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Giersberg MF, Hartung J, Kemper N, Spindler B. Floor space covered by broiler chickens kept at stocking densities according to Council Directive 2007/43/EC. Vet Rec 2016; 179:124. [PMID: 27377394 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
It is controversially discussed whether the stocking densities set by the EU Directive 2007/43/EC allow a species-appropriate housing of broiler chickens. To calculate the exact area broilers occupy due to their physical size and shape, planimetric measurements using a colour-contrast method were carried out. In total, 1949 photographs of standing and 1482 of squatting chickens, taken from a top view, were analysed. A computer program counted the pixels representing the previously weighed animal in the photograph and calculated the animal area. The average area covered by chickens with 400 g live weight was 116.64±13.12 cm(2) in a standing and 138.61±12.92 cm(2) in a squatting position. These areas increased linearly as a function of live weight to 452.57±58.89 cm(2) (R(2)=0.90 standing) and 513.54±42.70 cm(2) (R(2)=0.82 squatting) at the end of the study (3200 g live weight). Squatting chickens occupied more space compared with a standing position in most of the tested weight classes (P<0.05). Depending on target weights, stocking densities and body positions, broilers occupied 48.5-77.7 per cent of 1 m(2) Thus, from a physical point of view, simultaneous resting is possible at any stocking density provided by the EU Directive and at common target weights.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Giersberg
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Hartung
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Spindler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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52
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Velo R, Ceular A. Effects of stocking density, light and perches on broiler growth. Anim Sci J 2016; 88:386-393. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Velo
- Department of Agroforestry Engineering, Higher Polytechnic School; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo Spain
| | - Angel Ceular
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary; University of Santiago de Compostela; Lugo Spain
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53
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Arruda JNT, Mendes AS, Guirro ECBP, Schneider M, Sikorski RR, Sausen L, Dias ER, Bonamigo DV. Live Performance, Carcass Yield, and Welfare of Broilers of Different Genetic Strains Reared at Different Housing Densities. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/18069061-2015-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JNT Arruda
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - AS Mendes
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - RR Sikorski
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - L Sausen
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - ER Dias
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
| | - DV Bonamigo
- Technological Federal University of Paraná, Brazil
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54
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Abudabos AM, Samara EM, Hussein EO, Al-Ghadi MQ, Al-Atiyat RM. Impacts of Stocking Density on the Performance and Welfare of Broiler Chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu Y, Yuan JM, Zhang LS, Zhang YR, Cai SM, Yu JH, Xia ZF. Effects of tryptophan supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality of ducks under high stocking density. Poult Sci 2015; 94:1894-901. [PMID: 26089478 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High stocking density (STD) could affect duck welfare and production. The objective of our study was to investigate whether dietary tryptophan (TRP) supplementation could alleviate the detrimental effects of high STD on ducks. White Pekin ducks at 4 to 6 wk of age were raised at 11 birds/m(2) and fed diets containing 0.18, 0.48, 0.78, or 1.08% TRP for 21 d. Growth performance, concentrations of TRP and metabolites in the blood and hypothalamus, antioxidative activities in serum and tissue, meat quality, serum uric acid, and urea nitrogen were measured. Weight gain and feed efficiency were significantly improved by TRP supplementation at ≥ 0.48 and ≥ 0.78% (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Serum TRP, hypothalamic TRP, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacitic acid (5-HIAA), and 5-HIAA/5-HT were also increased significantly (P < 0.01). These increases plateaued at 0.48% TRP, and no further improvement was obtained by adding more TRP to the diet. Dietary TRP supplementation significantly increased levels of total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in serum; GSH-Px in liver; and GSH-Px and CAT in breast muscle (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels in breast muscle decreased (P < 0.001). Drip loss of breast muscle and pH decline at 45 min postmortem were reduced by TRP supplementation (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Meat color was similar among different treatments (P > 0.05). Breast muscle shear force was increased significantly when dietary TRP level increased to 1.08% (P < 0.01). For ducks raised at 11 birds/m², dietary TRP supplementation could alleviate stress and improve growth performance, antioxidative activity, and meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - L S Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Y R Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - S M Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J H Yu
- Animal Department, Beijing Aquarium, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Z F Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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56
