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Kasica N, Podlasz P, Sundvik M, Tamas A, Reglodi D, Kaleczyc J. Protective Effects of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) Against Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Hair Cells. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:633-647. [PMID: 27557978 PMCID: PMC5047952 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic neuropeptide, with known antiapoptotic functions. Our previous in vitro study has demonstrated the ameliorative role of PACAP-38 in chicken hair cells under oxidative stress conditions, but its effects on living hair cells is now yet known. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate in vivo the protective role of PACAP-38 in hair cells found in zebrafish (Danio rerio) sense organs-neuromasts. To induce oxidative stress the 5-day postfertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae were exposed to 1.5 mM H2O2 for 15 min or 1 h. This resulted in an increase in caspase-3 and p-38 MAPK level in the hair cells as well as in an impairment of the larvae basic behavior. To investigate the ameliorative role of PACAP-38, the larvae were incubated with a mixture of 1.5 mM H2O2 and 100 nM PACAP-38 following 1 h preincubation with 100 nM PACAP-38 only. PACAP-38 abilities to prevent hair cells from apoptosis were investigated. Whole-mount immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy analyses revealed that PACAP-38 treatment decreased the cleaved caspase-3 level in the hair cells, but had no influence on p-38 MAPK. The analyses of basic locomotor activity supported the protective role of PACAP-38 by demonstrating the improvement of the fish behavior after PACAP-38 treatment. In summary, our in vivo findings demonstrate that PACAP-38 protects zebrafish hair cells from oxidative stress by attenuating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kasica
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Podlasz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Forensic Veterinary and Administration, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria Sundvik
- Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8 (Biomedicum Helsinki), 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Szigeti 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 13, box 105J, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
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52
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The growing landscape of tubulin acetylation: lysine 40 and many more. Biochem J 2016; 473:1859-68. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin heterodimers are the building block of microtubules, which are major elements of the cytoskeleton. Several types of post-translational modifications are found on tubulin subunits as well as on the microtubule polymer to regulate the multiple roles of microtubules. Acetylation of lysine 40 (K40) of the α-tubulin subunit is one of these post-translational modifications which has been extensively studied. We summarize the current knowledge about the structural aspects of K40 acetylation, the functional consequences, the enzymes involved and their regulation. Most importantly, we discuss the potential importance of the recently discovered additional acetylation acceptor lysines in tubulin subunits and highlight the urgent need to study tubulin acetylation in a more integrated perspective.
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53
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Skoge RH, Ziegler M. SIRT2 inactivation reveals a subset of hyperacetylated perinuclear microtubules inaccessible to HDAC6. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2972-82. [PMID: 27311481 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.187518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deacetylation of α-tubulin at lysine 40 is catalyzed by two enzymes, the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT2 and the NAD-independent deacetylase HDAC6, in apparently redundant reactions. In the present study, we tested whether these two enzymes might have distinguishable preferences for the deacetylation of different microtubule structures. Using various agents, we induced tubulin hyperacetylation and analyzed the ensuing formation of distinct microtubule structures. HDAC6 inhibition led to general hyperacetylation of the microtubule network throughout the cell, whereas hyperacetylation induced by SIRT2 inactivation was limited to perinuclear microtubules. Hyperacetylation of these perinuclear microtubules was undiminished following HDAC6 overexpression, whereas reactivation of SIRT2 restored the basal acetylation level and a normal microtubule network. By contrast, SIRT2 and HDAC6 acted similarly on the morphologically different, hyperacetylated microtubule structures induced by taxol, MAP2c overexpression or hyperosmotic stress. These results indicate overlapping and distinct functions of HDAC6 and SIRT2. We propose that the differential activity of the two deacetylases, which target the same acetylated lysine residue, might be related to the recognition of specific structural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Hvidsten Skoge
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, Bergen 5020, Norway
| | - Mathias Ziegler
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Postbox 7803, Bergen 5020, Norway
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54
