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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review hyperparathyroid syndromes and genes. METHODS Pertinent original studies from the literature are discussed. RESULTS Six main hyperparathyroid syndromes are recognized; 5 are from germline mutations in 4 genes-CASR, MEN1, RET, and HRPT2. Each hyperparathyroid syndrome was first described around 1965; the main gene for each syndrome was identified about 30 years later. Gene identification addressed clinical issues. (1) Testing for mutation carriers among affected probands or among unaffected relatives is more robust than prior methods, which were based on syndromal traits such as serum calcium. (2) Interpreting a gene test (RET) could guide an important intervention; other gene tests could yield useful information for patients and physicians. (3) Proving the roles of each gene (in particular, MEN1 somatic mutations) provided insights about contributions to many common tumors. (4) Clarifying molecular pathways and drugs led, for example, to the CASR-aided development of calcimimetic and calcilytic drugs. (5) Explaining novel features, such as the CASR gene encoding a membrane calcium-sensing receptor and its mutations resulting in nonsuppressed parathyroid hormone secretion uncoupled from proliferation, characterized familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia. (6) Disclosing probands without an identifiable mutation promoted searches for other syndromal genes. Subsequently, rare multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-like families were shown to have inactivating germline mutations, first of p27 and subsequently of p15, p18, or p21. CONCLUSION The next frontier in mutation detection is arriving, with possible sequencing of the whole exome or even the whole genome for 1 case or 1 tumor at an affordable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Metabolic Diseases Branch and Genetics and Endocrinology Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Nai G, Marques M. Role of ROC1 protein in the control of cyclin D1 protein expression in skin melanomas. Pathol Res Pract 2011; 207:174-81. [PMID: 21300445 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in the level of the ROC1 protein, which is involved in cyclin D1 degradation, might explain an increase in cyclin D1 protein in the absence of gene overexpression. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ROC1 and cyclin D1 expression in skin melanomas. A total of 62 cases of primary skin melanomas and 58 cases of compound melanocytic nevi were assessed. Immunohistochemistry was performed using cyclin D1 and ROC1 antibodies, and fluorescent in situ hybridization was used to assess the amplification of the CCND1 gene. ROC1 was expressed in >50% of cells in 87.9% of the melanocytic nevus cases and in 45.2% of the melanoma cases (p=0.0014). There was a significant negative correlation between ROC1 and cyclin D1 expression in all cases (p=0.0008985). In comparison with cyclin D1, ROC1 expression was increased in 86.2% of the melanocytic nevi and in 45.2% of the melanomas (p<0.001). Among the non-amplified melanomas, 50% expressed cyclin D1 in >50% of the cells and expressed ROC1 in <25%. ROC1 expression is negatively correlated with cyclin D1 expression, demonstrating its importance in the degradation of cyclin D1 in melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Nai
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Brazil.
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53
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Nguyen ANT, Jansson K, Sánchez G, Sharma M, Reif GA, Wallace DP, Blanco G. Ouabain activates the Na-K-ATPase signalosome to induce autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F897-906. [PMID: 21697238 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00095.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na-K-ATPase is part of a cell signaling complex, the Na-K-ATPase signalosome, which upon activation by the hormone ouabain regulates the function of different cell types. We previously showed that ouabain induces proliferation of epithelial cells derived from renal cysts of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD cells). Here, we investigated the signaling pathways responsible for mediating the effects of ouabain in these cells. Incubation of ADPKD cells with ouabain, in concentrations similar to those found in blood, stimulated phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and promoted its association to the Na-K-ATPase. In addition, ouabain activated the kinase Src, but not the related kinase Fyn. Tyrphostin AG1478 and PP2, inhibitors of EGFR and Src, respectively, blocked ouabain-dependent ADPKD cell proliferation. Treatment of ADPKD cells with ouabain also caused phosphorylation of the caveolar protein caveolin-1, and disruption of cell caveolae with methyl-β-cyclodextrin prevented Na-K-ATPase-EGFR interaction and ouabain-induced proliferation of the cells. Downstream effects of ouabain in ADPKD cells included activation of B-Raf and MEK and phosphorylation of the extracellular regulated kinase ERK, which translocated into the ADPKD cell nuclei. Finally, ouabain reduced expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27, which are suppressors of cell proliferation. Different from ADPKD cells, ouabain showed no significant effect on B-Raf, p21, and p27 in normal human kidney epithelial cells. Altogether, these results identify intracellular pathways of ouabain-dependent Na-K-ATPase-mediated signaling in ADPKD cells, including EGFR-Src-B-Raf-MEK/ERK, and establish novel mechanisms involved in ADPKD cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh-Nguyet T Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Parathyroid hormone and the regulation of cell cycle in colon adenocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:1749-57. [PMID: 21703311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) functions as a major mediator of bone remodeling and as an essential regulator of calcium homeostasis. In this study, we investigated the role of PTH in the regulation of the cell cycle in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that PTH (10(-8)M, 12-24h) treatment increases the number of cells in the G0/G1 phase and diminishes the number in both phases S and G2/M. In addition, analysis by Western blot showed that the hormone increases the expression of the inhibitory protein p27Kip1 and diminishes the expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3 and CDK6. However, the amounts of CDK4, p21Cip1, p15INK4B and p16INK4A were not different in the absence or presence of PTH. Inhibitors of PKC (Ro-318220, bisindolylmaleimide and chelerythine), but not JNK (SP600125) and PP2A (okadaic acid and calyculin A), reversed PTH response in Caco-2 cells. Taken together, our results suggest that PTH induces G0/G1 phase arrest of Caco-2 intestinal cells and changes the expression of proteins involved in cell cycle regulation via the PKC signaling pathway.
