5 kDa, optimal temperature and pH at 50 degrees C and 8.5, respectively. It was stable at pH 6.0-10.0 and 10-40 degrees C and inhibited by Fe(3+), Hg(2+), Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and PMSF. Compared the N terminal of amino acids and full DNA sequence with those in NCBI, it was considered to be a nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jung Yin
- Department of Sea Food Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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80
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Enhancement of oxidative stability of the subtilisin nattokinase by site-directed mutagenesis expressed in Escherichia coli. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1566-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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82
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Lee SG, Kim HJ, Lee SP, Lee IS. Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Defatted Soybean Grits Fermented by Bacillus subtilis NUC1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2009.38.6.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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83
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Hsia CH, Shen MC, Lin JS, Wen YK, Hwang KL, Cham TM, Yang NC. Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects. Nutr Res 2009; 29:190-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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84
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Hsu RL, Lee KT, Wang JH, Lee LYL, Chen RPY. Amyloid-degrading ability of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:503-508. [PMID: 19117402 DOI: 10.1021/jf803072r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 unrelated proteins can form amyloid fibrils in vivo which are related to various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, prion disease, and systematic amyloidosis. Amyloid fibrils are an ordered protein aggregate with a lamellar cross-beta structure. Enhancing amyloid clearance is one of the targets of the therapy of these amyloid-related diseases. Although there is debate on whether the toxicity is due to amyloids or their precursors, research on the degradation of amyloids may help prevent or alleviate these diseases. In this study, we explored the amyloid-degrading ability of nattokinase, a fibrinolytic subtilisin-like serine protease, and determined the optimal conditions for amyloid hydrolysis. This ability is shared by proteinase K and subtilisin Carlsberg, but not by trypsin or plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruei-Lin Hsu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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85
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Kim JY, Gum SN, Paik JK, Lim HH, Kim KC, Ogasawara K, Inoue K, Park S, Jang Y, Lee JH. Effects of nattokinase on blood pressure: a randomized, controlled trial. Hypertens Res 2008; 31:1583-8. [PMID: 18971533 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.31.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of nattokinase supplementation on blood pressure in subjects with pre-hypertension or stage 1 hypertension. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 86 participants ranging from 20 to 80 years of age with an initial untreated systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 130 to 159 mmHg received nattokinase (2,000 FU/capsule) or a placebo capsule for 8 weeks. Seventy-three subjects completed the protocol. Compared with the control group, the net changes in SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were -5.55 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI], -10.5 to -0.57 mmHg; p<0.05) and -2.84 mmHg (CI, -5.33 to -0.33 mmHg; p<0.05), respectively, after the 8-week intervention. The corresponding net change in renin activity was -1.17 ng/mL/h for the nattokinase group compared with the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, nattokinase supplementation resulted in a reduction in SBP and DBP. These findings suggest that increased intake of nattokinase may play an important role in preventing and treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Yonsei University Research Institute of Science for Aging, Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, and Department of Family Medicine, Mizmedi Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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86
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Deepak V, Kalishwaralal K, Ramkumarpandian S, Babu SV, Senthilkumar SR, Sangiliyandi G. Optimization of media composition for Nattokinase production by Bacillus subtilis using response surface methodology. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:8170-8174. [PMID: 18430568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Response surface methodology and central composite rotary design (CCRD) was employed to optimize a fermentation medium for the production of Nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis at pH 7.5. The four variables involved in this study were Glucose, Peptone, CaCl2, and MgSO4. The statistical analysis of the results showed that, in the range studied; only peptone had a significant effect on Nattokinase production. The optimized medium containing (%) Glucose: 1, Peptone: 5.5, MgSO4: 0.2 and CaCl2: 0.5 resulted in 2-fold increased level of Nattokinase (3194.25U/ml) production compared to initial level (1599.09U/ml) after 10h of fermentation. Nattokinase production was checked with fibrinolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Deepak
- Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam University, Krishnankoil 626190, Viruthunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India
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87
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Secretory expression of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis YF38 in Escherichia coli. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 37:187-94. [PMID: 17952663 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-007-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase producing bacterium, B. subtilis YF38, was isolated from douchi, using the fibrin plate method. The gene encoding this enzyme was cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytoplasmic expression of this enzyme in E. coli resulted in inactive inclusion bodies. But with the help of two different signal peptides, the native signal peptide of nattokinase and the signal peptide of PelB, active nattokinase was successfully expressed in E. coli with periplasmic secretion, and the nattokinase in culture medium displayed high fibrinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity of the expressed enzyme in the culture was determined to reach 260 urokinase units per micro-liter when the recombinant strain was induced by 0.7 mmol l(-1) isopropyl-beta-D- thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 20 degrees C for 20 h, resulting 49.3 mg active enzyme per liter culture. The characteristic of this recombinant nattokinase is comparable to the native nattokinase from B. subtilis YF38. Secretory expression of nattokinase in E. coli would facilitate the development of this enzyme into a therapeutic product for the control and prevention of thrombosis diseases.