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Azzam M, El-Gogary M. Effects of Dietary Threonine Levels and Stocking Density on the Performance, Metabolic Status and Immunity of Broiler Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2015.215.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Nazar FN, Barrios BE, Kaiser P, Marin RH, Correa SG. Immune neuroendocrine phenotypes in Coturnix coturnix: do avian species show LEWIS/FISCHER-like profiles? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120712. [PMID: 25793369 PMCID: PMC4368694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoneuroendocrinology studies have identified conserved communicational paths in birds and mammals, e.g. the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal axis with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by glucocorticoids. Immune neuroendocrine phenotypes (INPs) have been proposed for mammals implying the categorization of a population in subgroups underlying divergent immune-neuroendocrine interactions. These phenotypes were studied in the context of the LEWIS/FISCHER paradigm (rats expressing high or low pro-inflammatory profiles, respectively). Although avian species have some common immunological mechanisms with mammals, they have also evolved some distinct strategies and, until now, it has not been studied whether birds may also share with mammals similar INPs. Based on corticosterone levels we determined the existence of two divergent groups in Coturnix coturnix that also differed in other immune-neuroendocrine responses. Quail with lowest corticosterone showed higher lymphoproliferative and antibody responses, interferon-γ and interleukin-1β mRNA expression levels and lower frequencies of leukocyte subpopulations distribution and interleukin-13 levels, than their higher corticosterone counterparts. Results suggest the existence of INPs in birds, comparable to mammalian LEWIS/FISCHER profiles, where basal corticosterone also underlies responses of comparable variables associated to the phenotypes. Concluding, INP may not be a mammalian distinct feature, leading to discuss whether these profiles represent a parallel phenomenon evolved in birds and mammals, or a common feature inherited from a reptilian ancestor millions of years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Nicolas Nazar
- Biological and Technological Investigations Institute (IIByT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Bibiana E. Barrios
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Research Center (CIBICI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Raul H. Marin
- Biological and Technological Investigations Institute (IIByT), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia G. Correa
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Research Center (CIBICI), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
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58
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Wang B, Min Z, Yuan J, Zhang B, Guo Y. Effects of dietary tryptophan and stocking density on the performance, meat quality, and metabolic status of broilers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:44. [PMID: 25705377 PMCID: PMC4335389 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly automated cage-rearing systems are becoming increasingly popular in China. However, a high stocking density can cause oxidative stress and decrease broiler performance. The tryptophan (TRP) derivative 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) has been shown to preserve membrane fluidity in birds suffering from oxidative stress. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary TRP supplementation on performance, breast meat quality and oxidative stress in broilers reared in cages with a high or low stocking density. Methods Female Arbor Acres broilers (25-d-old, n = 144) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatments. The birds were fed a diet based on corn, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and corn gluten meal containing either 0.18 or 0.27% TRP and were housed with stocking densities of 11 or 15.4 birds/m2 in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. Broiler performance was evaluated from d 25 to 42. Eight birds from each treatment were slaughtered on d 42 and plasma and breast muscle samples were collected to measure biochemical indices. Results A higher stocking density tended to be associated with reduced weight gain (P < 0.10), and significantly increased plasma glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity (P < 0.001). Increased dietary TRP significantly reduced the activities of lactic dehydrogenase and GPT while increasing total cholesterol in the plasma (P < 0.01), reducing drip loss of breast muscle (P < 0.10) and improving feed efficiency (P < 0.10). Conclusions An increase in dietary TRP, 1.5-fold higher than the standard supplementation level, can alleviate oxidative stress as well as improve welfare and feed efficiency in broilers reared in cages with a high stocking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhizhi Min
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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59
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Gogary ME, Azzam M. Effects of Dietary Tryptophan Levels and Stocking Density During the Growing-Finishing Phase on Broiler Performance and Immunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2014.568.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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60
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Xie M, Jiang Y, Tang J, Wen Z, Huang W, Hou S. Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass traits, and foot pad lesions of White Pekin ducks. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1644-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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61
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Effect of feeding a commercial ammonia binding product De-Odorase™ on broiler chicken performance. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2014. [DOI: 10.1017/jan.2014.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SummaryAmmonia production in commercial poultry sheds poses a problem for farmers as high levels can affect animal's respiratory health, resulting in hock and foot pad lesions and thereby affecting performance. A study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of whole, chopped and dried Yucca schidigera (De-Odorase™, Alltech Inc, USA) to reduce ammonia excretion from broilers and investigate the impact on broiler performance. Nine hundred and two, one-day-old Cobb broilers were randomly assigned to one of two diets, without (control) or supplemented with 500 g/t De-Odorase™. Birds fed the treatment diet had significantly higher body weight (P < 0.05) at 42 d and improved FCR (P < 0.05). Significant reductions in ammonia from litter were reported at 37 and 42 days old (P < 0.05 and P < 0.1, respectively). No significant differences were seen in foot pad, gait score, feather score or carcass data; although the birds fed De-Odorase™ had consistent numerical improvements in these parameters. The results of this study suggest that feeding whole, chopped and dried Yucca schidigera as a functional ingredient in the diet can be part of an ammonia management programme to improve broiler welfare and zootechnical performance.