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55
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Avery-Kiejda KA, Bowden NA, Croft AJ, Scurr LL, Kairupan CF, Ashton KA, Talseth-Palmer BA, Rizos H, Zhang XD, Scott RJ, Hersey P. P53 in human melanoma fails to regulate target genes associated with apoptosis and the cell cycle and may contribute to proliferation. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:203. [PMID: 21615965 PMCID: PMC3120805 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic melanoma represents a major clinical problem. Its incidence continues to rise in western countries and there are currently no curative treatments. While mutation of the P53 tumour suppressor gene is a common feature of many types of cancer, mutational inactivation of P53 in melanoma is uncommon; however, its function often appears abnormal. Methods In this study whole genome bead arrays were used to examine the transcript expression of P53 target genes in extracts from 82 melanoma metastases and 6 melanoma cell lines, to provide a global assessment of aberrant P53 function. The expression of these genes was also examined in extracts derived from diploid human melanocytes and fibroblasts. Results The results indicated that P53 target transcripts involved in apoptosis were under-expressed in melanoma metastases and melanoma cell lines, while those involved in the cell cycle were over-expressed in melanoma cell lines. There was little difference in the transcript expression of P53 target genes between cell lines with null/mutant P53 compared to those with wild-type P53, suggesting that altered expression in melanoma was not related to P53 status. Similarly, down-regulation of P53 by short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) had limited effect on P53 target gene expression in melanoma cells, whereas there were a large number of P53 target genes whose mRNA expression was significantly altered by P53 inhibition in melanocytes. Analysis of whole genome gene expression profiles indicated that the ability of P53 to regulate genes involved in the cell cycle was significantly reduced in melanoma cells. Moreover, inhibition of P53 in melanocytes induced changes in gene expression profiles that were characteristic of melanoma cells and resulted in increased proliferation. Conversely, knockdown of P53 in melanoma cells resulted in decreased proliferation. Conclusions These results indicate that P53 target genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle regulation are aberrantly expressed in melanoma and that this aberrant functional activity of P53 may contribute to the proliferation of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Avery-Kiejda
- Oncology and Immunology, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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56
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Kostov M, Mijović Z, Mihailović D, Cerović S, Stojanović M, Jelić M. Correlation of cell cycle regulatory proteins (p53 and p16(ink)⁴(a)) and bcl-2 oncoprotein with mitotic index and thickness of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2011; 10:276-81. [PMID: 21108607 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2010.2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the frequency of expression p53 and p16INK4a proteins and bcl-2 oncoprotein in malignant skin melanoma and to determine their correlation with the proliferative index and tumor thickness. The study involved 53 patients: 27 (51%) male and 26 (49%) female. Mitotic index showed a correlation with p53 protein expression, a negative correlation with p16INK4a protein expression. Statistically significant correlations were determined between the Breslow tumor thickness, Clark invasion level and p53 protein expression, as well as Breslow tumor thickness and bcl-2 oncoprotein expression (p<0.05), whereas there was no correlation between the p16INK4a protein expression and melanoma thicknes and Clark invasion level. Overexpression p53 protein and bcl-2 oncoprotein, with the loss p16INK4a protein of expression in the nodular melanoma, confirms a frequent loss of function of these tumor suppressor gene and oncogene, and indicates a vertical tumor growth phase. The loss of tumor suppression function the p53 protein and bcl-2 oncoprotein overexpression in cutaneous melanoma correlates with larger tumor thickness, whereas the overexpression of mutated p53 protein and loss p16INK4a protein of expression indicate a higher proliferative tumour potential. Therefore, these evaluated proteins may be the aggressive biological tumour activity markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Kostov
- Department of Pathology, Military hospital of Niš, Serbia.
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57
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Seon MR, Park SY, Kwon SJ, Lim SS, Choi HJ, Park H, Lim DY, Kim JS, Lee CH, Kim J, Park JHY. Hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and its active compound isoangustone A induce G1 cycle arrest in DU145 human prostate and 4T1 murine mammary cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2011; 23:85-92. [PMID: 21429724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Although licorice is known to exert anticarcinogenic effects, it contains large quantities of glycyrrhizin (GL), which causes severe hypertension. We have previously demonstrated that the hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (HEGU) contains no detectable GL and suppresses doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in H9c2 rat cardiac myoblasts. The principal objective of this study was to determine whether and by what mechanism HEGU and its active component, isoangustone A, inhibit cell-cycle progression in DU145 human prostate and 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells. HEGU and isoangustone A dose-dependently decreased DNA synthesis and induced G1 phase arrest in both DU145 and 4T1 cells. HEGU and isoangustone A reduced the levels of CDK2 and CDK4 as well as cyclin A and cyclin D1 proteins, and also induced a decrease in CDK2 activity. The addition of HEGU to drinking water significantly suppressed the orthotopic growth of 4T1 allografts and the expression of the proliferating nuclear cell antigen, CDK2 and CDK4 proteins in the tumor tissues. These results demonstrate the potential of HEGU containing isoangustone A as an antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Seon
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
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Faião-Flores F, Coelho PRP, Arruda-Neto J, Maria DA. Boron neutron capture therapy induces cell cycle arrest and DNA fragmentation in murine melanoma cells. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 69:1741-4. [PMID: 21441034 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The melanoma is a highly lethal skin tumor, with a high incidence. Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is a radiotherapy which combines Boron with thermal neutrons, constituting a binary system. B16F10 melanoma and L929 fibroblasts were treated with Boronophenylalanine and irradiated with thermal neutron flux. The electric potential of mitochondrial membrane, cyclin D1 and caspase-3 markers were analyzed. BNCT induced a cell death increase and cyclin D1 amount decreased only in B16F10 melanoma. Besides, there was not caspase-3 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Faião-Flores
- Biochemical and Biophysical Laboratory, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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59
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Rose AE, Wang G, Hanniford D, Monni S, Tu T, Shapiro RL, Berman RS, Pavlick AC, Pagano M, Darvishian F, Mazumdar M, Hernando E, Osman I. Clinical relevance of SKP2 alterations in metastatic melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 24:197-206. [PMID: 20883453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00784.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism(s) of altered expression of protooncogene SKP2 in metastatic melanoma and its clinical relevance in patients with metastatic melanoma. The genomic status of SKP2 was assessed in cell lines by sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism array, and genomic PCR. Copy number status was then evaluated for concordance with SKP2 mRNA and protein expression. SKP2 protein was further evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 93 human metastatic tissues. No mutations were identified in SKP2. Increased copy number at the SKP2 locus was observed in 6/14 (43%) metastatic cell lines and in 9/22 (41%) human metastatic tissues which was associated with overexpression of SKP2 protein. Overexpression of SKP2 protein in human tissues was associated with worse survival in a multivariate model controlling for the site of metastasis. Copy number gain is a major contributing mechanism of SKP2 overexpression in metastatic melanoma. Results may have implications for the development of therapeutics that target SKP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Rose
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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60