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88
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Kim JB, Jung WH, Ryu JM, Lee YJ, Jung JK, Jang HW, Kim SW. Identification of a fibrinolytic enzyme by Bacillus vallismortis and its potential as a bacteriolytic enzyme against Streptococcus mutans. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:605-10. [PMID: 17308884 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A potent fibrinolytic enzyme-producing bacterium was isolated from the traditional Korean condiment Chungkook-jang and identified as Bacillus vallismortis Ace02. The extracellular fibrinolytic enzyme was purified with a 18% recovery of activity from supernatant cultures using CM-Sepharose column chromatography and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration. The specific activity of the purified enzyme was 757 kFU mg(-1). Its molecular mass was about 28 kDa and the initial amino acids of the N-terminal sequence were AQSVPYGVSQ. The full amino acid sequence of fibrinolytic enzyme Ace02 corresponded with bacteriolytic enzyme, L27, from Bacillus licheniformis, which has strong lytic activity against Streptococcus mutans, a major causative strain of dental caries. This suggests that the purified enzyme should be used for prevention of dental caries as well as being an effective thrombolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Bum Kim
- AceBiotech Co., Ltd., #114 Bio-Venture Center, KRIBB, Yuseong, Daejeon, Korea
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89
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Chen PT, Chiang CJ, Chao YP. Strategy To Approach Stable Production of Recombinant Nattokinase inBacillus subtilis. Biotechnol Prog 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/bp070108j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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90
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wai Tai
- University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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91
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Abstract
As previously suggested, it may be feasible to impede tumorevoked angiogenesis with a nutraceutical program composed of glycine, fish oil, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, selenium, and silymarin, complemented by a low-fat vegan diet, exercise training, and, if feasible, a salicylate and the drug tetrathiomolybdate. It is now proposed that the scope of this program be expanded to address additional common needs of cancer patients: blocking the process of metastasis; boosting the cytotoxic capacity of innate immune defenses (natural killer [NK] cells); preventing cachexia, thromboembolism, and tumor-induced osteolysis; and maintaining optimal micronutrient status. Modified citrus pectin, a galectin-3 antagonist, has impressive antimetastatic potential. Mushroombeta-glucans and probiotic lactobacilli can amplify NK activity via stimulatory effects on macrophages. Selenium, beta-carotene, and glutamine can also increase the number and/or cytotoxic activity of NK cells. Cachectic loss of muscle mass can be opposed by fish oil, glutamine, and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate. Fish oil, policosanol, and vitamin D may have potential for control of osteolysis. High-dose aspirin or salicylates, by preventing NF-B activation, can be expected to aid prevention of metastasis and cachexia while down-regulating osteolysis, but their impacts on innate immune defenses will not be entirely favorable. A nutritional insurance formula crafted for the special needs of cancer patients can be included in this regimen. To minimize patient inconvenience, this complex core nutraceutical program could be configured as an oil product, a powder, and a capsule product, with the nutritional insurance formula provided in tablets. It would be of interest to test this program in nude mouse xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Block Center for Integrative Cancer Care, Evanston, IL 60201, USA.