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62
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Abudabos AM, Samara E, Hussein EO, Al-Atiyat RM, Al-Haidary A. Influence of Stocking Density on Welfare Indices of Broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2013.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Simitzis P, Kalogeraki E, Goliomytis M, Charismiadou M, Triantaphyllopoulos K, Ayoutanti A, Niforou K, Hager-Theodorides A, Deligeorgis S. Impact of stocking density on broiler growth performance, meat characteristics, behavioural components and indicators of physiological and oxidative stress. Br Poult Sci 2012; 53:721-30. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2012.745930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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64
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Tong HB, Lu J, Zou JM, Wang Q, Shi SR. Effects of stocking density on growth performance, carcass yield, and immune status of a local chicken breed. Poult Sci 2012; 91:667-73. [PMID: 22334742 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of stocking density on growth performance, carcass yield, and immune status of a local chicken breed. In total, 840 one-day-old male Suqin yellow chickens were placed into 4-m(2) cages in groups of 50 (low), 70 (medium), or 90 (high) birds. Each treatment was represented by 4 replicates (cages). The cages measured 2.84 × 1.42 m; half of the area of the cage (2 m(2)) was used from 1 to 28 d and the whole cage was used from 29 to 42 d. Stocking densities were 25, 35, and 45 birds/m(2) from 1 to 28 d and 12.5, 17.5, and 22.5 birds/m(2) from 29 to 42 d (low, medium, and high, respectively). Final production (live bird mass after fasting) per unit area was 14.46, 19.46, and 24.23 kg/m(2), respectively, at 42 d of age. Several immune parameters were evaluated, and the growth performance, carcass yield, and meat quality were determined. Body weight at 28 and 42 d of age was significantly reduced as the stocking density increased (P < 0.05). A depression in daily weight gain was noticed from 1 to 28 d and 1 to 42 d of age, and daily feed intake decreased significantly in each period as density increased (P < 0.05). The feed/gain from 29 to 42 d and from 1 to 42 d of age decreased as density increased (P < 0.05). At 42 d, there was no effect of the stocking density on carcass, eviscerated carcass, breast, and abdominal fat yields (P > 0.05). The thigh yield of chickens in the medium-density group improved significantly (P < 0.05) compared with those of the other 2 groups. The water-loss rate, shear force, and meat color of the muscle were unaffected (P > 0.05) by the stocking density, but pH values increased slightly as density increased. No significant difference was noted in the immunological parameters, but the blood total protein and potassium were significantly affected by stocking density (P < 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that increasing the stocking density advantageously affected feed/gain and decreased the final BW, whereas no evidence was found that stocking density caused changes in any of the measured immune parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Tong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 225125 Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
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65
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Houshmand M, Azhar K, Zulkifli I, Bejo MH, Kamyab A. Effects of prebiotic, protein level, and stocking density on performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers. Poult Sci 2012; 91:393-401. [PMID: 22252353 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of period on the performance, immunity, and some stress indicators of broilers fed 2 levels of protein and stocked at a normal or high stocking density. Experimental treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of prebiotic (with or without prebiotic), 2 levels of dietary CP [NRC-recommended or low CP level (85% of NRC-recommended level)], and 2 levels of stocking density (10 birds/m(2) as the normal density or 16 birds/m(2) as the high density), for a total of 8 treatments. Each treatment had 5 replicates (cages). Birds were reared in 3-tiered battery cages with wire floors in an open-sided housing system under natural tropical conditions. Housing and general management practices were similar for all treatment groups. Starter and finisher diets in mash form were fed from 1 to 21 d and 22 to 42 d of age, respectively. Supplementation with a prebiotic had no significant effect on performance, immunity, and stress indicators (blood glucose, cholesterol, corticosterone, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio). Protein level significantly influenced broiler performance but did not affect immunity or stress indicators (except for cholesterol level). The normal stocking density resulted in better FCR and also higher antibody titer against Newcastle disease compared with the high stocking density. However, density had no significant effect on blood levels of glucose, cholesterol, corticosterone, and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio. Significant interactions between protein level and stocking density were observed for BW gain and final BW. The results indicated that, under the conditions of this experiment, dietary addition of a prebiotic had no significant effect on the performance, immunity, and stress indicators of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Houshmand
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Malaysia
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66