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de Keizer PLJ, Packer LM, Szypowska AA, Riedl-Polderman PE, van den Broek NJF, de Bruin A, Dansen TB, Marais R, Brenkman AB, Burgering BMT. Activation of forkhead box O transcription factors by oncogenic BRAF promotes p21cip1-dependent senescence. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8526-36. [PMID: 20959475 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a potent tumor-suppressive mechanism that is thought to come at the cost of aging. The Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are regulators of life span and tumor suppression. However, whether and how FOXOs function in OIS have been unclear. Here, we show a role for FOXO4 in mediating senescence by the human BRAF(V600E) oncogene, which arises commonly in melanoma. BRAF(V600E) signaling through mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase resulted in increased reactive oxygen species levels and c-Jun NH(2) terminal kinase-mediated activation of FOXO4 via its phosphorylation on Thr(223), Ser(226), Thr(447), and Thr(451). BRAF(V600E)-induced FOXO4 phosphorylation resulted in p21(cip1)-mediated cell senescence independent of p16(ink4a) or p27(kip1). Importantly, melanocyte-specific activation of BRAF(V600E) in vivo resulted in the formation of skin nevi expressing Thr(223)/Ser(226)-phosphorylated FOXO4 and elevated p21(cip1). Together, these findings support a model in which FOXOs mediate a trade-off between cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L J de Keizer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Pu XX, Huang GL, Guo HQ, Guo CC, Li H, Ye S, Ling S, Jiang L, Tian Y, Lin TY. Circulating miR-221 directly amplified from plasma is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker of colorectal cancer and is correlated with p53 expression. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25:1674-80. [PMID: 20880178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Circulating miRNAs exist in serum and plasma and they can be used as a potential noninvasive molecular marker for colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosis. The present study was to test the availability of direct amplification of miRNAs from plasma without RNA extraction, and to evaluate its clinical application value in CRC. METHODS Plasma miR-21, miR-221 and miR-222 levels were determined in 103 CRC patients and 37 healthy normal controls by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical staining for p53, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) was carried out in the same CRC patient cohort. The correlation between miR-221 levels and protein levels of p53, CEA, ER and PR, clinicopathological features or overall survival was analyzed. RESULTS A standard curve shows a good linearity between the log of sample input and C(T) values over three orders of magnitude of plasma miR-21, miR-221 and miR-222. ROC curve analysis reveals that the plasma levels of miR-221 is a potential biomarker for differentiating CRC patients from controls. Kaplan-Meier curve assessment shows that the elevated plasma miR-221 level is a significant prognostic factor for poor overall survival in CRC patients. The immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrates a significant correlation between plasma miR-221 level and p53 expression. CONCLUSIONS The direct amplification of plasma miR-221 can be used as a potential noninvasive molecular marker for diagnosis and prognosis of CRC and is correlated with p53 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-xiang Pu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Lin H, Wong RPC, Martinka M, Li G. BRG1 expression is increased in human cutaneous melanoma. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:502-10. [PMID: 20491765 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09851.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex plays important roles in cellular processes including cell differentiation, cell cycle control and DNA repair. Aberrant expression of SWI/SNF subunits is involved in cancer development. The core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, SNF5, has been shown to be inactivated in malignant rhabdoid tumours and has been defined as a tumour suppressor. However, the role of the catalytic subunit, BRG1, is not well defined in cancer. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of BRG1 in melanoma development, we examined the expression of BRG1 in melanocytic lesions at different stages and analysed the correlation between BRG1 expression and clinicopathological variables and patient survival. METHODS Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry, we evaluated BRG1 staining in 48 dysplastic naevi, 90 primary melanomas and 47 metastatic melanomas. We studied melanoma cell proliferative ability with reduced BRG1 expression by small interfering RNA using cell proliferation assay and cell cycle analysis. RESULTS We found that BRG1 expression was increased in primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma compared with dysplastic naevi (P<0·0001). We did not find any correlation between BRG1 expression and melanoma patient survival. In addition, we demonstrated that knockdown of BRG1 in melanoma cell lines resulted in significantly reduced cell proliferative ability. This reduced cell proliferation is due to G(1) phase arrest as cyclin D(1) is downregulated upon BRG1 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that BRG1 is significantly increased in human melanoma and is involved in melanoma initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lin
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Zhang X, Chen W, Guillermo R, Chandrasekher G, Kaushik RS, Young A, Fahmy H, Dwivedi C. Alpha-santalol, a chemopreventive agent against skin cancer, causes G2/M cell cycle arrest in both p53-mutated human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and p53 wild-type human melanoma UACC-62 cells. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:220. [PMID: 20682067 PMCID: PMC3161371 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background α-Santalol, an active component of sandalwood oil, has shown chemopreventive effects on skin cancer in different murine models. However, effects of α-santalol on cell cycle have not been studied. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate effects of α-santalol on cell cycle progression in both p53 mutated human epidermoid carcinoma A431 cells and p53 wild-type human melanoma UACC-62 cells to elucidate the mechanism(s) of action. Methods MTT assay was used to determine cell viability in A431 cells and UACC-62; fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of propidium iodide staining was used for determining cell cycle distribution in A431 cells and UACC-62 cells; immunoblotting was used for determining the expression of various proteins and protein complexes involved in the cell cycle progression; siRNA were used to knockdown of p21 or p53 in A431 and UACC-62 cells and immunofluorescence microscopy was used to investigate microtubules in UACC-62 cells. Results α-Santalol at 50-100 μM decreased cell viability from 24 h treatment and α-santalol at 50 μM-75 μM induced G2/M phase cell cycle arrest from 6 h treatment in both A431 and UACC-62 cells. α-Santalol altered expressions of cell cycle proteins such as cyclin A, cyclin B1, Cdc2, Cdc25c, p-Cdc25c and Cdk2. All of these proteins are critical for G2/M transition. α-Santalol treatment up-regulated the expression of p21 and suppressed expressions of mutated p53 in A431 cells; whereas, α-santalol treatment increased expressions of wild-type p53 in UACC-62 cells. Knockdown of p21 in A431 cells, knockdown of p21 and p53 in UACC-62 cells did not affect cell cycle arrest caused by α-santalol. Furthermore, α-santalol caused depolymerization of microtubules similar to vinblastine in UACC-62 cells. Conclusions This study for the first time identifies effects of α-santalol in G2/M phase arrest and describes detailed mechanisms of G2/M phase arrest by this agent, which might be contributing to its overall cancer preventive efficacy in various mouse skin cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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Karim RZ, Gerega SK, Yang YH, Spillane A, Carmalt H, Scolyer RA, Lee CS. p16 and pRb immunohistochemical expression increases with increasing tumour grade in mammary phyllodes tumours. Histopathology 2010; 56:868-75. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2010.03562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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65
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Lalou C, Scamuffa N, Mourah S, Plassa F, Podgorniak MP, Soufir N, Dumaz N, Calvo F, Basset-Seguin N, Khatib AM. Inhibition of the proprotein convertases represses the invasiveness of human primary melanoma cells with altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9992. [PMID: 20404912 PMCID: PMC2852400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered tumor suppressor p53 and/or CDKN2A as well as Ras genes are frequently found in primary and metastatic melanomas. These alterations were found to be responsible for acquisition of invasive and metastatic potential through their defective regulatory control of metalloproteinases and urokinase genes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using primary human melanoma M10 cells with altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes, we found that inhibition of the proprotein convertases (PCs), enzymes involved in the proteolytic activation of various cancer-related protein precursors resulted in significantly reduced invasiveness. Analysis of M10 cells and their gastric and lymph node derived metastatic cells revealed the presence of all the PCs found in the secretory pathway. Expression of the general PCs inhibitor alpha1-PDX in these cells in a stable manner (M10/PDX) had no effect on the mRNA expression levels of these PCs. Whereas, in vitro digestion assays and cell transfection experiments, revealed that M10/PDX cells display reduced PCs activity and are unable to process the PCs substrates proIGF-1R and proPDGF-A. These cells showed reduced migration and invasion that paralleled decreased gelatinase MMP-2 activity and increased expression and secretion of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and TIMP-2. Furthermore, these cells showed decreased levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and increased levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that inhibition of PCs activity results in decreased invasiveness of primary human melanoma cells despite their altered p53, CDKN2A and N-Ras genes, suggesting that PCs may serve as novel therapeutic targets in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Lalou
