51
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Culberson LM, Wallace AA, Blackstone CC, Khuseynov D, Sanov A. Spectroscopy of the breaking bond: the diradical intermediate of the ring opening in oxazole. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3964-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54779e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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52
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Signorell R, Yoder BL, West AHC, Ferreiro JJ, Saak CM. Angle-resolved valence shell photoelectron spectroscopy of neutral nanosized molecular aggregates. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc53423e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy opens a new avenue to probe the orbital character of solutes and solvents from the nanoscale to the bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Signorell
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce L. Yoder
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Adam H. C. West
- ETH Zürich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Zürich, Switzerland
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53
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Chatterley AS, Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Effects of resonant excitation, pulse duration and intensity on photoelectron imaging of a dianion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:489-96. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53235f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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54
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Khuseynov D, Dixon AR, Goebbert DJ, Sanov A. Heterogeneous Substitution Effects in Chlorocyanomethyl Radical and Chlorocyanocarbene. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:10681-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4053117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Khuseynov
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Andrew R. Dixon
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Daniel J. Goebbert
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Andrei Sanov
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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55
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Sanov A, Grumbling ER, Goebbert DJ, Culberson LM. Photodetachment anisotropy for mixed s-p states: 8/3 and other fractions. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:054311. [PMID: 23406123 DOI: 10.1063/1.4789811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An approximate model for analytical prediction of photoelectron angular distributions in anion photodetachment from mixed s-p states is presented. Considering the dipole-allowed s, p, and d free-electron partial waves, the model describes photodetachment anisotropy in terms of the fractional p character of the initial orbital and the A and B coefficients describing the relative intensities of the p → d to p → s and s → p to p → s channels, respectively. The model represents an extension of the central-potential model to an intermediate regime encompassing varying degrees of s and p contributions to the initial bound orbital. This description is applicable to a broad class of hybrid molecular orbitals, particularly those localized predominantly on a single atom. Under the additional assumption of hydrogenic or Slater-type orbitals, the B/A ratio in photodetachment from a mixed 2s-2p state is shown to equal 8/3. Corresponding fractions are derived for other ns-np mixing cases. The predictions of the model are tested on several anion systems, including NH(2)(-) and CCl(2)(-). The quantitative discrepancies in the latter case are attributed to the breakdown of the central-atom approximation and a mechanism for corresponding corrections is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Sanov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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56
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Knurr BJ, McCoy AB, Weber JM. Vibrationally induced charge transfer in a bimolecular model complex in vacuo. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:224301. [PMID: 23781789 DOI: 10.1063/1.4808048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We report vibrationally induced charge transfer from nitromethane anion to methyliodide in a molecular complex. Excitation of a CH stretching vibrational transition in either of the molecular constituents results in dissociative electron transfer to the CH3I molecule, resulting in I(-) product anions. Solvation of the pre-reactive complex with more than two Ar atoms leads to complete quenching of the reaction and can be used to estimate the barrier for this reaction. We discuss the results in the framework of electronic structure calculations and compare the intra-complex electron transfer with vibrationally mediated electron emission in bare nitromethane anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Knurr
- JILA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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57
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Stei M, von Vangerow J, Otto R, Kelkar AH, Carrascosa E, Best T, Wester R. High resolution spatial map imaging of a gaseous target. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:214201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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58
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Bandyopadhyay B, Pruitt CJM, Goebbert DJ. Communication: Photoelectron angular distributions of CH− reveal a temporary anion state. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:201101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4808045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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59