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Angelovičová M, Kliment M, Mrázová Ľ, Tkáčová J, Kráľ M, Alfaig E, Lopašovský Ľ. The effect of reduction concentrations of the broiler chickens per unit area on the final live weight and production economics. POTRAVINARSTVO 2012. [DOI: 10.5219/198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was a mathematical and statistical assessment for the effect of concentration of broiler chickens per unit area to the final live weight and production economics. Cobb 500 chickens were fattening for 42 days in a hall on deep litter. During the two experiments the chickens were divided to two groups according to concentration per unit area and it was about 30 and 25 kg/m2. The experiments had been complied with recommended nutritional requirements for breeding and final fattening type of chickens Cobb500. The average final weight of broiler chickens in the first experiment were 2.14 and 2.17 kg for concentrations of 29.41 and 25.76 kg/m2 respectively, and for the second experiment were 2.01 and 2.02 kg for concentrations of 29.33 and 23.90 kg/m2 respectively. According to statistical analysis (P≥0.05), the average final live weight of broiler chickens was not affected by concentrations. The calculated production total live weight of broiler chickens across the halls were 48526.5, 48 394.5, 42504.0 and 39435.0 kg at a concentrations of 29.41, 29.33, 25.76 and 23.90 kg/m2 respectively. By reducing the concentration of birds in the hall from 29.41 to 29.33 kg/m2 and from 25.76 to 23.9 kg/m2 the total production of broiler chickens was decreased by 6022.5 and 8959.5 kg live weight respectively. The concentration of birds per unit area of 25.76 and 23.90 kg/m2 lead to lower the price of the product of broiler chickens by 4745.73 and 7060.09 € respectively, compared with the price for the product of the concentrations of 29.41and 29.33 kg/m2 respectively.
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Tirawattanawanich C, Chantakru S, Nimitsantiwong W, Tongyai S. The effects of tropical environmental conditions on the stress and immune responses of commercial broilers, Thai indigenous chickens, and crossbred chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2011. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2010-00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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68
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Ha JJ, Rhee YJ, Kim BC, Ohh SJ, Song YH. Effects of Rearing Densities on Behavior Characteristics in Korean Native Broilers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5187/jast.2011.53.5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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69
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Simsek U, Ciftci M, Cerci I, Bayraktar M, Dalkilic B, Arslan O, Balci T. Impact of stocking density and feeding regimen on broilers: performance, carcass traits and bone mineralisation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2011.588394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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70
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Franciosini MP, Bietta A, Moscati L, Battistacci L, Pela M, Tacconi G, Davidson I, Casagrande Proietti P. Influence of different rearing systems on natural immune parameters in broiler turkeys. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1462-6. [PMID: 21673161 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine serological values of lysozyme, hemolytic complement levels (alternative pathway), and bactericidal activity of serum in turkeys kept in different rearing systems (industrial, backyard, and experimental). Results showed that the values for serum bactericidal activity and hemolytic complement levels increased with age, and their values were higher in experimental and in industrial turkeys than in turkeys reared in backyard. Lysozyme concentration showed a similar pattern; its value was higher in the industrial and experimental groups than in the backyard group. Data obtained suggest that rearing system can have an influence on the natural immune parameters considered; experimental and industrial groups showed a similar trend, differentiated from that observed in the backyard group. In the backyard group, the values observed may suggest that hybrid turkeys, selected for high production, have difficulty with being reared outside where predators (foxes and weasels) and weather conditions could be responsible for a stress situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Franciosini
- Department of Biopathologic Science and Hygiene of Food and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 06126 Perugia, Italy
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71
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Benyi K, Acheampong-Boateng O, Mahlako KT. Responses of male broiler chickens from two genetic groups to different stocking densities in a semi-arid subtropical environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 44:185-90. [PMID: 21655922 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9907-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of stocking densities of 30, 35, 40 and 45 kg body weight (BW)/m(2) on the growth performance of Ross 308 and Hubbard broiler chickens were studied in a 49-day production period. Ross 308 was superior to Hubbard in weight gain and market weight and consumed more feed (p<0.05) but the strains did not differ significantly in feed efficiency, mortality rate and abdominal fatness. Overall, birds raised at stocking densities of 30, 35 and 40 kg BW/m(2) performed equally well in weight gain, feed consumption and 49-day live weight and outperformed those raised at 45 kg BW/m(2) (p<0.05). It is suggested that for profitable broiler production under tropical conditions Ross 308 and stocking density of 40 kg BW/m(2) be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kow Benyi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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72