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Chen HM, Yang CM, Chang JF, Wu CS, Sia KC, Lin WN. AdipoR-increased intracellular ROS promotes cPLA2 and COX-2 expressions via activation of PKC and p300 in adiponectin-stimulated human alveolar type II cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L255-69. [PMID: 27288489 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin, an adipokine, accumulated in lung system via T-cadherin after allergens/ozone challenge. However, the roles of adiponectin on lung pathologies were controversial. Here we reported that adiponectin stimulated expression of inflammatory proteins, cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human alveolar type II A549 cells. AdipoR1/2 involved in adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase and mitochondria, which further promoted intracellular ROS accumulation. Protein kinase C (PKC) may involve an adiponectin-activated NADPH oxidase. Similarly, p300 phosphorylation and histone H4 acetylation occurred in adiponectin-challenged A549 cells. Moreover, adiponectin-upregulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression was significantly abrogated by ROS scavenger (N-acetylcysteine) or the inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (apocynin), mitochondrial complex I (rotenone), PKC (Ro31-8220, Gö-6976, and rottlerin), and p300 (garcinol). Briefly, we reported that adiponectin stimulated cPLA2 and COX-2 expression via AdipoR1/2-dependent activation of PKC/NADPH oxidase/mitochondria resulting in ROS accumulation, p300 phosphorylation, and histone H4 acetylation. These results suggested that adiponectin promoted lung inflammation, resulting in exacerbation of pulmonary diseases via upregulating cPLA2 and COX-2 expression together with intracellular ROS production. Understanding the adiponectin signaling pathways on regulating cPLA2 and COX-2 may help develop therapeutic strategies on pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Mei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Mao Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Health Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Department of Anesthetics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkuo, Kwei-San, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Feng Chang
- PhD Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, En-Chu-Kong Hospital, Sanxia, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Sheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kee-Chin Sia
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, Xinzhuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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55
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Compound Library Screening Identified Cardiac Glycoside Digitoxin as an Effective Growth Inhibitor of Gefitinib-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via Downregulation of α-Tubulin and Inhibition of Microtubule Formation. Molecules 2016; 21:374. [PMID: 26999101 PMCID: PMC6274445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) dominates over 85% of all lung cancer cases. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activating mutation is a common situation in NSCLC. In the clinic, molecular-targeting with Gefitinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for EGFR downstream signaling is initially effective. However, drug resistance frequently happens due to additional mutation on EGFR, such as substitution from threonine to methionine at amino acid position 790 (T790M). In this study, we screened a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound library consisting of 800 single compounds in TKI-resistance NSCLC H1975 cells, which contains substitutions from leucine to arginine at amino acid 858 (L858R) and T790M mutation on EGFR. Attractively, among these compounds there are 24 compounds CC50 of which was less than 2.5 μM were identified. We have further investigated the mechanism of the most effective one, Digitoxin. It showed a significantly cytotoxic effect in H1975 cells by causing G2 phase arrest, also remarkably activated 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Moreover, we first proved that Digitoxin suppressed microtubule formation through decreasing α-tubulin. Therefore, it confirmed that Digitoxin effectively depressed the growth of TKI-resistance NSCLC H1975 cells by inhibiting microtubule polymerization and inducing cell cycle arrest.
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56
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Chun SK, Go K, Yang MJ, Zendejas I, Behrns KE, Kim JS. Autophagy in Ischemic Livers: A Critical Role of Sirtuin 1/Mitofusin 2 Axis in Autophagy Induction. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:35-46. [PMID: 26977257 PMCID: PMC4780240 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.1.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
No-flow ischemia occurs during cardiac arrest, hemorrhagic shock, liver resection and transplantation. Recovery of blood flow and normal physiological pH, however, irreversibly injures the liver and other tissues. Although the liver has the powerful machinery for mitochondrial quality control, a process called mitophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent cell death occur after reperfusion. Growing evidence indicates that reperfusion impairs mitophagy, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, defective oxidative phosphorylation, accumulation of toxic metabolites, energy loss and ultimately cell death. The importance of acetylation/deacetylation cycle in the mitochondria and mitophagy has recently gained attention. Emerging data suggest that sirtuins, enzymes deacetylating a variety of target proteins in cellular metabolism, survival and longevity, may also act as an autophagy modulator. This review highlights recent advances of our understanding of a mechanistic correlation between sirtuin 1, mitophagy and ischemic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kook Chun
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
| | - Kristina Go
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
| | - Ming-Jim Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
| | - Ivan Zendejas
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
| | - Kevin E. Behrns
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610,
USA
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57