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Scamuffa
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Samia Mourah
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Francois Plassa
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Podgorniak
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nadem Soufir
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Hormonale et Génétique, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Fabien Calvo
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Nicole Basset-Seguin
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Abdel-Majid Khatib
- INSERM, UMRS940, Equipe Avenir, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Hu X, Lin S, Yu D, Qiu S, Zhang X, Mei R. A preliminary study: the anti-proliferation effect of salidroside on different human cancer cell lines. Cell Biol Toxicol 2010; 26:499-507. [PMID: 20309622 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-010-9159-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside (p-hydroxyphenethyl-beta-d-glucoside), which is present in all species of the genus Rhodiola, has been reported to have a broad spectrum of pharmacological properties. The present study, for the first time, focused on evaluating the effects of the purified salidroside on the proliferation of various human cancer cell lines derived from different tissues, and further investigating its possible molecular mechanisms. Cell viability assay and [(3)H] thymidine incorporation were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of salidroside on cancer cell lines, and flow cytometry analyzed the change of cell cycle distribution induced by salidroside. Western immunoblotting further studied the expression changes of cyclins (cyclin D1 and cyclin B1), cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK4 and Cdc2), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1)). The results showed that salidroside inhibited the growth of various human cancer cell lines in concentration- and time-dependent manners, and the sensitivity to salidroside was different in those cancer cell lines. Salidroside could cause G1-phase or G2-phase arrest in different cancer cell lines, meanwhile, salidroside resulted in a decrease of CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin B1 and Cdc2, and upregulated the levels of p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). Taken together, salidroside could inhibit the growth of cancer cells by modulating CDK4-cyclin D1 pathway for G1-phase arrest and/or modulating the Cdc2-cyclin B1 pathway for G2-phase arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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Felicetti F, Errico MC, Segnalini P, Mattia G, Carè A. MicroRNA-221 and -222 pathway controls melanoma progression. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 8:1759-65. [PMID: 18983236 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.11.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new family of small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression. Recent studies demonstrated miRNA involvement in all the main biological processes, including tumor development as a consequence of an aberrant deregulated expression. Growing evidence is showing the capability of miRNA expression profiles to unequivocally distinguish between normal and neoplastic tissues, leading to the identification of new diagnostic and/or prognostic molecular markers. In addition, miRNAs might eventually represent new targets to aim at as innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly relevant in those types of cancer, such as melanoma, which are still lacking effective traditional therapies. In particular, the inhibition of miRNA-221 and -222, which are abnormally expressed in melanoma and favor the induction of the malignant phenotype by downregulating c-KIT receptor and p27Kip, might in the future represent an efficient treatment for translation into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Felicetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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69
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Fecher LA, Amaravadi RK, Schuchter LM, Flaherty KT. Drug targeting of oncogenic pathways in melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2009; 23:599-618, x. [PMID: 19464605 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma continues to be one of the most aggressive and morbid malignancies once metastatic. Overall survival for advanced unresectable melanoma has not changed over the past several decades. However, the presence of some long-term survivors of metastatic melanoma highlights the heterogeneity of this disease and the potential for improved outcomes. Current research is uncovering the molecular and genetic scaffolding of normal and aberrant cell function. The known oncogenic pathways in melanoma and the attempts to develop therapy for them are discussed. The targeting of certain cellular processes, downstream of the common genetic alterations, for which the issues of target and drug validation are somewhat distinct, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Fecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 16 Penn Tower, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Karim RZ, Li W, Sanki A, Colman MH, Yang YH, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Reduced p16 and increased cyclin D1 and pRb expression are correlated with progression in cutaneous melanocytic tumors. Int J Surg Pathol 2009; 17:361-7. [PMID: 19666944 DOI: 10.1177/1066896909336177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The immunohistochemical expression of cell cycle proteins p16, cyclin D1, and pRb was assessed in 112 benign and malignant melanocytic tumors and correlated with tumor progression, prognosis, and outcome. Comparing benign and malignant tumors, there were significant differences in the median score for all 3 proteins, with decreased p16 (P = .000001), increased cyclin D1 (P = .01), and increased pRb in melanomas (P = .01). There was a progressive loss of expression of p16 with progression from benign naevi to primary melanomas and to metastases. p16 was significantly decreased in primary tumors from melanoma patients who developed recurrent disease (P = .0000013). Cyclin D1 and pRb showed a progressive increase in expression from benign to malignant tumors but with relative decreases in the more advanced tumors (thick primaries and metastatic melanomas). Alterations in cell cycle proteins involved in G1/S transition are implicated in melanocytic tumor progression and have a potential role in diagnosis and prognostication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooshdiya Z Karim
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Sydney, Sydney Melanoma Unit, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Melanoma Institute Australia
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miRNA Expression Profiling in Melanocytes and Melanoma Cell Lines Reveals miRNAs Associated with Formation and Progression of Malignant Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:1740-51. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Choi HJ, Lim DY, Park JHY. Induction of G1 and G2/M cell cycle arrests by the dietary compound 3,3'-diindolylmethane in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:39. [PMID: 19480695 PMCID: PMC2700124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), an indole derivative produced in the stomach after the consumption of broccoli and other cruciferous vegetables, has been demonstrated to exert anti-cancer effects in both in vivo and in vitro models. We have previously determined that DIM (0 – 30 μmol/L) inhibited the growth of HT-29 human colon cancer cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. In this study, we evaluated the effects of DIM on cell cycle progression in HT-29 cells. Methods HT-29 cells were cultured with various concentrations of DIM (0 – 30 μmol/L) and the DNA was stained with propidium iodide, followed by flow cytometric analysis. [3H]Thymidine incorporation assays, Western blot analyses, immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays for cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and cell division cycle (CDC)2 were conducted. Results The percentages of cells in the G1 and G2/M phases were dose-dependently increased and the percentages of cells in S phase were reduced within 12 h in DIM-treated cells. DIM also reduced DNA synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion. DIM markedly reduced CDK2 activity and the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma proteins (Rb) and E2F-1, and also increased the levels of hypophosphorylated Rb. DIM reduced the protein levels of cyclin A, D1, and CDK4. DIM also increased the protein levels of CDK inhibitors, p21CIP1/WAF1 and p27KIPI. In addition, DIM reduced the activity of CDC2 and the levels of CDC25C phosphatase and cyclin B1. Conclusion Here, we have demonstrated that DIM induces G1 and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in HT-29 cells, and this effect may be mediated by reduced CDK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ju Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.
