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Choque E, El Rayess Y, Raynal J, Mathieu F. Fungal naphtho-γ-pyrones—secondary metabolites of industrial interest. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1081-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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The polyketide synthase gene pks4 of Trichoderma reesei provides pigmentation and stress resistance. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2013; 12:1499-508. [PMID: 24036343 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00103-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Species of the fungal genus Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) are well-known for their production of various secondary metabolites. Nonribosomal peptides and polyketides represent a major portion of these products. In a recent phylogenomic investigation of Trichoderma polyketide synthase (PKS)-encoding genes, the pks4 from T. reesei was shown to be an orthologue of pigment-forming PKSs involved in synthesis of aurofusarin and bikaverin in Fusarium spp. In this study, we show that deletion of this gene in T. reesei results in loss of green conidial pigmentation and in pigmentation alteration of teleomorph structures. It also has an impact on conidial cell wall stability and the antagonistic abilities of T. reesei against other fungi, including formation of inhibitory metabolites. In addition, deletion of pks4 significantly influences the expression of other PKS-encoding genes of T. reesei. To our knowledge, this is the first indication that a low-molecular-weight pigment-forming PKS is involved in defense, mechanical stability, and stress resistance in fungi.
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Pudake RN, Swaminathan S, Sahu BB, Leandro LF, Bhattacharyya MK. Investigation of the Fusarium virguliforme fvtox1 mutants revealed that the FvTox1 toxin is involved in foliar sudden death syndrome development in soybean. Curr Genet 2013; 59:107-17. [PMID: 23702608 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The soil borne fungus, Fusarium virguliforme, causes sudden death syndrome (SDS) in soybean, which is a serious foliar and root rot disease. The pathogen has never been isolated from the diseased foliar tissues; phytotoxins produced by the pathogen are believed to cause foliar SDS symptoms. One of these toxins, a 13.5-kDa acidic protein named FvTox1, has been hypothesized to interfere with photosynthesis in infected soybean plants and cause foliar SDS. The objective of this study is to determine if FvTox1 is involved in foliar SDS development. We created and studied five independent knockout fvtox1 mutants to study the function of FvTox1. We conducted Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation to accomplish homologous recombination of FvTox1 with a hygromycin B resistance gene, hph, to generate the fvtox1 mutants. Approximately 40 hygromycin-resistant transformants were obtained from 10(6) conidial spores of the F. virguliforme Mont-1 isolate when the spores were co-cultivated with the A. tumefaciens EHA105 but not with LBA4044 strain carrying a recombinant binary plasmid, in which the hph gene encoding hygromycin resistance was flanked by 5'- and 3'-end FvTox1 sequences. We observed homologous recombination-mediated integration of hph into the FvTox1 locus among five independent fvtox1 mutants. In stem-cutting assays using cut soybean seedlings fed with cell-free F. virguliforme culture filtrates, the knockout fvtox1 mutants caused chlorophyll losses and foliar SDS symptoms, which were over twofold less than those caused by the virulent F. virguliforme Mont-1 isolate. Similarly, in root inoculation assays, more than a twofold reduction in foliar SDS development and chlorophyll losses was observed among the seedlings infected with the fvtox1 mutants as compared to the seedlings infected with the wild-type Mont-1 isolate. These results suggest that FvTox1 is a major virulence factor involved in foliar SDS development in soybean. It is expected that interference of the function of this toxin in transgenic soybean plants will lead to generation of SDS-resistant soybean cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh N Pudake
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1010, USA
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Characterization of a fungal thioesterase having Claisen cyclase and deacetylase activities in melanin biosynthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:1525-34. [PMID: 23261597 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Melanins are a broad class of darkly pigmented macromolecules formed by oxidative polymerization of phenolic monomers. In fungi, melanins are known virulence factors that contribute to pathogenicity. Their biosynthesis generally involves polymerization of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene via a 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) precursor assembled by multidomain, nonreducing polyketide synthases. Convergent routes to THN have evolved in fungi. Parallel heptaketide and hexaketide pathways exist that utilize conventional C-terminal thioesterase/Claisen cyclase domains and separate side-chain deacylases. Here, in vitro characterization of Pks1 from Colletotrichum lagenarium establishes a true THN synthase with a bifunctional thioesterase (TE) catalyzing both cyclization and deacetylation of an enzyme-bound hexaketide substrate. Chimeric TE domains were generated by swapping lid regions of active sites between classes of melanin TEs to gain insight into this unprecedented catalysis of carbon-carbon bond making and breaking by an α/β-hydrolase fold enzyme.