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Bonet-Ponce L, Saez-Atienzar S, da Casa C, Sancho-Pelluz J, Barcia JM, Martinez-Gil N, Nava E, Jordan J, Romero FJ, Galindo MF. Rotenone Induces the Formation of 4-Hydroxynonenal Aggresomes. Role of ROS-Mediated Tubulin Hyperacetylation and Autophagic Flux Disruption. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6194-6208. [PMID: 26558631 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes cellular damage by (i) altering protein stability, (ii) impairing organelle function, or (iii) triggering the formation of 4-HNE protein aggregates. The catabolic process known as autophagy is an antioxidant cellular response aimed to counteract these stressful conditions. Therefore, autophagy might act as a cytoprotective response by removing impaired organelles and aggregated proteins. In the present study, we sought to understand the role of autophagy in the clearance of 4-HNE protein aggregates in ARPE-19 cells under rotenone exposure. Rotenone induced an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to an accumulation of 4-HNE inclusions, and an increase in the number of autophagosomes. The latter resulted from a disturbed autophagic flux rather than an activation of the autophagic synthesis pathway. In compliance with this, rotenone treatment induced an increase in LC3-II while upstream autophagy markers such as Beclin- 1, Vsp34 or Atg5-Atg12, were decreased. Rotenone reduced the autophagosome-to-lysosome fusion step by increasing tubulin acetylation levels through a ROS-mediated pathway. Proof of this is the finding that the free radical scavenger, N-acetylcysteine, restored autophagy flux and reduced rotenone-induced tubulin hyperacetylation. Indeed, this dysfunctional autophagic response exacerbates cell death triggered by rotenone, since 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, reduced cell mortality, while rapamycin, an inductor of autophagy, caused opposite effects. In summary, we shed new light on the mechanisms involved in the autophagic responses disrupted by oxidative stress, which take place in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington or Parkinson diseases, and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Bonet-Ponce
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Saez-Atienzar
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.,Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.,Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carmen da Casa
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Javier Sancho-Pelluz
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jorge M Barcia
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Natalia Martinez-Gil
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nava
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Joaquín Jordan
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología, Dpto. Ciencias Médicas. Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, IDINE, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Francisco J Romero
- Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria F Galindo
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.
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58
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Li L, Yang XJ. Tubulin acetylation: responsible enzymes, biological functions and human diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4237-55. [PMID: 26227334 PMCID: PMC11113413 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have important functions ranging from maintenance of cell morphology to subcellular transport, cellular signaling, cell migration, and formation of cell polarity. At the organismal level, microtubules are crucial for various biological processes, such as viral entry, inflammation, immunity, learning and memory in mammals. Microtubules are subject to various covalent modifications. One such modification is tubulin acetylation, which is associated with stable microtubules and conserved from protists to humans. In the past three decades, this reversible modification has been studied extensively. In mammals, its level is mainly governed by opposing actions of α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 (ATAT1) and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Knockout studies of the mouse enzymes have yielded new insights into biological functions of tubulin acetylation. Abnormal levels of this modification are linked to neurological disorders, cancer, heart diseases and other pathological conditions, thereby yielding important therapeutic implications. This review summarizes related studies and concludes that tubulin acetylation is important for regulating microtubule architecture and maintaining microtubule integrity. Together with detyrosination, glutamylation and other modifications, tubulin acetylation may form a unique 'language' to regulate microtubule structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang-Jiao Yang
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
- McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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59
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Chauhan S, Ahmed Z, Bradfute SB, Arko-Mensah J, Mandell MA, Won Choi S, Kimura T, Blanchet F, Waller A, Mudd MH, Jiang S, Sklar L, Timmins GS, Maphis N, Bhaskar K, Piguet V, Deretic V. Pharmaceutical screen identifies novel target processes for activation of autophagy with a broad translational potential. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8620. [PMID: 26503418 PMCID: PMC4624223 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved homeostatic process active in all human cells and affecting a spectrum of diseases. Here we use a pharmaceutical screen to discover new mechanisms for activation of autophagy. We identify a subset of pharmaceuticals inducing autophagic flux with effects in diverse cellular systems modelling specific stages of several human diseases such as HIV transmission and hyperphosphorylated tau accumulation in Alzheimer's disease. One drug, flubendazole, is a potent inducer of autophagy initiation and flux by affecting acetylated and dynamic microtubules in a reciprocal way. Disruption of dynamic microtubules by flubendazole results in mTOR deactivation and dissociation from lysosomes leading to TFEB (transcription factor EB) nuclear translocation and activation of autophagy. By inducing microtubule acetylation, flubendazole activates JNK1 leading to Bcl-2 phosphorylation, causing release of Beclin1 from Bcl-2-Beclin1 complexes for autophagy induction, thus uncovering a new approach to inducing autophagic flux that may be applicable in disease treatment. Autophagy is a homeostatic process that could be a potential drug target in the treatment of disease. Here the authors identify in a pharmaceutical screen flubendazole as an inducer of autophagy initiation and flux by affecting microtubules, mTOR, TFEB and Beclin 1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Chauhan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Zahra Ahmed
- Cardiff Institute of Infection &Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Steven B Bradfute
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Michael A Mandell