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Culberson LM, Blackstone CC, Sanov A. Photoelectron Angular Distributions of Pyridinide: A Benchmark Application of the Mixed s–p Model to a Truly Polyatomic Anion. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:11760-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402507v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Marie Culberson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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60
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720,
United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
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62
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Horke DA, Roberts GM, Lecointre J, Verlet JRR. Velocity-map imaging at low extraction fields. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:063101. [PMID: 22755609 DOI: 10.1063/1.4724311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a velocity-map imaging (VMI) setup for photoelectron imaging that utilizes low electric extraction fields. This avoids any complications that could arise from electrostatic interactions between the extraction field and the molecular properties that are probed and has a minimal effect on the trajectory of ions in ion beam experiments. By using an attractive potential supplied to the detector, and keeping the electrodes at ground (zero) potential, we show that fringe fields between the VMI arrangement and the vacuum chamber can be eliminated, which is important in experiments on ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Horke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United Kingdom
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63
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Xie H, Xing X, Liu Z, Cong R, Qin Z, Wu X, Tang Z, Fan H. Probing the structural and electronic properties of Ag(n)H(-) (n = 1-3) using photoelectron imaging and theoretical calculations. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:184312. [PMID: 22583292 DOI: 10.1063/1.4713938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and electronic properties of silver hydride cluster anions (Ag(n)H(-); n = 1-3) have been explored by combining the negative ion photoelectron imaging spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. The photoelectron spectrum of AgH(-) exhibits transitions from AgH(- 2)Σ(+) to AgH (1)Σ(+) and AgH (3)Σ(+), with the electron affinity (EA) 0.57(3) eV. For Ag(2)H(-), the only observed transition is from Ag(2)H(-) (C(∞v)) (1)Σ(+) to Ag(2)H (C(2v)) (2)A(') and the electron affinity is 2.56(5) eV. Two obvious electron bands are observed in photoelectron imaging of Ag(3)H(-), which are assigned to the transitions from Ag(3)H(-) (C(2v)-T, which means C(2v) geometry with top site hydrogen) (2)B(2) to Ag(3)H (C(2v)-T) (1)A(1) and Ag(3)H (C(2v)-T) (3)B(2). The electron affinity is determined to be 1.61(9) eV. The Ag-H stretching modes in the ground states of AgH and Ag(2)H are experimentally resolved and their frequencies are measured to be 1710(80) and 1650(100) cm(-1), respectively. Aside from the above EAs and the vibrational frequencies, the vertical detachment energies to all ground states and some excited states of Ag(n)H (n = 1-3) are also obtained. Theoretical calculations reproduce the experimental energies quite well, and the results are used to assign the geometries and electronic states for all related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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64
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Gerardi HK, DeBlase AF, Leavitt CM, Su X, Jordan KD, McCoy AB, Johnson MA. Structural characterization of electron-induced proton transfer in the formic acid dimer anion, (HCOOH)2−, with vibrational and photoelectron spectroscopies. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:134318. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3693271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Miller EM, Sheps L, Lu YJ, Case AS, McCoy AB, Lineberger WC. New view of the ICN A continuum using photoelectron spectroscopy of ICN-. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044313. [PMID: 22299877 DOI: 10.1063/1.3679170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative-ion photoelectron spectroscopy of ICN(-) (X̃ (2)Σ(+)) reveals transitions to the ground electronic state (X̃ (1)Σ(+)) of ICN as well as the first five excited states ((3)Π(2), (3)Π(1), Π(0(-) ) (3), Π(0(+) ) (3), and (1)Π(1)) that make up the ICN A continuum. By starting from the equilibrium geometry of the anion, photoelectron spectroscopy characterizes the electronic structure of ICN at an elongated I-C bond length of 2.65 Å. Because of this bond elongation, the lowest three excited states of ICN ((3)Π(2), (3)Π(1), and Π(0(-) ) (3)) are resolved for the first time in the photoelectron spectrum. In addition, the spectrum has a structured peak that arises from the frequently studied conical intersection between the Π(0(+) ) (3) and (1)Π(1) states. The assignment of the spectrum is aided by MR-SO-CISD calculations of the potential energy surfaces for the anion and neutral ICN electronic states, along with calculations of the vibrational levels supported by these states. Through thermochemical cycles involving spectrally narrow transitions to the excited states of ICN, we determine the electron affinity, EA(ICN), to be 1.34(5) (+0.04∕-0.02) eV and the anion dissociation energy, D(0)(X̃ (2)Σ(+) I-CN(-)), to be 0.83 (+0.04/-0.02) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M Miller
- JILA, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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66
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Yacovitch TI, Garand E, Kim JB, Hock C, Theis T, Neumark DM. Vibrationally resolved transition state spectroscopy of the F + H2 and F + CH4 reactions. Faraday Discuss 2012; 157:399-414; discussion 475-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Photoelectron spectroscopy of the model GFP chromophore anion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:8511-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40880e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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68
