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McIntyre A, Gilbert D, Goddard N, Looijenga L, Shipley J. Genes, chromosomes and the development of testicular germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2008; 47:547-57. [PMID: 18381640 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) of adults and adolescents are thought to be derived from primordial germ cells or gonocytes. TGCTs develop postpuberty from precursor lesions known as intratubular germ cell neoplasia undifferentiated. The tumors can be divided into two groups based on their histology and clinical behavior; seminomas resemble primordial germ cells or gonocytes and nonseminomas resemble embryonic or extraembryonic tissues at various stages of differentiation. The most undifferentiated form of nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, resembles embryonic stem cells in terms of morphology and expression profiling, both mRNAs and microRNAs. Evidence supports both environmental factors and genetic predisposition underlying the development of TGCTs. Various models of development have been proposed and are discussed. In TGCTs, gain of material from the short arm of chromosome 12 is invariable: genes from this region include the proto-oncogene KRAS, which has activating mutations in approximately 10% of tumors or is frequently overexpressed. A number of different approaches to increase the understanding of the development and progression of TGCTs have highlighted the involvement of KIT, RAS/RAF/MAPK, STAT, and PI3K/AKT signaling. We review the role of these signaling pathways in this process and the potential influence of environmental factors in the development of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Kang TJ, Suga H. Ribosomal synthesis of nonstandard peptidesThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled CSBMCB — Systems and Chemical Biology, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:92-9. [DOI: 10.1139/o08-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that standard peptides, which comprise proteinogenic amino acids, can act as specific chemical probes to target proteins with high affinity. Despite this fact, a number of peptide drug leads have been abandoned because of their poor cell permeability and protease instability. On the other hand, nonstandard peptides isolated as natural products often exhibit remarkable pharmaco-behavior and stability in vivo. Although it is likely that numerous nonstandard therapeutic peptides capable of recognizing various targets could have been synthesized, enzymes for nonribosomal peptide syntheses are complex; therefore, it is difficult to engineer such modular enzymes to build nonstandard peptide libraries. Here we describe an emerging technology for the synthesis of nonstandard peptides that employs an integrated system of reconstituted cell-free translation and flexizymes. We summarize the historical background of this technology and discuss its current and future applications to the synthesis of nonstandard peptides and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek Jin Kang
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 153-8904 Tokyo; and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Suga
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 153-8904 Tokyo; and Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
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Bacart J, Corbel C, Jockers R, Bach S, Couturier C. The BRET technology and its application to screening assays. Biotechnol J 2008; 3:311-24. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Goto Y, Ohta A, Sako Y, Yamagishi Y, Murakami H, Suga H. Reprogramming the translation initiation for the synthesis of physiologically stable cyclic peptides. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:120-9. [PMID: 18215017 DOI: 10.1021/cb700233t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The initiation codon dictates that the translation initiation event exclusively begins with methionine. We report here a new technology to reprogram the initiation event, where various amino acids and those bearing N (alpha)-acyl groups can be used as an initiator for peptide synthesis. The technology is built upon the concept of genetic code reprogramming, where methionine is depleted from the translation system and the initiation codon is reassigned to the desired amino acid. We have applied this technology to the synthesis of an antitumor cyclic peptide, G7-18NATE, closed by a physiologically stable bond, and it is also extended to the custom synthesis of its analogues with various ring sizes. Significantly, cyclization occurs spontaneously upon translation of the precursor linear peptides. To demonstrate the practicality of this methodology, we also prepared a small cyclic peptide library designated by 160 distinct mRNAs. Thus, this technology offers a new means to prepare a wide array of in vivo compatible cyclic peptide libraries for the discovery of peptidic drug candidates against various therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Goto
- Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering
| | - Atsushi Ohta
- Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sako
- Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamagishi
- Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Suga
- Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Engineering
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan
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Luzy JP, Huixiong Chen, Gril B, Liu WQ, Vidal M, Perdereau D, Burnol AF, Garbay C. Development of Binding Assays for the SH2 Domain of Grb7 and Grb2 Using Fluorescence Polarization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:112-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057107312124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Adaptor proteins Grb7 and Grb2 have been implicated as being 2 potential therapeutic targets in several human cancers, especially those that overexpress ErbB2. These 2 proteins contain both a SH2 domain (Src homology 2) that binds to phosphorylated tyrosine residues contained within ErbB2 and other specific protein targets. Two assays based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence polarization methods have been developed and validated to find and rank inhibitors for both proteins binding to the pY1139. Fluorescence polarization assays allowed the authors to determine quickly and reproducibly affinities of peptides from low nanomolar to high micromolar range and to compare them directly for Grb7 and Grb2. As a result, the assays have identified a known peptidomimetic Grb2 SH2 inhibitor (mAZ-pTyr-(αMe)pTyr-Asn-NH2) that exhibits the most potent affinity for the Grb7 SH2 domain described to date. ( Journal of Biomolecular Screening 2008:112-119)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Luzy
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Huixiong Chen
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France,
| | - Brunilde Gril
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Wang-Qing Liu
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Michel Vidal
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Perdereau
- Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Département d'Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Françoise Burnol
- Université Paris Descartes, INSERM U567, CNRS UMR 8104, Institut Cochin, Département d'Endocrinologie, Métabolisme et Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Christiane Garbay
- INSERM U648, Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UFR Biomédicale, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Spuches AM, Argiros HJ, Lee KH, Haas LL, Pero SC, Krag DN, Roller PP, Wilcox DE, Lyons BA. Calorimetric investigation of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptide ligand binding to the human Grb7-SH2 domain. J Mol Recognit 2007; 20:245-52. [PMID: 17705331 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Grb7 is a member of the Grb7 family of proteins, which also includes Grb10 and Grb14. All three proteins have been found to be overexpressed in certain cancers and cancer cell lines. In particular, Grb7 (along with the receptor tyrosine kinase erbB2) is overexpressed in 20-30% of breast cancers. In general, growth factor receptor bound (Grb) proteins bind to activated membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs; e.g., the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) through their Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. In particular, Grb7 binds to erbB2 (a.k.a. EGFR2) and may be involved in cell signaling pathways that promote the formation of metastases and inflammatory responses. In previous studies, we reported the solution structure and the backbone relaxation behavior of the Grb7-SH2/erbB2 peptide complex. In this study, isothermal titration calorimetry studies have been completed by measuring the thermodynamic binding parameters of several phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated peptides representative of natural Grb7 receptor ligands as well as ligands developed through combinatorial peptide screening methods. The entirety of these calorimetric studies is interpreted in an effort to describe the specific ligand binding characteristics of the Grb7 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Spuches
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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Porter CJ, Matthews JM, Mackay JP, Pursglove SE, Schmidberger JW, Leedman PJ, Pero SC, Krag DN, Wilce MCJ, Wilce JA. Grb7 SH2 domain structure and interactions with a cyclic peptide inhibitor of cancer cell migration and proliferation. BMC STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:58. [PMID: 17894853 PMCID: PMC2131756 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6807-7-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Human growth factor receptor bound protein 7 (Grb7) is an adapter protein that mediates the coupling of tyrosine kinases with their downstream signaling pathways. Grb7 is frequently overexpressed in invasive and metastatic human cancers and is implicated in cancer progression via its interaction with the ErbB2 receptor and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) that play critical roles in cell proliferation and migration. It is thus a prime target for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies. Recently, an inhibitory peptide (G7-18NATE) has been developed which binds specifically to the Grb7 SH2 domain and is able to attenuate cancer cell proliferation