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Rugbjerg P, Naesby M, Mortensen UH, Frandsen RJN. Reconstruction of the biosynthetic pathway for the core fungal polyketide scaffold rubrofusarin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:31. [PMID: 23557488 PMCID: PMC3654996 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal polyketides include commercially important pharmaceuticals and food additives, e.g. the cholesterol-lowering statins and the red and orange monascus pigments. Presently, production relies on isolation of the compounds from the natural producers, and systems for heterologous production in easily fermentable and genetically engineerable organisms, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli are desirable. Rubrofusarin is an orange polyketide pigment that is a common intermediate in many different fungal biosynthetic pathways. Results In this study, we established a biosynthetic pathway for rubrofusarin in S. cerevisiae. First, the Fusarium graminearum gene encoding polyketide synthase 12 (PKS12) was heterologously co-expressed with the Aspergillus fumigatus gene encoding phosphopantetheinyl transferase (npgA) resulting in production of YWA1. This aromatic heptaketide intermediate was converted into nor-rubrofusarin upon expression of the dehydratase gene aurZ from the aurofusarin gene cluster of F. graminearum. Final conversion into rubrofusarin was achieved by expression of the O-methyltransferase encoding gene aurJ, also obtained from the aurofusarin gene cluster, resulting in a titer of 1.1 mg/L. Reduced levels of rubrofusarin were detected when expressing PKS12, npgA, and aurJ alone, presumably due to spontaneous conversion of YWA1 to nor-rubrofusarin. However, the co-expression of aurZ resulted in an approx. six-fold increase in rubrofusarin production. Conclusions The reconstructed pathway for rubrofusarin in S. cerevisiae allows the production of a core scaffold molecule with a branch-point role in several fungal polyketide pathways, thus paving the way for production of further natural pigments and bioactive molecules. Furthermore, the reconstruction verifies the suggested pathway, and as such, it is the first example of utilizing a synthetic biological “bottom up” approach for the validation of a complex fungal polyketide pathway.
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Pasquali M, Serchi T, Renaut J, Hoffmann L, Bohn T. 2D difference gel electrophoresis reference map of a Fusarium graminearum nivalenol producing strain. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:505-9. [PMID: 23172383 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is widely studied as a model for toxin production among plant pathogenic fungi. A 2D DIGE reference map for the nivalenol-producing strain 453 was established. Based on a whole protein extract, all reproducible spots were systematically picked and analyzed by MALDI-TOF/TOF, leading to the identification of 1102 protein species. The obtained map contributes to the annotation of the genome by identifying previously nondescribed hypothetical proteins and will serve as a reference for future studies aiming at deciphering F. graminearum biology and chemotype diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Pasquali
- Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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58
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Spanu F, Pasquali M, Scherm B, Balmas V, Marcello A, Ortu G, Dufresne M, Hoffmann L, Daboussi MJ, Migheli Q. Transposition of the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element mimp1 in the wheat pathogen Fusarium culmorum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:1149-1155. [PMID: 22897438 PMCID: PMC6638673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput methods are needed for functional genomics analysis in Fusarium culmorum, the cause of crown and foot rot on wheat and a type B trichothecene producer. Our aim was to develop and test the efficacy of a double-component system based on the ability of the impala transposase to transactivate the miniature inverted-repeat transposable element mimp1 of Fusarium oxysporum. We report, for the first time, the application of a tagging system based on a heterologous transposon and of splinkerette-polymerase chain reaction to identify mimp1 flanking regions in the filamentous fungus F. culmorum. Similar to previous observations in Fusarium graminearum, mimp1 transposes in F. culmorum by a cut-and-paste mechanism into TA dinucleotides, which are duplicated on insertion. mimp1 was reinserted in open reading frames in 16.4% (i.e. 10 of 61) of the strains analysed, probably spanning throughout the entire genome of F. culmorum. The effectiveness of the mimp1/impala double-component system for gene tagging in F. culmorum was confirmed phenotypically for a putative aurofusarin gene. This system also allowed the identification of two genes putatively involved in oxidative stress-coping capabilities in F. culmorum, as well as a sequence specific to this fungus, thus suggesting the valuable exploratory role of this tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spanu
- Dipartimento di Agraria - Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro interdisciplinare per lo sviluppo della ricerca biotecnologica e per lo studio della biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
