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Landi S, Esposito S. Bioinformatic Characterization of Sulfotransferase Provides New Insights for the Exploitation of Sulfated Polysaccharides in Caulerpa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186681. [PMID: 32932673 PMCID: PMC7554865 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caulerpa is an unusual algal genus from Caulerpaceae (Chlorophyta, Bryopsidales). Species from this family produce a wide range of metabolites suitable for biotechnology applications. Among these, sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are often highly desirable for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Here, we provide a classification of sulfotransferases from Caulerpa; these important enzymes catalyze the nodal step for the biosynthesis of SPs. For this, we performed phylogenetic, genomic, expression analyses and prediction of the protein structure on sulfotransferases from Caulerpa. Sequences, domains and structures of sulfotransferases generally shared common characteristics with other plants and algae. However, we found an extensive duplication of sulfotransferase gene family, which is unique among the green algae. Expression analysis revealed specific transcript abundance in the pinnae and rachis of the alga. The unique genomic features could be utilized for the production of complex SPs, which require multiple and specific sulfation reactions. The expansion of this gene family in Caulerpaceae would have resulted in a number of proteins characterizing the unique SPs found in these algae. We provide a putative biosynthetic pathway of SPs, indicating the unique characteristics of this pathway in Caulerpa species. These data may help in the future selection of Caulerpa species for both commercial applications and genetic studies to improve the synthesis of valuable products from Caulerpa.
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Bairam AF, Kermasha ZW, Liu MC, Kurogi K, Yamamoto K. Functional analysis of novel sulfotransferases in the silkworm Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 104:e21671. [PMID: 32227386 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Sulfoconjugation plays a vital role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the metabolism of endogenous compounds. In this study, we aimed to identify new members of the sulfotransferase (SULT) superfamily in the silkworm Bombyx mori. Based on amino acid sequence and phylogenetic analyses, two new enzymes, swSULT ST1 and swSULT ST2, were identified that appear to belong to a distinct group of SULTs including several other insect SULTs. We expressed, purified, and characterized recombinant SULTs. While swSULT ST1 sulfated xanthurenic acid and pentachlorophenol, swSULT ST2 exclusively utilized xanthurenic acid as a substrate. Based on these results, and those concerning the tissue distribution and substrate specificity toward pentachlorophenol analyses, we hypothesize that swSULT ST1 plays a role in the detoxification of xenobiotics, including insecticides, in the silkworm midgut and in the induction of gametogenesis in silkworm ovary and testis. Collectively, the data obtained herein contribute to a better understanding of SULT enzymatic functions in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahsan F Bairam
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Zainab W Kermasha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kyushu University Graduate School, Fukuoka, Japan
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Datta P, Fu L, He W, Koffas MAG, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Expression of enzymes for 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) biosynthesis and their preparation for PAPS synthesis and regeneration. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7067-7078. [PMID: 32601738 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of sulfated polysaccharides involves the sulfation of simpler polysaccharide substrates, through the action sulfotransferases using the cofactor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). Three enzymes are essential for the in vitro synthesis of PAPS, namely, pyrophosphatase (PPA), adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK), and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS). The optimized enzyme expression ratio and effect on PAPS synthesis were evaluated using ePathBrick, a novel synthetic biology tool that assemble multiple genes in a single vector. The introduction of multiple promoters and stop codons at different location enable the bacterial system to fine tune expression level of the genes inserted. Recombinant vectors expressing PPA (U39393.1), ATPS (CP021243.1), and PPA (CP047127.1) were used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yields of 400-1380 mg/L with accumulation of 34-66% in the soluble fraction. The enzymes from soluble fraction, without any further purification, were used for PAPS synthesis. The PAPS was used for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of a heparan sulfate polysaccharide and coupled with a PAPS-ASTIV regeneration system. ASTIV catalyzes the regeneration of PAPS. A recombinant vector expressing the enzyme ASTIV (from Rattus norvegicus) was used for fermentations and resulted in volumetric yield of 1153 mg/L enzyme with accumulation of 48% in the soluble fraction. In conclusion, we have successfully utilized a metabolic engineering approach to optimize the overall PAPS synthesis productivity. In addition, we have demonstrated that the ePathBrick system could be applied towards study and improvement of enzymatic synthesis conditions. In parallel, we have successfully demonstrated an autoinduction microbial fermentation towards the production of mammalian enzyme (ASTIV). KEY POINTS : • ePathBrick used to optimize expression levels of enzymes. • Protocols have been used for the production of recombinant enzymes. • High cell density fed-batch fermentations with high yields of soluble enzymes. • Robust fermentation protocol successfully transferred to contract manufacturing and research facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Datta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Wenqin He
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - M A G Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - J S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - R J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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54