and migration in various cancer cell lines. Results As a first step towards understanding how Grb7 may be inhibited by G7-18NATE, we solved the crystal structure of the Grb7 SH2 domain to 2.1 Å resolution. We describe the details of the peptide binding site underlying target specificity, as well as the dimer interface of Grb 7 SH2. Dimer formation of Grb7 was determined to be in the μM range using analytical ultracentrifugation for both full-length Grb7 and the SH2 domain alone, suggesting the SH2 domain forms the basis of a physiological dimer. ITC measurements of the interaction of the G7-18NATE peptide with the Grb7 SH2 domain revealed that it binds with a binding affinity of Kd = ~35.7 μM and NMR spectroscopy titration experiments revealed that peptide binding causes perturbations to both the ligand binding surface of the Grb7 SH2 domain as well as to the dimer interface, suggesting that dimerisation of Grb7 is impacted on by peptide binding. Conclusion Together the data allow us to propose a model of the Grb7 SH2 domain/G7-18NATE interaction and to rationalize the basis for the observed binding specificity and affinity. We propose that the current study will assist with the development of second generation Grb7 SH2 domain inhibitors, potentially leading to novel inhibitors of cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrine J Porter
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jacqueline M Matthews
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Joel P Mackay
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sharon E Pursglove
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jason W Schmidberger
- School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Leedman
- Western Australian Institute of Medical Research, WA 6000, Australia
| | - Stephanie C Pero
- Department of Surgery and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David N Krag
- Department of Surgery and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Matthew CJ Wilce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jacqueline A Wilce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
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Machida K, Thompson CM, Dierck K, Jablonowski K, Kärkkäinen S, Liu B, Zhang H, Nash PD, Newman DK, Nollau P, Pawson T, Renkema GH, Saksela K, Schiller MR, Shin DG, Mayer BJ. High-throughput phosphotyrosine profiling using SH2 domains. Mol Cell 2007; 26:899-915. [PMID: 17588523 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 05/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation controls many aspects of signaling in multicellular organisms. One of the major consequences of tyrosine phosphorylation is the creation of binding sites for proteins containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. To profile the global tyrosine phosphorylation state of the cell, we have developed proteomic binding assays encompassing nearly the full complement of human SH2 domains. Here we provide a global view of SH2 domain binding to cellular proteins based on large-scale far-western analyses. We also use reverse-phase protein arrays to generate comprehensive, quantitative SH2 binding profiles for phosphopeptides, recombinant proteins, and entire proteomes. As an example, we profiled the adhesion-dependent SH2 binding interactions in fibroblasts and identified specific focal adhesion complex proteins whose tyrosine phosphorylation and binding to SH2 domains are modulated by adhesion. These results demonstrate that high-throughput comprehensive SH2 profiling provides valuable mechanistic insights into tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Porter CJ, Wilce JA. NMR analysis of G7-18NATE, a nonphosphorylated cyclic peptide inhibitor of the Grb7 adapter protein. Biopolymers 2007; 88:174-81. [PMID: 17206629 DOI: 10.1002/bip.20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
G7-18NATE is a nonphosphorylated, cyclic peptide that specifically inhibits the Grb7 adapter protein implicated in several pathways critical to cell proliferation and migration. It has been shown that G7-18NATE is able to compete with natural ligands for the Grb7 SH2 phosphotyrosine binding site, and to attenuate cell migration in a pancreatic cancer cell line. It is thus an important lead in the development of a selective inhibitor of Grb7 and potential novel anticancer therapeutics. The current study reports the solution properties of G7- 18NATE determined using NMR spectroscopy, in both water (pH 2-3) and phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), with 100 mM NaCl. The spectra reveal that G7-18NATE exists in two distinguishable conformational states on the NMR timescale, most likely due to cis-trans proline isomerization. In addition, the chemical shift data are consistent with a tendency of G7-18NATE to form a turn about the YDN motif, known to be important for binding, and suggest that this turn is stabilized in low salt and low pH conditions. Low NH temperature coefficients of Tyr-5 and Asn-7 amide protons may reflect their involvement in the formation of hydrogen bonds that stabilize such a turn. Overall, however, the peptide does not form a rigid structure, but exists in a highly flexible state in solution. Averaged 3JNH-H coupling constants and a lack of interresidue NOEs are characteristic of such peptide solution behavior. This suggests that there is scope for increasing the rigidity of the peptide that may enhance its binding affinity and specificity for Grb7.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Porter