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Breen KJ, DeBlase AF, Guasco TL, Voora VK, Jordan KD, Nagata T, Johnson MA. Bottom-Up View of Water Network-Mediated CO2 Reduction Using Cryogenic Cluster Ion Spectroscopy and Direct Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 116:903-12. [DOI: 10.1021/jp209493v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin J. Breen
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Andrew F. DeBlase
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Timothy L. Guasco
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Vamsee K. Voora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Takashi Nagata
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8902 Japan
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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69
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Grumbling ER, Sanov A. Solvation effects on angular distributions in H−(NH3)n and NH2−(NH3)n photodetachment: Role of solute electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:164301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3653232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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70
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Grumbling ER, Sanov A. Photoelectron angular distributions in negative-ion photodetachment from mixed sp states. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:164302. [PMID: 22047234 DOI: 10.1063/1.3653234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe an approach for constructing analytical models for the energy-dependence of photoelectron angular distributions in the one-electron, non-relativistic approximation. We construct such a model for electron emission from an orbital described as a superposition of s- and p-type functions, using linearly polarized light. In the limits of pure s or pure p electron photodetachment or photoionization, the model correctly reproduces the familiar Cooper-Zare formula. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for strongly solvated H(-) and NH(2)(-), corresponding to predominantly s and predominantly p character parent states, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Grumbling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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71
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Scott Hopkins W, Mackenzie SR. Communication: Imaging wavefunctions in dissociative photoionization. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:081104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3632103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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72
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A quasiclassical trajectory analysis of stereodynamics of the H + FCl (v = 0 – 3, j = 0 – 3) → HCl + F reaction. J CHEM SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-011-0063-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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73
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Wu X, Xie H, Qin Z, Tan K, Tang Z, Lu X. Photoelectron imaging and theoretical studies of silver monohalides AgX- (X = Cl, Br, I) and AuCl-. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:6321-6. [PMID: 21615102 DOI: 10.1021/jp1100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodetachment of AgX(-) (X = Cl, Br, I) and AuCl(-) is studied by a photoelectron velocity map imaging technique and theoretical calculations. Photoelectron spectra (PES) and photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) were obtained. The vibrationally resolved spectra provided approximately equal electron affinities (EAs) for AgX: 1.593(22) eV for AgCl, 1.623(21) eV for AgBr, and 1.603(22) eV for AgI, respectively. Franck-Condon simulations of these spectra gave the equilibrium bond lengths and vibrational frequencies of the title anions. Relativistic density functional theory (DFT) calculations using BLYP, PW91, PBE, and BP86 functionals have been performed to predict the EAs of the AgX (X = Cl, Br, I) molecules. The computed EAs at the BP86 level of theory are in good agreement with the experimental values. Energy partitioning analyses (EPA) at the BP86(ZORA)/QZ4P level of theory of both anions and their neutrals were reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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74
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Van Duzor M, Mbaiwa F, Lasinski J, Holtgrewe N, Mabbs R. I−·(CH3I)2 photoexcitation: The influence of dipole bound states on detachment and fragmentation. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:214301. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3594177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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75
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Chi C, Xie H, Li Y, Cong R, Zhou M, Tang Z. Photoelectron imaging of Ag(-)(H2O)x and AgOH(-)(H2O)y (x=1,2, y=0-4). J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5380-6. [PMID: 21553859 DOI: 10.1021/jp202497x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectron images of Ag(-)(H(2)O)(x) (x=1,2) and AgOH(-)(H(2)O)(y) (y=0-4) are reported. The Ag(-)(H(2)O)(1,2) anionic complexes have similar characteristics to the other two coinage metal-water complexes that can be characterized as metal atomic anion solvated by water molecules with the electron mainly localized on the metal. The vibrationally well-resolved photoelectron spectrum allows the adiabatic detachment energy (ADE) and vertical detachment energy (VDE) of AgOH(-) to be determined as 1.18(2) and 1.24(2) eV, respectively. The AgOH(-) anion interacts more strongly with water molecules than the Ag(-) anion. The photoelectron spectra of Ag(-)(H(2)O)(x) and AgOH(-)(H(2)O)(y) show a gradual increase in ADE and VDE with increasing x and y due to the solvent stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxian Chi