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Ding P, Ding Y. Stories of Salicylic Acid: A Plant Defense Hormone. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:549-565. [PMID: 32407695 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a key plant hormone required for establishing resistance to many pathogens. SA biosynthesis involves two main metabolic pathways with multiple steps: the isochorismate and the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathways. Transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis are important for fine-tuning SA level in plants. We highlight here recent discoveries on SA biosynthesis and transcriptional regulations of SA biosynthesis. In addition, SA perception by NPR proteins is important to fulfil its function as a defense hormone. We highlight recent work to give a full picture of how NPR proteins support the role of SA in plant immunity. We also discuss challenges and potential opportunities for future research and application related to the functions of SA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingtao Ding
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Yuli Ding
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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55
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Koudounas K. Sulfotransferase1 Is the Enzymatic Hub of Sulfated Salicinoids in Poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:13-14. [PMID: 32385174 PMCID: PMC7210657 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Koudounas
- Assistant Features Editor
- EA2106-Biomolecules and Plant Biotechnology, University of Tours, 37200 Tours, France
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56
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Paganini C, Gramegna Tota C, Superti-Furga A, Rossi A. Skeletal Dysplasias Caused by Sulfation Defects. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082710. [PMID: 32295296 PMCID: PMC7216085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are macromolecules present on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix that confer specific mechanical, biochemical, and physical properties to tissues. Sulfate groups present on glycosaminoglycans, linear polysaccharide chains attached to PG core proteins, are fundamental for correct PG functions. Indeed, through the negative charge of sulfate groups, PGs interact with extracellular matrix molecules and bind growth factors regulating tissue structure and cell behavior. The maintenance of correct sulfate metabolism is important in tissue development and function, particularly in cartilage where PGs are fundamental and abundant components of the extracellular matrix. In chondrocytes, the main sulfate source is the extracellular space, then sulfate is taken up and activated in the cytosol to the universal sulfate donor to be used in sulfotransferase reactions. Alteration in each step of sulfate metabolism can affect macromolecular sulfation, leading to the onset of diseases that affect mainly cartilage and bone. This review presents a panoramic view of skeletal dysplasias caused by mutations in genes encoding for transporters or enzymes involved in macromolecular sulfation. Future research in this field will contribute to the understanding of the disease pathogenesis, allowing the development of targeted therapies aimed at alleviating, preventing, or modifying the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Gramegna Tota
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.P.); (C.G.T.)
- Correspondence:
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57
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Dunkle JA, Bruno MR, Frantom PA. Structural evidence for a latch mechanism regulating access to the active site of SufS-family cysteine desulfurases. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:291-301. [PMID: 32133993 PMCID: PMC7057215 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine serves as the sulfur source for the biosynthesis of Fe-S clusters and thio-cofactors, molecules that are required for core metabolic processes in all organisms. Therefore, cysteine desulfurases, which mobilize sulfur for its incorporation into thio-cofactors by cleaving the Cα-S bond of cysteine, are ubiquitous in nature. SufS, a type 2 cysteine desulfurase that is present in plants and microorganisms, mobilizes sulfur from cysteine to the transpersulfurase SufE to initiate Fe-S biosynthesis. Here, a 1.5 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of the Escherichia coli SufS homodimer is reported which adopts a state in which the two monomers are rotated relative to their resting state, displacing a β-hairpin from its typical position blocking transpersulfurase access to the SufS active site. A global structure and sequence analysis of SufS family members indicates that the active-site β-hairpin is likely to require adjacent structural elements to function as a β-latch regulating access to the SufS active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Dunkle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Michael R. Bruno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
| | - Patrick A. Frantom
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alabama, 250 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35401, USA
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58
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Regulation of FKBP51 and FKBP52 functions by post-translational modifications. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1815-1831. [PMID: 31754722 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
FKBP51 and FKBP52 are two iconic members of the family of peptidyl-prolyl-(cis/trans)-isomerases (EC: 5.2.1.8), which comprises proteins that catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of peptidyl-prolyl peptide bonds in unfolded and partially folded polypeptide chains and native state proteins. Originally, both proteins have been studied as molecular chaperones belonging to the steroid receptor heterocomplex, where they were first discovered. In addition to their expected role in receptor folding and chaperoning, FKBP51 and FKBP52 are also involved in many biological processes, such as signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, protein transport, cancer development, and cell differentiation, just to mention a few examples. Recent studies have revealed that both proteins are subject of post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation, SUMOlyation, and acetylation. In this work, we summarize recent advances in the study of these immunophilins portraying them as scaffolding proteins capable to organize protein heterocomplexes, describing some of their antagonistic properties in the physiology of the cell, and the putative regulation of their properties by those post-translational modifications.