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Chung YL, Lee MY, Horng CF, Jian JJM, Cheng SH, Tsai SY, Hsieh CI, Yen LK, Lin CY. Use of combined molecular biomarkers for prediction of clinical outcomes in locally advanced tonsillar cancers treated with chemoradiotherapy alone. Head Neck 2009; 31:9-20. [PMID: 18767174 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental exposures to tobacco, alcohol, human papillomavirus (HPV) and/or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), all of which can perturb multiple cell cycle proteins or tumor suppressors, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of different subsets of head and neck cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate to which extent the virus infection by itself, and/or the altered cell cycle proteins, contributes to prognosis in locally advanced tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs) treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) alone. METHODS Serial tumor tissue arrays from archival samples were tested for the presence of HPV genome integration or EBV episome by means of DNA sequencing, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and in situ hybridization. Alterations of cell cycle proteins (p53, pRb, and p21) were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. The association of viral presence with altered cell cycle proteins was correlated to clinical outcomes. RESULTS Of the 46 patients with the same T2N2bM0 stage IVA among consecutive patients with TSCC, 23 (50%) had integrated HPV DNA and only 1 (2%) had EBV episome. The HPV types detected were almost all HPV-16. A reduced expression pattern of p53, pRb, and p21 was noted in HPV-positive tumors, and the incremental number of alterations in the 3 proteins was significantly associated with HPV-negative tumors. The presence or absence of HPV together with the number of altered expression of the 3 cell cycle markers resulted in further identification of 4 biologically and clinically distinct subgroups with different outcomes after CCRT. CONCLUSIONS Use of combined biomarkers of oncogenic HPV and tumor suppressors of p53, pRb, and p21 in advanced TSCC provides prognostic molecular classification superior to the TNM stage system and identifies low-risk patients for organ preservation by CCRT alone and high-risk patients who might benefit from planned tonsillectomy and neck dissection before or after CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kaur M, Mandair R, Agarwal R, Agarwal C. Grape seed extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. Nutr Cancer 2009; 60 Suppl 1:2-11. [PMID: 19003575 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802381295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
One approach to control colorectal cancer (CRC) is its preventive intervention by dietary agents or those consumed as supplements. However, because most of these products are often consumed by patients as an complementary and alternative medicine practice, a scientific base such as efficacy, mechanism, and standardized preparation needs to be developed. Grape seed extract (GSE) is one such supplement widely consumed by humans for its several health benefits. We reported recently that GSE inhibits CRC cell HT29 growth in culture and nude mice xenograft. Because GSE is available commercially through different vendors, here we assessed whether GSE from 2 different manufacturers produces comparable biological effects in a panel of human CRC cell lines. Our results show that irrespective of source, GSE strongly inhibits LoVo, HT29, and SW480 cell growth, with a G1 arrest in LoVo and HT29 cells but an S and/or G2/M arrest in SW480 cell cycle progression. GSE also induced Cip/p21 levels in all 3 cell lines. Furthermore, an induction of apoptosis was observed in all 3 cell lines by GSE. Taken together, our findings suggest that GSE could be an effective CAM agent against CRC possibly due to its strong growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Kaur
- University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado 80045, USA
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Karim RZ, Scolyer RA, Tse GM, Tan PH, Putti TC, Lee CS. Pathogenic mechanisms in the initiation and progression of mammary phyllodes tumours. Pathology 2009; 41:105-17. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020802579342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Curry JL, Richards HW, Huttenbach YT, Medrano EE, Reed JA. Different expression patterns of p27KIP1and p57KIP2proteins in benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms and in cultured human melanocytes. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:197-205. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.00998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Corniola RS, Tassabehji NM, Hare J, Sharma G, Levenson CW. Zinc deficiency impairs neuronal precursor cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via p53-mediated mechanisms. Brain Res 2008; 1237:52-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor gene is functionally inactivated in a broad range of paediatric and adult cancers, and a plethora of cellular functions and partners have been identified for the RB protein. Data from human tumours and studies from mouse models indicate that loss of RB function contributes to both cancer initiation and progression. However, we still do not know the identity of the cell types in which RB normally prevents cancer initiation in vivo, and the specific functions of RB that suppress distinct aspects of the tumorigenic process are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burkhart
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Myers TA, Nickerson CA, Kaushal D, Ott CM, Höner zu Bentrup K, Ramamurthy R, Nelman-Gonzalez M, Pierson DL, Philipp MT. Closing the phenotypic gap between transformed neuronal cell lines in culture and untransformed neurons. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 174:31-41. [PMID: 18672002 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Studies of neuronal dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS) are frequently limited by the failure of primary neurons to propagate in vitro. Neuronal cell lines can be substituted for primary cells but they often misrepresent normal conditions. We hypothesized that a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system would drive the phenotype of transformed neurons closer to that of untransformed cells, as has been demonstrated in non-neuronal cell lines. In our studies comparing 3D versus two-dimensional (2D) culture, neuronal SH-SY5Y (SY) cells underwent distinct morphological changes combined with a significant drop in their rate of cell division. Expression of the proto-oncogene N-myc and the RNA-binding protein HuD was decreased in 3D culture as compared to standard 2D conditions. We observed a decline in the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in 3D culture, coupled with increased expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and Bak. Moreover, thapsigargin (TG)-induced apoptosis was enhanced in the 3D cells. Microarray analysis demonstrated significantly differing mRNA levels for over 700 genes in the cells of the two culture types, and indicated that alterations in the G1/S cell-cycle progression contributed to the diminished doubling rate in the 3D-cultured SY cells. These results demonstrate that a 3D culture approach narrows the phenotypic gap between neuronal cell lines and primary neurons. The resulting cells may readily be used for in vitro research of neuronal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereance A Myers
- Division of Bacteriology & Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA
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Zhang J, Cheng C, He CL, Zhou YJ, Cao Y. The expression of Bcl-XL, Bcl-XS and p27Kip1 in topotecan-induced apoptosis in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cell line. Cancer Invest 2008; 26:456-63. [PMID: 18568767 DOI: 10.1080/07357900701683968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the efficacy of topotecan, a topoisomerase I specific inhibitor in S-phase, the reagent-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicity as well as related proteins expression, had been preliminarily investigated in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells. METHODS Microculture tetrazolium assay (MTT), HE staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry (FCM), quantitative immunocytochemistry (QI), gene tranfection and RNAi technology were employed to carry out the exploration. RESULTS Topotecan could potently kill HepG2 cells via inducing apoptosis and demonstrated strong cytotoxicity in a time, dose-dependent manner with IC50 of about 95 mu g/L. According to morphologic observation and FCM analyses, it was confirmed that the drug treatment, causing significant S-phase arrest, could trigger a typical interphase apoptosis, the main traits of which were identified as chromatin pycnosis and cytoplasm condensation. It was shown that the expression of Bcl-XL was simultaneously