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Pero SC, Shukla GS, Cookson MM, Flemer S, Krag DN. Combination treatment with Grb7 peptide and Doxorubicin or Trastuzumab (Herceptin) results in cooperative cell growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1520-5. [PMID: 17426702 PMCID: PMC2359946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb7 has potential importance in the progression of cancer. We have previously identified a novel peptide that binds to the SH2 domain of Grb7 and inhibits its association with several different receptor tyrosine kinases. We have synthesised the Grb7 peptide, G7-18NATE, with two different cell penetrating peptides, Penetratin and Tat. In this study, we have shown that both Penetratin- and Tat-conjugated G7-18NATE peptides are able to inhibit the proliferation of SK-BR-3, ZR-75-30, MDA-MB-361 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. There was no significant effects on breast cancer MCF-7cells, non-malignant MCF 10A or 3T3 cells. In addition, there was no significant inhibition of proliferation by Penetratin or Tat alone or by their conjugates with arbitrary peptide sequence in any of the cell lines tested. We determined the EC50 of G7-18NATE-P peptide for SK-BR-3 cell proliferation to be 7.663 × 10−6 M. Co-treatment of G7-18NATE-P peptide plus Doxorubicin in SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells resulted in an additional inhibition of proliferation, resulting in 56 and 84% decreases in the Doxorubicin EC50 value in the presence of 5 × 10−6 and 1.0 × 10−5 M G7-18NATE-P peptide, respectively. Importantly, the co-treatment with Doxorubicin and the delivery peptide did not change the Doxorubicin EC50. Since Grb7 associates with ErbB2, we assessed whether the peptide inhibitor would have a combined effect with a molecule that targets ErbB2, Herceptin. Co-treatment of Herceptin plus 1.0 × 10−5 M G7-18NATE-P peptide in SK-BR-3 cells resulted in a 46% decrease in the Herceptin EC50 value and no decrease following the co-treatment with Herceptin and penetratin alone. This Grb7 peptide has potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent alone, in combination with traditional chemotherapy, or in combination with other targeting molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Pero
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Cancer Comprehensive Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Given Medical Building Room E309, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. E-mail:
| | - G S Shukla
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Cancer Comprehensive Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - M M Cookson
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Cancer Comprehensive Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - S Flemer
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont Protein Core Facility, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D N Krag
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Cancer Comprehensive Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Given Medical Building Room E309, 89 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. E-mail:
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Shukla GS, Murray CJ, Estabrook M, Shen GP, Schellenberger V, Krag DN. Towards a ligand targeted enzyme prodrug therapy: Single round panning of a β-lactamase scaffold library on human cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2233-42. [PMID: 17285581 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A novel beta-lactamase scaffold library in which the target-binding moiety is built into the enzyme was generated using phage display technology. The binding element is composed of a fully randomized 8 amino acid loop inserted at position between Y34 and K37 on the outer surface of Enterobacter cloacae P99 cephalosporinase (beta-lactamase, E.C. 3.5.2.6) with all library members retaining catalytic activity. The frequency and diversity of amino acids distributions in peptide inserts from library clones were analyzed. The complexity of the randomized loop appears consistent with standards of other types of phage display library systems. The library was panned against SKBR3 human breast cancer cells in 1 round using rolling circle amplification of phage DNA to recover bound phage. Individual beta-lactamase clones, independent of phage, were rapidly assessed for their binding to SKBR3 cells using a simple high throughput screen based on cell-bound beta-lactamase activity. SKBR3 cell-binding beta-lactamase enzymes were also shown to bind specifically using an immunochemical method. Selected beta-lactamase clones were further studied for their protein expression, enzyme activity and binding to nontumor cell-lines. Overall, the approach outlined here offers the opportunity of rapidly selecting targeted beta-lactamase ligands that may have a potential for their use in enzyme prodrug therapy with cephalosporin-based prodrugs. It is expected that a similar approach will be useful in developing tumor-targeting molecules of several other enzyme candidates of cancer prodrug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja S Shukla