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92
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Inatsu Y, Nakamura N, Yuriko Y, Fushimi T, Watanasiritum L, Kawamoto S. Characterization of Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao, a traditional fermented soybean food in northern Thailand. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:237-42. [PMID: 16910925 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the diversity of Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao that produce high concentrations of products useful in food manufacturing and in health-promoting compounds. METHOD AND RESULTS Production of amylase, protease, subtilisin NAT (nattokinase), and gamma-polyglutamic acid (PGA) by the Bacillus subtilis strains in Thua nao was measured. Productivity of protease NAT by these strains tended to be higher than by Japanese commercial natto-producing strains. Molecular diversity of isolated strains was analysed via randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprinting. The strains were divided into 19 types, including a type with the same pattern as a Japanese natto-producing strain. CONCLUSION B. subtilis strains that could be a resource for effective production of protease, amylase, subtilisin NAT, or PGA were evident in Thua nao produced in various regions in northern Thailand. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study clearly demonstrated the value of Thua nao as a potential resource of food-processing enzymes and health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Inatsu
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan.
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93
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Chen PT, Chao YP. Enhanced production of recombinant nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis by the elimination of limiting factors. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:1595-600. [PMID: 16937250 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
By systematic investigation, glutamate and a mixture of metal ions were identified as factors limiting the production of nattokinase in Bacillus subtilis. Consequently, in medium supplemented with these materials, the recombinant strain secreted 4 times more nattokinase (260 mg l(-1)) than when grown in the unsupplemented medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Ting Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100 Wenhwa Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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94
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Kim SB, Lee DW, Cheigh CI, Choe EA, Lee SJ, Hong YH, Choi HJ, Pyun YR. Purification and characterization of a fibrinolytic subtilisin-like protease of Bacillus subtilis TP-6 from an Indonesian fermented soybean, Tempeh. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:436-44. [PMID: 16470353 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0085-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2004] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a bacterium (TP-6) from the Indonesian fermented soybean, Tempeh, which produces a strong fibrinolytic protease and was identified as Bacillus subtilis. The protease (TPase) was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation and octyl sepharose and SP sepharose chromatography. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 27.5 kDa enzyme was determined, and the encoding gene was cloned and sequenced. The result demonstrates that TPase is a serine protease of the subtilisin family consisting of 275 amino acid residues in its mature form. Its apparent K (m) and V (max) for the synthetic substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA were 259 microM and 145 micromol mg(-1) min(-1), respectively. The fibrinogen degradation pattern generated by TPase as a function of time was similar to that obtained with plasmin. In addition, N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the fibrinogen degradation products demonstrated that TPase cleaves Glu (or Asp) near hydrophobic acids as a P1 site in the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrinogen to generate fragments D', E', and D' similar to those generated by plasmin. On plasminogen-rich fibrin plates, TPase did not seem to activate fibrin clot lysis. Moreover, the enzyme converted the active plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 to the latent form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Bo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea
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95
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Yang C, Xing J, Guan Y, Liu H. Superparamagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) beads for nattokinase purification from fermentation broth. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:616-22. [PMID: 16736086 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Revised: 04/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An effective method for purification of nattokinase from fermentation broth using magnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads immobilized with p-aminobenzamidine was proposed in this study. Firstly, magnetic PMMA beads with a narrow size distribution were prepared by spraying suspension polymerization. Then, they were highly functionalized via transesterification reaction with polyethylene glycol. The surface hydroxyl-modified magnetic beads obtained were further modified with chloroethylamine to transfer the surface amino-modified magnetic functional beads. The morphology and surface functionality of the magnetic beads were examined by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared. An affinity ligand, p-aminobenzamidine was covalently immobilized to the amino-modified magnetic beads by the glutaraldehyde method for nattokinase purification directly from the fermentation broth. The purification factor and the recovery of the enzyme activity were found to be 8.7 and 85%, respectively. The purification of nattokinase from fermentation broth by magnetic beads only took 40 min, which shows a very fast purification of nattokinase compared to traditional purification methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Yang