down-regulated with the up-regulation of Bcl-XS in cytoplasm, which was possibly a key downstream event following the topotecan-induced DNA damage in nucleus. The expression level of p27Kip1, a negative regulator in cell cycle at G1/S transient, was also elevated. Transfection of pcDNA 3.1-p27Kip1 into HepG2 cells could abrogate the cytotoxicity in a degree while silence of p27Kip1 with siRNA in drug treatments could significantly increased the chemosensitivity, strongly indicating that the up-regulation of p27Kip1 was not an apoptosis-promoting, but a self-rescue response against drug by moderate G0/G1 arrest. CONCLUSION Topotecan had potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells by triggering an interphase apoptosis possibly mediated by increasing the ratio of Bcl-XS/Bcl-XL. Up-regulation of p27Kip1in TPT treatments could be a protective response for self-rescue and silence of the gene markedly augmented TPT cytotoxicity. Therefore, the experiment in vitro could provide a new idea for the clinical chemotherapy based on the combination of traditional drugs with the specific-siRNA targeted on the protective response gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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Freedberg DE, Rigas SH, Russak J, Gai W, Kaplow M, Osman I, Turner F, Randerson-Moor JA, Houghton A, Busam K, Timothy Bishop D, Bastian BC, Newton-Bishop JA, Polsky D. Frequent p16-independent inactivation of p14ARF in human melanoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100:784-95. [PMID: 18505964 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djn157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressors p14(ARF) (ARF) and p16(INK4A) (p16) are encoded by overlapping reading frames at the CDKN2A/INK4A locus on chromosome 9p21. In human melanoma, the accumulated evidence has suggested that the predominant tumor suppressor at 9p21 is p16, not ARF. However, recent observations from melanoma-prone families and murine melanoma models suggest a p16-independent tumor suppressor role for ARF. We analyzed a group of melanoma metastases and cell lines to investigate directly whether somatic alterations to the ARF gene support its role as a p16-independent tumor suppressor in human melanoma, assuming that two alterations (genetic and/or epigenetic) would be required to inactivate a gene. METHODS We examined the p16/ARF locus in 60 melanoma metastases from 58 patients and in 9 human melanoma cell lines using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect deletions, methylation-specific PCR to detect promoter methylation, direct sequencing to detect mutations affecting ARF and p16, and, in a subset of 20 tumors, immunohistochemistry to determine the effect of these alterations on p16 protein expression. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We observed two or more alterations to the ARF gene in 26/60 (43%) metastases. The p16 gene sustained two or more alterations in 13/60 (22%) metastases (P = .03). Inactivation of ARF in the presence of wild-type p16 was seen in 18/60 (30%) metastases. CONCLUSION Genetic and epigenetic analyses of the human 9p21 locus indicate that modifications of ARF occur independently of p16 inactivation in human melanoma and suggest that ARF is more frequently inactivated than p16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Freedberg
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Felicetti F, Errico MC, Bottero L, Segnalini P, Stoppacciaro A, Biffoni M, Felli N, Mattia G, Petrini M, Colombo MP, Peschle C, Carè A. The promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger-microRNA-221/-222 pathway controls melanoma progression through multiple oncogenic mechanisms. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2745-54. [PMID: 18417445 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cutaneous melanoma is steadily increasing. Although several molecular abnormalities have been associated with melanoma progression, the mechanisms underlying the differential gene expression are still largely unknown and targeted therapies are not yet available. Noncoding small RNAs, termed microRNAs (miR), have been recently reported to play important roles in major cellular processes, including those involved in cancer development and progression. We have identified the promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) transcription factor as a repressor of miR-221 and miR-222 by direct binding to their putative regulatory region. Specifically, PLZF silencing in melanomas unblocks miR-221 and miR-222, which in turn controls the progression of the neoplasia through down-modulation of p27Kip1/CDKN1B and c-KIT receptor, leading to enhanced proliferation and differentiation blockade of the melanoma cells, respectively. In vitro and in vivo functional studies, including the use of antisense "antagomir" oligonucleotides, confirmed the key role of miR-221/-222 in regulating the progression of human melanoma; this suggests that targeted therapies suppressing miR-221/-222 may prove beneficial in advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Felicetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Saito A, Saito N, Mol W, Furukawa H, Tsutsumida A, Oyama A, Sekido M, Sasaki S, Yamamoto Y. Simvastatin inhibits growth via apoptosis and the induction of cell cycle arrest in human melanoma cells. Melanoma Res 2008; 18:85-94. [DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e3282f60097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Saleem M, Maddodi N, Abu Zaid M, Khan N, bin Hafeez B, Asim M, Suh Y, Yun JM, Setaluri V, Mukhtar H. Lupeol Inhibits Growth of Highly Aggressive Human Metastatic Melanoma Cells In vitro and In vivo by Inducing Apoptosis. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:2119-27. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Avery-Kiejda KA, Zhang XD, Adams LJ, Scott RJ, Vojtesek B, Lane DP, Hersey P. Small molecular weight variants of p53 are expressed in human melanoma cells and are induced by the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:1659-68. [PMID: 18310316 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Metastatic melanoma is largely unresponsive to DNA-damaging chemotherapy agents, although WTp53 is frequently detected. Several isoforms of p53 have been discovered, some of which inhibit p53 function. We therefore examined whether p53 isoforms were present in melanoma and whether they may contribute to aberrant p53 function in melanoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We studied the expression and subcellular localization of p53 and its isoforms in a panel of human melanoma cell lines using Western blot, two-dimensional electrophoresis, and reverse transcription-PCR. We also characterized the relationship between the expression of p53, p53 isoforms, and p53 target genes following treatment with the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. RESULTS We report that p53beta and Delta40p53 were expressed in the majority of melanoma cell lines at the mRNA level, but were absent or expressed at low levels in fibroblasts and melanocytes, suggesting that their expression may play a role in melanoma development. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that p53beta was expressed at the protein level in melanoma cells. Both p53 and the small molecular weight forms of p53 were aberrantly expressed between the nuclear and cytosolic fractions of melanoma cell lines, compared with normal fibroblasts. Treatment with cisplatin had differential effects on WTp53 and the small molecular weight form of p53 that were cell line dependent. Delta40p53 was shown to inhibit, whereas p53beta was shown to enhance, p53-dependent transcription of p21 and PUMA. CONCLUSIONS p53beta and Delta40p53 are expressed in melanoma and this may have important implications for understanding resistance of melanoma to DNA-damaging chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Avery-Kiejda
- Oncology and Immunology Unit, Calvary Mater Newcastle Hospital, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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Genetic mutations involved in melanoma: a summary of our current understanding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:61-79. [PMID: 18159896 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The biomolecular understanding of melanoma is in flux. The importance of high-penetrance genes involved in familial melanoma includes a significant number of mutations that directly lead to impairment of the checkpoints of the normal cell cycle. Furthermore, a greater understanding of the interaction between genetic factors and environmental factors, such as MC1R, CDKN2A, BRAF, and ultraviolet light, is emerging from landmark research. Although currently and with rare exception most clinicians still confine genetic testing to the realm of research, even in familial melanoma, continued and major advances in this arena may lead to development of new and revolutionary means of diagnosis and treatment, patterned on improved understanding of melanoma-related genetic mutations and resultant aberrations in cellular pathways.