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Comprehensive Cancer Center, and University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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Krag DN, Shukla GS, Shen GP, Pero S, Ashikaga T, Fuller S, Weaver DL, Burdette-Radoux S, Thomas C. Selection of Tumor-binding Ligands in Cancer Patients with Phage Display Libraries. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7724-33. [PMID: 16885375 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phage display has been used extensively in vitro and in animal models to generate ligands and to identify cancer-relevant targets. We report here the use of phage-display libraries in cancer patients to identify tumor-targeting ligands. Eight patients with stage IV cancer, including breast, melanoma, and pancreas, had phage-displayed random peptide or scFv library (1.6 x 10(8)-1 x 10(11) transducing units/kg) administered i.v.; tumors were excised after 30 minutes; and tumor-homing phage were recovered. In three patients, repeat panning was possible using phage recovered and amplified from that same patient's tumor. No serious side effects, including allergic reactions, were observed with up to three infusions. Patients developed antiphage antibodies that reached a submaximal level within the 10-day protocol window for serial phage administration. Tumor phage were recoverable from all the patients. Using a filter-based ELISA, several clones from a subset of the patients were identified that bound to a tumor from the same patient in which clones were recovered. The clone-binding to tumor was confirmed by immunostaining, bioassay, and real-time PCR-based methods. Binding studies with noncancer and cancer cell lines of the same histology showed specificity of the tumor-binding clones. Analysis of insert sequences of tumor-homing peptide clones showed several motifs, indicating nonrandom accumulation of clones in human tumors. This is the first reported series of cancer patients to receive phage library for serial panning of tumor targeting ligands. The lack of toxicity and the ability to recover clones with favorable characteristics are a first step for further research with this technology in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Krag
- Department of Surgery and Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, E309 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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Tanaka S, Pero SC, Taguchi K, Shimada M, Mori M, Krag DN, Arii S. Specific Peptide Ligand for Grb7 Signal Transduction Protein and Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 98:491-8. [PMID: 16595785 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive malignancies, with high rates of invasion and metastasis and with generally poor prognosis. We previously found that metastasis was strongly associated with the expression of growth factor receptor-bound protein 7 (Grb7), which contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. In this study, we evaluated Grb7 protein as a molecular target of therapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer. METHODS Grb7 protein expression was measured by immunohistochemistry in 36 human pancreatic cancer specimens and adjacent normal pancreatic tissue. We synthesized a nonphosphorylated peptide inhibitor that binds specifically to the SH2 domain of Grb7. Intracellular signaling was assessed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays in cultured human pancreatic cancer cells. Cell migration was measured with a modified Boyden chamber method. Peritoneal metastasis of the pancreatic cancer cells was measured with a mouse model. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We found that 22 (61%) of 36 pancreatic cancer specimens had higher levels of Grb7 protein than their corresponding normal pancreatic tissue specimens. Grb7 expression was statistically significantly different between specimens from patients without lymph node metastasis (stage N0; two of the 10 patients) and patients with lymph node metastasis (stages N1 + N2; 20 of the 26 patients) (P = .006). The Grb7 peptide inhibitor selectively blocked the interaction between Grb7 and focal adhesion kinase and blocked the phosphorylation of Grb7 protein. In vivo Grb7 peptide inhibitor statistically significantly attenuated cell migration (for control peptide, 87.5 cells migrated, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 82.6 to 92.4 cells; for Grb7 peptide, 5.7 cells migrated, 95% CI = 2.3 to 9.0 cells; P < .001) and peritoneal metastasis of the pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse model, as assessed by the number of nodules (control = 72.6 nodules, 95% CI = 55.8 to 89.4 nodules; and for Grb7 peptide = 3.2 nodules, 95% CI = 1.6 to 4.8 nodules; P < .001, t test) and their weight (control = 4.13 g, 95% CI = 3.40 to 4.86 g; Grb7 peptide = 0.19 g, 95% CI = 0.06 to 0.32 g; P < .001, t test). CONCLUSIONS The Grb7 peptide inhibitor appears to be a promising molecularly targeted therapeutic agent against metastatic pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Department of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan.