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59
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Koprivova A, Schmalenberger A, Kopriva S. Sulfatase Assay to Determine Influence of Plants on Microbial Activity in Soil. Bio Protoc 2020; 10:e3490. [PMID: 33654722 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatase activity is often used as a measure of the activity of soil microorganisms. It is thus a suitable tool to investigate the response of microbes to plants. Here we present a method to determine the influence of various Arabidopsis genotypes on the function of soil microbiota using the sulfatase as a quantitative measure. We grew the plants in soil/sand mix under control conditions and measured the sulfatase activity in soil using a spectrophotometric determination of the product. This protocol can be used to test the contribution of individual genes to control of microbiome assembly through analysis of mutants as well as the influence of environment on plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Koprivova
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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60
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Benedetti AM, Gill DM, Tsang CW, Jones AM. Chemical Methods for N- and O-Sulfation of Small Molecules, Amino Acids and Peptides. Chembiochem 2020; 21:938-942. [PMID: 31692230 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation of the amino acid residues of proteins is a significant post-translational modification, the functions of which are yet to be fully understood. Current sulfation methods are limited mainly to O-tyrosine (sY), which requires negatively charged species around the desired amino acid residue and a specific sulfotransferase enzyme. Alternatively, for solid-phase peptide synthesis, a de novo protected sY is required. Therefore, synthetic routes that go beyond O-sulfation are required. We have developed a novel route to N-sulfamation and can dial-in/out O-sulfation (without S-sulfurothiolation), mimicking the initiation step of the ping-pong sulfation mechanism identified in structural biology. This rapid, low-temperature and non-racemising method is applicable to a range of amines, amides, amino acids, and peptide sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mary Benedetti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Daniel M Gill
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chi W Tsang
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Robert B Vernon
- From the Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
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Mi-Ichi F, Yoshida H. Unique Features of Entamoeba Sulfur Metabolism; Compartmentalization, Physiological Roles of Terminal Products, Evolution and Pharmaceutical Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194679. [PMID: 31546588 PMCID: PMC6801973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur metabolism is essential for all living organisms. Recently, unique features of the Entamoeba metabolic pathway for sulfated biomolecules have been described. Entamoeba is a genus in the phylum Amoebozoa and includes the causative agent for amoebiasis, a global public health problem. This review gives an overview of the general features of the synthesis and degradation of sulfated biomolecules, and then highlights the characteristics that are unique to Entamoeba. Future biological and pharmaceutical perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumika Mi-Ichi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Yoshida
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Immunoscience, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
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Hu J, Yin H, Li B, Yang H. Identification of Transcriptional Metabolic Dysregulation in Subtypes of Pituitary Adenoma by Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2019; 12:2441-2451. [PMID: 31819570 PMCID: PMC6885545 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s226056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a prevalent intracranial tumor. Metabolites differ between pituitary tumor and healthy tissues or among different tumor subtypes. However, the transcriptional changes in metabolic enzymes, which are usually seemed as targets for metabolic therapy, remain unidentified. METHODS Using microarray data for 160 samples from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, across the four most common tumor subtypes, we present the integrated identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumors and controls. RESULTS Subtype-specific DEGs revealed 1081 prolactin tumor-specific DEGs, 437 nonfunctioning tumor-specific DEGs, and 217 common DEGs among the four subtypes. Functional enrichment showed that a lot of biological functions related to metabolism had changed. Twenty-one prolactin and twenty-three nonfunctioning tumor-specific metabolic-related DEGs are mainly involved in fatty acid and nucleotide metabolism, redox reaction, and gluconeogenesis. Eighteen metabolic-related DEGs enriched in the metabolism of xenobiotics by the cytochrome P450 pathway, sulfur metabolism, retinoid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis were abnormal in all subtypes of PA. CONCLUSION Based on a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis of the available PA-related transcriptomics data, we identified specific DEGs related to metabolism, and some of them might be new attractive therapeutic targets. Especially, PDK4 and PCK1 might be new attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachun Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bo Li; Hui Yang Email ;
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xinqiao Hospital, The Army Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
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