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Chatzistamou I, Volakaki AA, Schally AV, Kiaris H, Kittas C. Expression of growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor splice variant 1 in primary human melanomas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 147:33-6. [PMID: 18255167 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 11/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted by the hypothalamus and upon binding to specific GHRH receptors in the pituitary stimulates growth hormone production and release. In addition to its neuroendocrine action GHRH plays a role in tumorigenesis. Consistently with this latter role, the splice variant 1 (SV1) of GHRH receptor, which is widely expressed in non-pituitary normal tissues and cancers, can mediate the proliferative effects of GHRH and even in the absence of GHRH is capable of eliciting mitogenic signals in the tissues in which it is expressed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GHRH and its tumoral receptor SV1 in primary human melanomas and dysplastic nevi by immunohistochemistry. None of the specimens tested expressed GHRH. Only 1 of 12 (8%) dysplastic nevi expressed SV1 but 14 of 23 (61%) melanomas showed moderate or strong staining for SV1 (association p<0.005). This is the first report demonstrating the involvement of SV1 in the pathogenesis of melanomas. Our work implies that the progression from a state of dysplasia into malignancy is accompanied by expression of SV1 receptor. Our findings also suggest that treatment with GHRH antagonists should be further explored for the management of malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioulia Chatzistamou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, 75 Micras Asias, 115 27 Athens, Greece
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88
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Sanki A, Li W, Colman M, Karim RZ, Thompson JF, Scolyer RA. Reduced expression of p16 and p27 is correlated with tumour progression in cutaneous melanoma. Pathology 2007; 39:551-7. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020701684409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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89
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Tuthill RJ, Reed RJ. Failure of Senescence in the Dysplasia–Melanoma Sequence: Demonstration Using a Tissue Microarray and a Revised Paradigm for Melanoma. Semin Oncol 2007; 34:467-75. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2007.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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90
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Wilsher M, Cheerala B. WT1 as a complementary marker of malignant melanoma: an immunohistochemical study of whole sections. Histopathology 2007; 51:605-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02843.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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91
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Raj D, Liu T, Samadashwily G, Li F, Grossman D. Survivin repression by p53, Rb and E2F2 in normal human melanocytes. Carcinogenesis 2007; 29:194-201. [PMID: 17916908 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgm219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin is a dual mediator of apoptosis resistance and cell cycle progression and is highly expressed in cancer. We have shown previously that survivin is up-regulated in melanoma compared with normal melanocytes, is required for melanoma cell viability, and that melanocyte expression of survivin predisposes mice to ultraviolet-induced melanoma and metastasis. The mechanism of survivin up-regulation in the course of melanocyte transformation and its repression in normal melanocytes, however, has not been clearly defined. We show here that p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb), at basal levels and in the absence of any activating stimuli, are both required to repress survivin transcription in normal human melanocytes. Survivin repression in melanocytes does not involve alterations in protein stability or promoter methylation. p53 and Rb (via E2Fs) regulate survivin expression by direct binding to the survivin promoter; p53 also affects survivin expression by activating p21. We demonstrate a novel role for E2F2 in the negative regulation of survivin expression. In addition, we identify a novel E2F-binding site in the survivin promoter and show that mutation of either the p53- or E2F-binding sites is sufficient to increase promoter activity. These studies suggest that compromise of either p53 or Rb pathways during melanocyte transformation leads to up-regulation of survivin expression in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Raj
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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92
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Ho TS, Ho YP, Wong WY, Chi-Ming Chiu L, Wong YS, Eng-Choon Ooi V. Fatty acid synthase inhibitors cerulenin and C75 retard growth and induce caspase-dependent apoptosis in human melanoma A-375 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2007; 61:578-87. [PMID: 17904792 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2007.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FAS) has been shown previously to be highly expressed in breast and prostate carcinomas, but has low expression level in normal tissues. We also found in this study that FAS was expressed in a number of cancer cell lines of different histotypes. The growth-inhibitory effects of FAS inhibitors cerulenin and C75 were then investigated on these cancer cell lines, particularly the human melanoma A-375. MTT assay revealed that the cancer cell proliferation and viability was reduced dose- and time-dependently by 20.8%-87.1% of the control levels after 24 and 48 h of treatment with 20-160 microM of the inhibitor. Immunoblotting studies showed that both cerulenin and C75 induced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage in the melanoma cells dose-dependently. Procaspase-3 was also found to be processed into the active and smaller 17 and 19 kDa subunits, and administration of pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK completely rescued the cells from PARP cleavage. This indicated that the cerulenin- and C75-induced apoptosis involved caspase activation. The proapoptotic effects of the FAS inhibitors were further confirmed using confocal microscopy with annexin-V FITC and propidium iodide staining. DNA flow cytometric studies demonstrated that the FAS inhibitors accumulated G2/M cells preceding the elevation of sub G1 or apoptotic cells with fragmented DNA. The induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis were associated with elevation of p21 and depletion of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, respectively. Results from this study suggest that FAS inhibitors retard growth of melanoma A-375 cells, involving activation of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik-Shun Ho
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong SAR
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93