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McIntyre A, Summersgill B, Spendlove HE, Huddart R, Houlston R, Shipley J. Activating mutations and/or expression levels of tyrosine kinase receptors GRB7, RAS, and BRAF in testicular germ cell tumors. Neoplasia 2006; 7:1047-52. [PMID: 16354586 PMCID: PMC1501174 DOI: 10.1593/neo.05514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification and/or overexpression of genes encoding tyrosine kinase receptors KIT and ERBB2 have been reported in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs). These receptors can bind the adaptor molecule GRB7 encoded by a gene adjacent to ERBB2 at 17q12, a region also frequently gained in TGCTs. GRB7 binding may be involved in the activation of RAS signaling and KRAS2 maps to 12p, which is constitutively gained in TGCT and lies within a minimum overlapping region of amplification at 12p11.2-12.1, a region we have previously defined. RAS proteins activate BRAF, and activating mutations of genes encoding these proteins have been described in various tumors. Here we determine the relationships between expression levels and activating mutations of these genes in a series of 65 primary TGCTs and 4 TCGT cell lines. High levels of expression and activating mutations in RAS were mutually exclusive events, and activating mutations in RAS were only identified in the seminoma subtype. Mutations in BRAF were not identified. Increased ERBB2 expression was associated with differentiated nonseminoma histology excised from lymph nodes postchemotherapy. Mutation, elevated expression, and correlations between expression levels of KRAS2, GRB7, and KIT are consistent with their involvement in the development of TGCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan McIntyre
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Brenda Summersgill
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Hayley E Spendlove
- Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Robert Huddart
- Academic Department of Urology, The Royal Marsden National Health Service Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Janet Shipley
- Molecular Cytogenetics, Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Lowenna J Holt
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Cancer Research Program, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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66
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Shukla GS, Krag DN. Phage display selection for cell-specific ligands: development of a screening procedure suitable for small tumor specimens. J Drug Target 2005; 13:7-18. [PMID: 15848950 DOI: 10.1080/10611860400020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Phage display technology has been widely used for developing tumor-targeting agents. Most of the efforts were directed towards identifying phage-displayed ligands against cancer-relevant purified targets and cancer cell lines. Whole cell screening procedures typically use a relatively large sample size and are not ideally suited for complex tumor tissues. We describe here a screening protocol that is suitable for non-adherent tumor cells from biopsy specimens. It requires only approximately 20,000 cells/round for biopanning and approximately 10,000 cells/well for subsequent clone binding assessment by ELISA. We standardized the newly developed protocol using erbB2-overexpressing SKBR3 breast cancer cells and compared the results with conventional protocols employing about 10-times more plate-adhered fixed or live cells. The selection rate of SKBR3-binding clones from biopanning approximately 20,000 non-adherent SKBR3 cells by our filter cup protocol was comparable to that obtained from using approximately 200,000 plate-adhered cells. Assessment of clones selected from different phage libraries showed that clones from fixed or live cells, adherent or non-adherent cells, either biopanned in filter cup or plate share specific motifs and binding properties. Some of the clones from each biopanning protocol bound to purified erbB2 and shared motifs with erbB family of receptors and their known ligands. These results demonstrated that the protocol developed in this study was capable of selecting cell-specific ligands using relatively small numbers of cells. Screening cells from a fresh human breast cancer specimen using our protocol showed enrichment of tumor binding clones at successive rounds of selection and some of the selected clones were tumor-specific in comparison to normal breast cells. These protocols have direct application to screen for tumor-binding ligands with small tumor tissue specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girja S Shukla
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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67
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Yoon SW, Kim TY, Sung MH, Kim CJ, Poo H. Comparative proteomic analysis of peripheral blood eosinophils from healthy donors and atopic dermatitis patients with eosinophilia. Proteomics 2005; 5:1987-95. [PMID: 15832365 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200401086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic disease that has recently shown a dramatic increase of incidence in developed countries. Eosinophilia, the accumulation of eosinophils, occurs in AD patients through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. To understand the target proteins involved in the anti-apoptotic signaling of eosinophilia, we used a proteomic approach to analyze eosinophil proteins from AD patients with eosinophilia and healthy donors. Protein spots in two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gels were identified with peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and