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Seong Won Choi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Tomonori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Fabien Blanchet
- Cardiff Institute of Infection &Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Anna Waller
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Michal H Mudd
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Shanya Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Larry Sklar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Graham S Timmins
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Nicole Maphis
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Kiran Bhaskar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Vincent Piguet
- Cardiff Institute of Infection &Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Building, Heath Park CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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60
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Groebner JL, Tuma PL. The Altered Hepatic Tubulin Code in Alcoholic Liver Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2140-59. [PMID: 26393662 PMCID: PMC4598792 DOI: 10.3390/biom5032140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that lead to the progression of alcoholic liver disease have been actively examined for decades. Because the hepatic microtubule cytoskeleton supports innumerable cellular processes, it has been the focus of many such mechanistic studies. It has long been appreciated that α-tubulin is a major target for modification by highly reactive ethanol metabolites and reactive oxygen species. It is also now apparent that alcohol exposure induces post-translational modifications that are part of the natural repertoire, mainly acetylation. In this review, the modifications of the "tubulin code" are described as well as those adducts by ethanol metabolites. The potential cellular consequences of microtubule modification are described with a focus on alcohol-induced defects in protein trafficking and enhanced steatosis. Possible mechanisms that can explain hepatic dysfunction are described and how this relates to the onset of liver injury is discussed. Finally, we propose that agents that alter the cellular acetylation state may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for treating liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Groebner
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
| | - Pamela L Tuma
- Department of Biology, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA.
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61
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Zhang F, Su B, Wang C, Siedlak SL, Mondragon-Rodriguez S, Lee HG, Wang X, Perry G, Zhu X. Posttranslational modifications of α-tubulin in alzheimer disease. Transl Neurodegener 2015; 4:9. [PMID: 26029362 PMCID: PMC4448339 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-015-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Alzheimer disease (AD), hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins results in microtubule destabilization and cytoskeletal abnormalities. Our prior ultra-morphometric studies documented a clear reduction in microtubules in pyramidal neurons in AD compared to controls, however, this reduction did not coincide with the presence of paired helical filaments. The latter suggests the presence of compensatory mechanism(s) that stabilize microtubule dynamics despite the loss of tau binding and stabilization. Microtubules are composed of tubulin dimers which are subject to posttranslational modifications that affect the stability and function of microtubules. Methods In this study, we performed a detailed analysis on changes in the posttranslational modifications in tubulin in postmortem human brain tissues from AD patients and age-matched controls by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry. Results Consistent with our previous study, we found decreased levels of α-tubulin in AD brain. Levels of tubulin with various posttranslational modifications such as polyglutamylation, tyrosination, and detyrosination were also proportionally reduced in AD brain, but, interestingly, there was an increase in the proportion of the acetylated α-tubulin in the remaining α-tubulin. Tubulin distribution was changed from predominantly in the processes to be more accumulated in the cell body. The number of processes containing polyglutamylated tubulin was well preserved in AD neurons. While there was a cell autonomous detrimental effect of NFTs on tubulin, this is likely a gradual and slow process, and there was no selective loss of acetylated or polyglutamylated tubulin in NFT-bearing neurons. Conclusions Overall, we suggest that the specific changes in tubulin modification in AD brain likely represent a compensatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Bo Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA.,Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Sandra L Siedlak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA
| | - Siddhartha Mondragon-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro, Querétaro México, D. F. Mexico
| | - Hyoung-Gon Lee
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA
| | - George Perry
- The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44121 USA.,2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA
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62
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Galluzzi L, Pietrocola F, Levine B, Kroemer G. Metabolic control of autophagy. Cell 2015; 159:1263-76. [PMID: 25480292 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of adaptation to adverse microenvironmental conditions, including limited nutrient supplies. Several sensors interacting with the autophagic machinery have evolved to detect fluctuations in key metabolic parameters. The signal transduction cascades operating downstream of these sensors are highly interconnected to control a spatially and chronologically coordinated autophagic response that maintains the health and function of individual cells while preserving organismal homeostasis. Here, we discuss the physiological regulation of autophagy by metabolic circuitries, as well as alterations of such control in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Beth Levine
- Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75690, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94805 Villejuif, France.