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Sørensen JL, Nielsen KF, Sondergaard TE. Redirection of pigment biosynthesis to isocoumarins in Fusarium. Fungal Genet Biol 2012; 49:613-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Merhej J, Urban M, Dufresne M, Hammond-Kosack KE, Richard-Forget F, Barreau C. The velvet gene, FgVe1, affects fungal development and positively regulates trichothecene biosynthesis and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:363-74. [PMID: 22013911 PMCID: PMC6638759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00755.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichothecenes are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced mainly by Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: Gibberella zeae) during the infection of crop plants, including wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye and rice. Some fungal genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis have been shown to encode regulatory proteins. However, the global regulation of toxin biosynthesis is still enigmatic. In addition to the production of secondary metabolites belonging to the trichothecene family, F. graminearum produces the red pigment aurofusarin. The gene regulation underlying the production of aurofusarin is not well understood. The velvet gene (veA) is conserved in various genera of filamentous fungi. Recently, the veA gene from Aspergillus nidulans has been shown to be the key component of the velvet complex regulating development and secondary metabolism. Using blast analyses, we identified the velvet gene from F. graminearum, FgVe1. Disruption of FgVe1 causes several phenotypic effects. However, the complementation of this mutant with the FgVe1 gene restores the wild-type phenotypes. The in vitro phenotypes include hyperbranching of the mycelium, suppression of aerial hyphae formation, reduced hydrophobicity of the mycelium and highly reduced sporulation. Our data also show that FgVe1 modulates the production of the aurofusarin pigment and is essential for the expression of Tri genes and the production of trichothecenes. Pathogenicity studies performed on flowering wheat plants indicate that FgVe1 is a positive regulator of virulence in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Merhej
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, 71, Avenue Edouard Bourleaux, BP81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Kazan K, Gardiner DM, Manners JM. On the trail of a cereal killer: recent advances in Fusarium graminearum pathogenomics and host resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2012; 13:399-413. [PMID: 22098555 PMCID: PMC6638652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ascomycete fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (sexual stage: Gibberella zeae) causes the devastating head blight or scab disease on wheat and barley, and cob or ear rot disease on maize. Fusarium graminearum infection causes significant crop and quality losses. In addition to roles as virulence factors during pathogenesis, trichothecene mycotoxins (e.g. deoxynivalenol) produced by this pathogen constitute a significant threat to human and animal health if consumed in respective food or feed products. In the last few years, significant progress has been made towards a better understanding of the processes involved in F. graminearum pathogenesis, toxin biosynthesis and host resistance mechanisms through the use of high-throughput genomic and phenomic technologies. In this article, we briefly review these new advances and also discuss how future research can contribute to the development of sustainable plant protection strategies against this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Kazan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4067, Australia.
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Sørensen JL, Hansen FT, Sondergaard TE, Staerk D, Lee TV, Wimmer R, Klitgaard LG, Purup S, Giese H, Frandsen RJN. Production of novel fusarielins by ectopic activation of the polyketide synthase 9 cluster in Fusarium graminearum. Environ Microbiol 2012; 14:1159-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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63
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SON H, LEE YW. Fusarium graminearum mycotoxins and their biosynthetic genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2520/myco.62.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Baker SE, Perrone G, Richardson NM, Gallo A, Kubicek CP. Phylogenomic analysis of polyketide synthase-encoding genes in Trichoderma. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:147-154. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.053462-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Baker
- Chemical and Biological Process Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
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Frandsen RJN. A guide to binary vectors and strategies for targeted genome modification in fungi using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 87:247-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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