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Demirkan NC, Kesen Z, Akdag B, Larue L, Delmas V. The effect of the sun on expression of beta-catenin, p16 and cyclin d1 proteins in melanocytic lesions. Clin Exp Dermatol 2007; 32:733-9. [PMID: 17868395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumour suppressor gene product, p16, is often inactivated during melanoma malignant progression. Although the importance of p16 in melanomas is well documented, its relationship with cyclin D1, beta-catenin and ultraviolet radiation (UVR) remains unclear. AIM To determine the role of these cell cycle-related proteins and high-risk sun exposure in the biological behaviour of melanocytic lesions. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to examine 28 melanocytic naevi (MN; 9 congenital and 19 acquired types) and 24 primary cutaneous malignant melanomas (CMM; 19 nodular melanomas, 3 lentigo maligna melanomas, 1 acral lentiginous melanoma and 1 superficial spreading melanoma) for the presence of p16, cyclin D1 and beta-catenin. The melanocytic lesions were classified into two groups to examine the effects of UVR on these three proteins: high risk of sun exposure (chronically sun damaged; CSD), or low risk of sun exposure (nonchronically sun damaged; non-CSD). We evaluated the relationship between the production of these proteins and the histopathological and clinical characteristics of the lesions. RESULTS Production of p16 was repressed in most CMM, but not in MN (P < 0.0001). Cyclin D1 was overproduced in CMM but not in MN, and beta-catenin was frequently overproduced both in MN and CMM. Overproduction of beta-catenin was not common in CSD melanocytic lesions, but was more frequent in non-CSD melanocytic lesions (P = 0.027). CONCLUSION An immunohistochemical panel including melanocytic markers enriched by p16 and cyclin D1 could be used to differentiate some borderline melanocytic lesions. In addition, the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway was more frequently activated in non-CSD than in CSD melanocytic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Demirkan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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94
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Xu YH, Ou-Yang B, Yu GZ, Guo KJ. Correlations of Survivin, P16 and Retinoblastoma expression with the occurrence and progression of primary gallbladder carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:1389-1392. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i12.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the roles of Survivin, P16 and Retinoblastoma (RB) protein expression in the occurrence and progression of primary gallbladder carcinoma (PGC).
METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of Survivin, P16 and RB in 46 cases of PGC tissues, 22 cases of cancer-adjacent tissues and 19 cases of benign lesions.
RESULTS: The positive rates of Survivin, P16 and RB expression in PGC tissues were 69.6% (32/46), 47.8% (22/46) and 71.7% (33/46), respectively, significantly different from those in the benign (0%, 73.7%, 94.7%) and cancer-adjacent (0%, 95.4%, 95.4%) tissues (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). P16 expression was negatively correlated with Survivin and RB expression (r = -0.691, P < 0.01; r = -0.6556, P < 0.01). The positive rate of Survivin expression in P16/RB-deleted cases was 93.8%, significantly higher than that in P16/RB-positive ones (χ2 = 9.228, P < 0.01). Survivin expression was also correlated closely with the differentiation degree (P = 0.003), invasion depth (P = 0.003) and lymph node metastasis (P = 10-6), while loss expression of P16 was correlated closely with the tumor invasion depth (P = 0.04) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001).
CONCLUSION: P16/RB deletion in combination with high Survivin expression might be one of the critical pathways in PGC carcinogenesis, and high expression of Survivin and loss expression of P16 are correlated closely with tumor invasion and metastasis.
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95
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Zhuang L, Lee CS, Scolyer RA, McCarthy SW, Zhang XD, Thompson JF, Hersey P. Mcl-1, Bcl-XL and Stat3 expression are associated with progression of melanoma whereas Bcl-2, AP-2 and MITF levels decrease during progression of melanoma. Mod Pathol 2007; 20:416-26. [PMID: 17384650 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Bcl-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1) are key regulators of apoptosis. The purpose of the present study was to examine and better define the role of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 in the progression of melanoma. Immunohistochemical staining for Bcl-2, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 was performed on paraffin sections of 100 cases of benign nevi, primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma. Expression was correlated with histopathologic features, clinical progress and expression of transcription factors (AP-2, MITF and p-Stat3). Bcl-2 was expressed in 100% of benign nevi and thin melanoma (<or=1.0 mm) but was less in thick melanoma (>1.0 mm) (88%), subcutaneous (62%) and lymph node metastases (35%). In contrast, Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 were expressed at lower levels in nevi and thin melanoma compared to Bcl-2 but their expression was much higher in thick melanoma and in subcutaneous and lymph node metastases (P<0.0001). Bcl-2 expression was negatively associated with tumor thickness (P<0.05) but Bcl-XL expression increased with increasing tumor thickness (P<0.05) and dermal tumor mitotic rate (P<0.05). Similarly Mcl-1 expression increased with increasing tumor thickness (P<0.09) and dermal tumor mitotic rate (P<0.17). Bcl-2 expression was positively correlated with expression of the transcription factors microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF) and nuclear AP-2 whereas Bcl-XL (and Mcl-1) expression were positively correlated with p-Stat3. This study is the first to show a clear dissociation between changes in Bcl-2 expression (downregulation) and Bcl-XL, Mcl-1 expression (upregulation) during progression of melanoma. The results were also consistent with a role for AP-2 and MITF in regulation of Bcl-2 and pStat3 in regulation of Bcl-XL. These findings have important implications for the development of treatments targeting antiapoptotic proteins in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Zhuang
- Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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96
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Kim SY, Kim JY, Kim SH, Bae HJ, Yi H, Yoon SH, Koo BS, Kwon M, Cho JY, Lee CE, Hong S. Surfactin from Bacillus subtilis displays anti-proliferative effect via apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest and survival signaling suppression. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:865-71. [PMID: 17292358 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The effect of surfactin on the proliferation of LoVo cells, a human colon carcinoma cell line, was examined. Surfactin strongly blocked the proliferation of LoVo cells by inducing pro-apoptotic activity and arresting the cell cycle, according to several lines of evidence on DNA fragmentation, Annexin V staining, and altered levels of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, caspase-3, p21(WAF1/Cip1), p53, CDK2 and cyclin E. The anti-proliferative activity of surfactin was mediated by inhibiting extracellular-related protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt activation, as assessed by phosphorylation levels. Therefore, our data suggest that surfactin may have anti-cancer properties as a result of its ability to downregulate the cell cycle and suppress its survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Young Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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