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63
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Wani W, Boyer-Guittaut M, Dodson M, Chatham J, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Regulation of autophagy by protein post-translational modification. J Transl Med 2015; 95:14-25. [PMID: 25365205 PMCID: PMC4454381 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated intracellular protein degradation process that involves about 38 autophagy-related genes as well as key signaling pathways that sense cellular metabolic and redox status, and has an important role in quality control of macromolecules and organelles. As with other major cellular pathways, autophagy proteins are subjected to regulatory post-translational modification. Phosphorylation is so far the most intensively studied post-translational modification in the autophagy process, followed by ubiquitination and acetylation. An interesting and new area is also now emerging, which appears to complement these more traditional mechanisms, and includes O-GlcNAcylation and redox regulation at thiol residues. Identification of the full spectrum of post-translational modifications of autophagy proteins, and determination of their impact on autophagy will be crucial for a better understanding of autophagy regulation, its deficits in diseases, and how to exploit this process for disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willayat Wani
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922, SFR IBCT FED4234, Sciences et Techniques, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - John Chatham
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham,Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
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64
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Madeo F, Zimmermann A, Maiuri MC, Kroemer G. Essential role for autophagy in life span extension. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:85-93. [PMID: 25654554 PMCID: PMC4382258 DOI: 10.1172/jci73946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Life and health span can be prolonged by calorie limitation or by pharmacologic agents that mimic the effects of caloric restriction. Both starvation and the genetic inactivation of nutrient signaling converge on the induction of autophagy, a cytoplasmic recycling process that counteracts the age-associated accumulation of damaged organelles and proteins as it improves the metabolic fitness of cells. Here we review experimental findings indicating that inhibition of the major nutrient and growth-related signaling pathways as well as the upregulation of anti-aging pathways mediate life span extension via the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, we discuss mounting evidence suggesting that autophagy is not only necessary but, at least in some cases, also sufficient for increasing longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Zimmermann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Chiara Maiuri
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
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65
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Inhibition of p300 suppresses growth of breast cancer. Role of p300 subcellular localization. Exp Mol Pathol 2014; 97:411-24. [PMID: 25240203 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence that p300, a transcriptional co-factor and a lysine acetyl-transferase, could play a role both as an oncoprotein and as a tumor suppressor, although little is known regarding its role in breast cancer (BC). First we investigated the role p300 has on BC by performing pharmacological inhibition of p300 acetyl-transferase function and analyzing the effects on cell count, migration and invasion in LM3 murine breast cancer cell line and on tumor progression in a syngeneic murine model. We subsequently studied p300 protein expression in human BC biopsies and evaluated its correlation with clinical and histopathological parameters of the patients. We observed that inhibition of p300 induced apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion in cultured LM3 cells. Furthermore, a significant reduction in tumor burden, number of lung metastases and number of tumors invading the abdominal cavity was observed in a syngeneic tumor model of LM3 following treatment with the p300 inhibitor. This reduction in tumor burden was accompanied by a decrease in the mitotic index and Ki-67 levels and an increase in Bax expression. Moreover, the analysis of p300 expression in human BC samples showed that p300 immunoreactivity is significantly higher in the cancerous tissues than in the non-malignant mammary tissues and in the histologically normal adjacent tissues. Interestingly, p300 was observed in the cytoplasm, and the rate of cytoplasmic p300 was higher in BC than in non-tumor tissues. Importantly, we found that cytoplasmic localization of p300 is associated with a longer overall survival time of the patients. In conclusion, we demonstrated that inhibition of the acetylase function of p300 reduces both cell count and invasion in LM3 cells, and decreases tumor progression in the animal model. In addition, we show that the presence of p300 in the cytoplasm correlates with increased survival of patients suggesting that its nuclear localization is necessary for the pro-tumoral effects.
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66
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Caloric restriction mimetics: towards a molecular definition. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:727-40. [PMID: 25212602 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caloric restriction, be it constant or intermittent, is reputed to have health-promoting and lifespan-extending effects. Caloric restriction mimetics (CRMs) are compounds that mimic the biochemical and functional effects of caloric restriction. In this Opinion article, we propose a unifying definition of CRMs as compounds that stimulate autophagy by favouring the deacetylation of cellular proteins. This deacetylation process can be achieved by three classes of compounds that deplete acetyl coenzyme A (AcCoA; the sole donor of acetyl groups), that inhibit acetyl transferases (a group of enzymes that acetylate lysine residues in an array of proteins) or that stimulate the activity of deacetylases and hence reverse the action of acetyl transferases. A unifying definition of CRMs will be important for the continued development of this class of therapeutic agents.
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