database searching. More spots were observed in the 2-DE proteome map from AD patient samples (1310 +/- 58 spots) than in those from healthy donors (1121 +/- 40 spots). We identified 51 proteins affected by eosinophilia: 19 related to signaling, 8 involved in regulation of metabolism, 4 related to apoptosis, and 3 involved in inflammation. The other identified proteins were associated with transcription, RNA processing, translation, the cytoskeleton, and unknown functions. Among the identified proteins, we observed prominent increases in the expressions of cyclinA2, voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2, and 38 kDa FK506 binding protein 8 in eosinophils from AD patients in comparison to healthy donors. PMF and immunoblotting of a single spot that was expressed in eosinophils from healthy individuals but not in AD patients identified the protein as phosphorylated growth receptor binding 7 (Grb7) adaptor protein. Increased phosphorylation of Grb7 and its upstream signaling protein, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), was detected in low viability eosinophils such as those from healthy donors or in cultured eosinophils (AML14.3D10 cells) treated with dexamethasone. These results suggest that phosphorylation of Grb7 and the expressions of cyclinA2, voltage-dependent anion channel protein 2, and 38 kDa FK506 binding protein 8 may be related with the anti-apoptosis mechanism of eosinophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Woo Yoon
- System Proteomics Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejon
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68
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Machida K, Mayer BJ. The SH2 domain: versatile signaling module and pharmaceutical target. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1747:1-25. [PMID: 15680235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2004.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 09/29/2004] [Accepted: 10/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 (SH2) domain is the most prevalent protein binding module that recognizes phosphotyrosine. This approximately 100-amino-acid domain is highly conserved structurally despite being found in a wide variety proteins. Depending on the nature of neighboring protein module(s), such as catalytic domains and other protein binding domains, SH2-containing proteins play many different roles in cellular protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling pathways. Accumulating evidence indicates SH2 domains are highly versatile and exhibit considerable flexibility in how they bind to their ligands. To illustrate this functional versatility, we present three specific examples: the SAP, Cbl and SOCS families of SH2-containing proteins, which play key roles in immune responses, termination of PTK signaling, and cytokine responses. In addition, we highlight current progress in the development of SH2 domain inhibitors designed to antagonize or modulate PTK signaling in human disease. Inhibitors of the Grb2 and Src SH2 domains have been extensively studied, with the aim of targeting the Ras pathway and osteoclastic bone resorption, respectively. Despite formidable difficulties in drug design due to the lability and poor cell permeability of negatively charged phosphorylated SH2 ligands, a variety of structure-based strategies have been used to reduce the size, charge and peptide character of such ligands, leading to the development of high-affinity lead compounds with potent cellular activities. These studies have also led to new insights into molecular recognition by the SH2 domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Machida
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-3301, USA.
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69
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Pero SC, Shukla GS, Armstrong AL, Peterson D, Fuller SP, Godin K, Kingsley-Richards SL, Weaver DL, Bond J, Krag DN. Identification of a small peptide that inhibits the phosphorylation of ErbB2 and proliferation of ErbB2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2004; 111:951-60. [PMID: 15300809 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
ErbB2 is overexpressed in approximately 30% of breast cancer patients with a correlation to poor prognosis. ErbB2 has been identified as a useful receptor for molecular targeting. A cyclic 20 amino acid phage display random peptide library was constructed using the fUSE5 gene III system. The library was panned against 2 different purified forms of the external domain of ErbB2. This resulted in the identification of several ErbB2-binding phage clones with variable binding to different ErbB2 preparations. One clone (EC-1) bound all preparations of ErbB2 including live cells and fresh frozen human breast cancer specimens. The synthetic peptide based on the deduced sequence of the EC-1 clone and its biotin-conjugated form retained binding affinity for purified ErbB2 and ErbB2 overexpressing cell lysates. EC-1 peptide was able to effectively inhibit the phosphorylation of ErbB2 on residues Y1248 and Y877 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, EC-1 peptide selectively inhibits the proliferation of ErbB2 overexpressing breast cancer cells. The linear portion of the cyclic EC-1 peptide was shown to be essential for binding ErbB2. In addition, 4 biased phage libraries were constructed allowing 4 different regions of the EC-1 peptide to have random sequence. Screening these EC-1 biased libraries did not result in higher affinity peptides but did demonstrate the importance of amino acids at position 1-4 on the N-terminal flanking arm and 11-15 within the cyclic ring. Interestingly, EC-1 contains homologous motifs with known ErbB receptor family ligands. We have identified a small peptide that binds to the extracellular domain of ErbB2, inhibits ErbB2 autophosphorylation and inhibits the proliferation of ErbB2 overexpressing cells. This supports the notion that small peptides can bind to targets important in cancer therapy even if a target does not have a natural ligand. Continuing research with this peptide includes increasing its affinity to ErbB2, evaluation of pharmacokinetics and evaluation of anti-proliferative effects with conjugate anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Pero