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Medveď J, Angelovičová M. Quality of broiler´s production on the farm in the application of welfare. POTRAVINARSTVO 2010. [DOI: 10.5219/65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out in practical conditions on the farm for fattening of chickens. In the hall with deep litter, which were carried out experiments, was installations with breeding technology of Big Dutchman with automatic feeding, watering, automatically set to light and temperature regimes. During both experiments were observed recommended microclimate conditions and the length of light and ventilation in the hall. The concentration of broilers per one square meter was 27.22, respectively. 29.34 kg. Their vitality was 94.2 and 95.6%. The average body weight of chickens at the end of the experiment (day 42) were 1986.65 and 2074.29 g, with a statistically proved differences between experiments (P < 0.01). The average carcass weight of broilers in the live weight 1800.0 g were 1384.67 and 1407.0 g, while the difference was not statistically proved (P > 0.05).
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73
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Buijs S, Keeling L, Rettenbacher S, Van Poucke E, Tuyttens FAM. Stocking density effects on broiler welfare: identifying sensitive ranges for different indicators. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1536-43. [PMID: 19590066 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although stocking density is perceived as a topic of major importance, no consensus has been reached on what density would allow for good welfare. In the present study, the welfare of 4 replicates of birds stocked at 8, 19, 29, 40, 45, 51, 61, and 72 broilers per pen (or 6, 15, 23, 33, 35, 41, 47, and 56 kg actually achieved BW/m(2)) was studied using 6 welfare indicators. Density did not affect bursa weight, mortality, or concentrations of corticosterone metabolites in droppings but did influence leg health (P = 0.015) and footpad and hock dermatitis (P < 0.001) and tended to influence fearfulness (P = 0.078). However, not every increase in density or group size, or both, led to poorer welfare for the affected indicators: leg health and fearfulness showed unexpected peaks at intermediate densities. Furthermore, the indicators were influenced at different densities: leg strength showed a steep decrease from 6 to 23 kg/m(2), hock dermatitis rose from 35 to 56 kg/m(2), and footpad dermatitis and fearfulness were only significantly higher at the highest density of 56 kg/m(2). No threshold stocking density above which all aspects of welfare were suddenly altered was found in this study. Instead, different aspects of welfare were influenced at different densities or group sizes, or both. Thus, evaluating the effects of stocking density on welfare as a whole would require either identification of acceptable levels for each separate indicator or a weighting of the indicators in an integrated welfare score. A tentative attempt to such an integration, made using equal weights for all parameters, showed a decrease in welfare as density increased (P < 0.001). The lowest 2 densities (6 and 15 kg/m(2)) scored better than most middle densities (23, 33, 35, and 47 kg/m(2)), whereas all densities scored better than the highest density (56 kg/m(2)).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Buijs
- Animal Sciences, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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74
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Stocking density and stress induction affect production and stress parameters in broiler chickens. Anim Welf 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0962728600000336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe objective of this paper is to analyse the effects of three different stocking densities on the production, stress and fear parameters of female broilers during a 46-day production period. Chickens were randomly distributed among nine floor pens in groups of 30 broilers with different space allowances for each treatment; namely eight, 20 and 30 chicks m−2. Chicken growth rate was monitored from day eleven to 46 and indicators of stress, including haematocrit, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio and concentrations of plasma corticosterone, as well as tonic immobility, were measured on days 22 and 46. On day 46, the incidence of foot and skin lesions was assessed, and stress was induced to analyse the response of broilers to each stocking density. High stocking densities cause acute stress in broilers; the effects of low and intermediate stocking densities, however, are not so evident, particularly in relation to tonic immobility and response to acute stress.
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75
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RAVINDRAN V, THOMAS DV, THOMAS DG, MOREL PCH. Performance and welfare of broilers as affected by stocking density and zinc bacitracin supplementation. Anim Sci J 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2006.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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