- Laboratory of Separation Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 353, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China
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96
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Liu J, Xing J, Chang T, Liu H. Reverse micelles extraction of nattokinase: From model system to real system. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-006-0796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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97
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Ko J, Yan J, Zhu L, Qi Y. Subtilisin QK, a fibrinolytic enzyme, inhibits the exogenous nitrite and hydrogen peroxide induced protein nitration, in vitro and in vivo. BMB Rep 2005; 38:577-83. [PMID: 16202238 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2005.38.5.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subtilisin QK, which is newly identified as a fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis QK02, has the ability of preventing nitrotyrosine formation in bovine serum albumin induced by nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin in vitro verified by ELISA, Western-blot and spectrophotometer assay. Subtilisin QK also attenuates the fluorescence emission spectra of bovine serum albumin in the course of oxidation caused by nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin. Furthermore, subtilisin QK could suppress the transformation of oxy-hemoglobin to met-hemoglobin caused by sodium nitrite, but not the heat-treated subtilisn QK. Compared with some other fibrinolytic enzymes and inactivated subtilisin QK treated by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, the ability of inhibiting met-hemoglobin formation of subtilisin QK reveals that the anti-oxidative ability of subtilisin QK is not concerned with its fibrinolytic function. Additionally, nitrotyrosine formation in proteins from brain, heart, liver, kidney, and muscle of mice that is intramuscular injected the mixture of nitrite, hydrogen peroxide and hemoglobin is attenuated by subtilisin QK. Subtilisin QK can also protect Human umbilical vein endothelial cell (ECV-304) from the damage caused by nitrite and hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Ko
- National Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei, P. R. China
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98
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Peng Y, Yang X, Zhang Y. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes: an overview of source, production, properties, and thrombolytic activity in vivo. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2005; 69:126-32. [PMID: 16211381 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/31/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of fibrin in the blood vessels usually results in thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. For thrombolytic therapy, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have now attracted much more attention than typical thrombolytic agents because of the expensive prices and the undesirable side effects of the latter. The fibrinolytic enzymes were successively discovered from different microorganisms, the most important among which is the genus Bacillus from traditional fermented foods. The physiochemical properties of these enzymes have been characterized, and their effectiveness in thrombolysis in vivo has been further identified. Therefore, microbial fibrinolytic enzymes, especially those from food-grade microorganisms, have the potential to be developed as functional food additives and drugs to prevent or cure thrombosis and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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99
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Zhang RH, Xiao L, Peng Y, Wang HY, Bai F, Zhang YZ. Gene expression and characteristics of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme (subtilisin DFE) in Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 2005; 41:190-5. [PMID: 16033520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2005.01715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study is to actively express a novel fibrinolytic enzyme, subtilisin DFE (douchi fibrinolytic enzyme), in Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS The DNA fragments encoding pro-subtilisin DFE was amplified and cloned into the vector pET32a to obtain N-terminal Trx fusion expression plasmid. The recombinant subtilisin DFE was successfully expressed and processed in the soluble fraction of E. coli BL21(DE3) in a similar fashion as the endogenous one of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens DC-4, resulting in an active enzyme. Moreover, active enzyme can also be refolded from inclusion body. CONCLUSIONS Active subtilisin DFE can be expressed and processed in E. coli. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides evidences that subtilisin DFE can be actively expressed in E. coli and the pro-peptide is essential for guiding the proper folding into the active conformation. As such, large quantities of recombinant subtilisin DFE can be produced for pharmacological and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-H Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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100
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Liu J, Xing J, Chang T, Ma Z, Liu H. Optimization of nutritional conditions for nattokinase production by Bacillus natto NLSSE using statistical experimental methods. Process Biochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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