- Department of Surgery, Vermont Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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70
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Moncoq K, Broutin I, Larue V, Perdereau D, Cailliau K, Browaeys-Poly E, Burnol AF, Ducruix A. The PIR domain of Grb14 is an intrinsically unstructured protein: implication in insulin signaling. FEBS Lett 2003; 554:240-6. [PMID: 14623073 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)01095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Grb14 belongs to the Grb7 family of adapter proteins and was identified as a negative regulator of insulin signal transduction. Its inhibitory effect on the insulin receptor kinase activity is controlled by a newly discovered domain called PIR. To investigate the biochemical and biophysical characteristics of this new domain, we cloned and purified recombinant PIR-SH2, PIR, and SH2 domains. The isolated PIR and PIR-SH2 domains were physiologically active and inhibited insulin-induced reinitiation of meiosis in the Xenopus oocytes system. However, NMR experiments on (15)N-labelled PIR revealed that it did not present secondary structure. These results suggest that the PIR domain belongs to the growing family of intrinsically unstructured proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Moncoq
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Faculté de Pharmacie Paris 5, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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71
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Cailliau K, Le Marcis V, Béréziat V, Perdereau D, Cariou B, Vilain JP, Burnol AF, Browaeys-Poly E. Inhibition of FGF receptor signalling in Xenopus oocytes: differential effect of Grb7, Grb10 and Grb14. FEBS Lett 2003; 548:43-8. [PMID: 12885405 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(03)00726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of Grb7 adapters, Grb7, Grb10, and Grb14, was investigated in Xenopus oocytes expressing fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFR). FGF-induced maturation of FGFR-expressing oocytes was blocked by previous injection of Grb7 or Grb14, but not Grb10. This effect correlated with Grb7/14 binding to the receptor, and inhibition of the Ras-dependent pathway. Interestingly, the phosphorylated insulin receptor interacting region (PIR) and Src 2 homology domains (SH2) of Grb7 and Grb14 were differently implicated in the inhibition of FGFR signalling. This study provided further evidence for specificity of the biological action of the Grb7 adapters on receptor tyrosine kinase signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cailliau
- Université des Sciences; Technologies de Lille, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, UPRES UA 1033, IFR 118, Bâtiment SN3, Villeneuve d'Ascq, Cedex, France
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72
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Stein EG, Ghirlando R, Hubbard SR. Structural basis for dimerization of the Grb10 Src homology 2 domain. Implications for ligand specificity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13257-64. [PMID: 12551896 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212026200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Grb7, Grb10, and Grb14 are members of a distinct family of adapter proteins that interact with various receptor tyrosine kinases upon receptor activation. Proteins in this family contain several modular signaling domains including a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain, a BPS (between PH and SH2) domain, and a C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. Although SH2 domains are typically monomeric, we show that the Grb10 SH2 domain and also full-length Grb10 gamma are dimeric in solution under physiologic conditions. The crystal structure of the Grb10 SH2 domain at 1.65-A resolution reveals a non-covalent dimer whose interface comprises residues within and flanking the C-terminal alpha helix, which are conserved in the Grb7/Grb10/Grb14 family but not in other SH2 domains. Val-522 in the BG loop (BG3) and Asp-500 in the EF loop (EF1) are positioned to interfere with the binding of the P+3 residue of a phosphopeptide ligand. These structural features of the Grb10 SH2 domain will favor binding of dimeric, turn-containing phosphotyrosine sequences, such as the phosphorylated activation loops in the two beta subunits of the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors. Moreover, the structure suggests the mechanism by which the Grb7 SH2 domain binds selectively to pTyr-1139 (pYVNQ) in Her2, which along with Grb7 is co-amplified in human breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Stein
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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73
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Christensen ST, Guerra CF, Awan A, Wheatley DN, Satir P. Insulin receptor-like proteins in Tetrahymena thermophila ciliary membranes. Curr Biol 2003; 13:R50-2. [PMID: 12546802 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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