Disaster Mental Health Epidemiology: Methodological Review and Interpretation of Research Findings

Risk and Protective Factors for Mental Health and Community Cohesion After the 2013 Calgary Flood

OBJECTIVE

To examine mental health and community cohesion in women living in Calgary after a natural disaster considering previously collected mental health data.

METHODS

Data from an ongoing longitudinal cohort, the All Our Families study, were used to examine mental health and community cohesion 5 months after a major flood in Calgary, Canada. Participants who had completed a baseline questionnaire before the flood were eligible for inclusion in this study (N=923). Four multivariable logistic regression models were built to examine predictors of post-traumatic stress, depression, anxiety, and community cohesion.

RESULTS

Elevated anxiety before the flood was associated with 2.49 (95% CI: 1.17, 5.26) increased odds of experiencing high levels of post-traumatic stress, regardless of whether respondents lived in a flood-risk community or not. Women who experienced damage to property, or who provided help to others, were more likely to perceive an increased sense of community cohesion (adjusted ods ratio (AOR): 1.67; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.54 and AOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.13, 2.52, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Women with underlying mental health conditions may be more vulnerable to the psychological impacts of a natural disaster regardless of their level of exposure. Natural disasters may bring communities together, especially those who were more tangibly impacted. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:470-477).

Facilitating Fear-Based Memory Extinction With Dexamethasone: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Male Veterans With Combat-Related PTSD

OBJECTIVE

Animal and preliminary human studies have demonstrated that glucocorticoids enhance the extinction of fear memories. Impaired extinction of fear memories is a critical component in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The purpose of this translational study was to determine the effectiveness of pairing a glucocorticoid with trauma memory reactivation as a novel intervention to treat PTSD and to measure the duration of the effect.

METHOD

A total of 54 male veterans with combat-related PTSD in this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial received either four weekly glucocorticoid (dexamethasone [DEX]) or placebo administrations paired with a 45-second trauma memory reactivation task. PTSD and depressive symptom severity were assessed at baseline and at one three, and six months.

RESULTS

Trauma memory activation paired with DEX versus trauma memory activation paired with placebo demonstrated a significantly greater reduction of PTSD symptoms for DEX at the one-month (p = .037) and three-month (p = .036) posttreatment assessments, but the difference was no longer evident at six months. DEX showed a nonsignificantly greater reduction of PTSD symptoms than placebo over the course of the study (p = .067). Significantly more veterans in the DEX group lost their diagnosis of PTSD at one month posttreatment compared to the placebo group, but the difference was not maintained at three or six months. DEX had no effect on depression symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite insufficient power to test differences in PTSD symptom reduction, findings suggest that this novel intervention may have potential for treatment of combat-related PTSD.