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysts and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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76
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Culberson LM, Sanov A. Electronic states of thiophenyl and furanyl radicals and dissociation energy of thiophene via photoelectron imaging of negative ions. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:204306. [PMID: 21639439 DOI: 10.1063/1.3593275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report photoelectron images and spectra of deprotonated thiophene, C(4)H(3)S(-), obtained at 266, 355, and 390 nm. Photodetachment of the α isomer of the anion is observed, and the photoelectron bands are assigned to the ground X(2)A(') (σ) and excited A(2)A(") and B(2)A(") (π) states of the thiophenyl radical. The photoelectron angular distributions are consistent with photodetachment from the respective in-plane (σ) and out-of-plane (π(∗)) orbitals. The adiabatic electron affinity of α-(●)C(4)H(3)S is determined to be 2.05 ± 0.08 eV, while the B(2)A(") term energy is estimated at 1.6 ± 0.1 eV. Using the measured electron affinity and the electron affinity/acidity thermodynamic cycle, the C-H(α) bond dissociation energy of thiophene is calculated as DH(298)(H(α)-C(4)H(3)S) = 115 ± 3 kcal/mol. Comparison of this value to other, previously reported C-H bond dissociation energies, in particular for benzene and furan, sheds light of the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the corresponding radicals. In addition, the 266 nm photoelectron image and spectrum of the furanide anion, C(4)H(3)O(-), reveal a previously unobserved vibrationally resolved band, assigned to the B(2)A(") excited state of the furanyl radical, (●)C(4)H(3)O. The observed band origin corresponds to a 2.53 ± 0.01 eV B(2)A(") term energy, while the resolved vibrational progression (853 ± 42 cm(-1)) is assigned to an in-plane ring mode of α-(●)C(4)H(3)O (B(2)A(")).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Marie Culberson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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77
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Yacovitch TI, Kim JB, Garand E, van der Poll DG, Neumark DM. Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the n-methylvinoxide anion. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:134307. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3572269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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78
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Van Duzor M, Mbaiwa F, Wei J, Singh T, Mabbs R, Sanov A, Cavanagh SJ, Gibson ST, Lewis BR, Gascooke JR. Vibronic coupling in the superoxide anion: the vibrational dependence of the photoelectron angular distribution. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:174311. [PMID: 21054036 DOI: 10.1063/1.3493349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comprehensive photoelectron imaging study of the O(2)(X (3)Σ(g)(-),v(')=0-6)←O(2)(-)(X (2)Π(g),v(")=0) and O(2)(a (1)Δ(g),v(')=0-4)←O(2)(-)(X (2)Π(g),v(")=0) photodetachment bands at wavelengths between 900 and 455 nm, examining the effect of vibronic coupling on the photoelectron angular distribution (PAD). This work extends the v(')=1-4 data for detachment into the ground electronic state, presented in a recent communication [R. Mabbs, F. Mbaiwa, J. Wei, M. Van Duzor, S. T. Gibson, S. J. Cavanagh, and B. R. Lewis, Phys. Rev. A 82, 011401(R) (2010)]. Measured vibronic intensities are compared to Franck-Condon predictions and used as supporting evidence of vibronic coupling. The results are analyzed within the context of the one-electron, zero core contribution (ZCC) model [R. M. Stehman and S. B. Woo, Phys. Rev. A 23, 2866 (1981)]. For both bands, the photoelectron anisotropy parameter variation with electron kinetic energy, β(E), displays the characteristics of photodetachment from a d-like orbital, consistent with the π(g)(∗) 2p highest occupied molecular orbital of O(2)(-). However, differences exist between the β(E) trends for detachment into different vibrational levels of the X (3)Σ(g)(-) and a (1)Δ(g) electronic states of O(2). The ZCC model invokes vibrational channel specific "detachment orbitals" and attributes this behavior to coupling of the electronic and nuclear motion in the parent anion. The spatial extent of the model detachment orbital is dependent on the final state of O(2): the higher the neutral vibrational excitation, the larger the electron binding energy. Although vibronic coupling is ignored in most theoretical treatments of PADs in the direct photodetachment of molecular anions, the present findings clearly show that it can be important. These results represent a benchmark data set for a relatively simple system, upon which to base rigorous tests of more sophisticated models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Van Duzor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Dr., Campus Box 1134 Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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79
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Lecointre J, Roberts GM, Horke DA, Verlet JRR. Ultrafast relaxation dynamics observed through time-resolved photoelectron angular distributions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 114:11216-24. [PMID: 20961158 DOI: 10.1021/jp1028855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved photoelectron imaging of the 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) radical anion is presented. Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) are qualitatively analyzed in terms of the simple s-p model that is based on symmetry arguments. The internal conversion dynamics from the first excited state (1(2)B(3u)) to the ground state ((2)B(2g)) may be observed through temporal changes in the PADs of the spectrally overlapping photoelectron features arising from photodetachment of the ground state and the excited state. A formulism for extracting the population dynamics from the β(2) anisotropy parameter of overlapping spectroscopic features is presented. This is used to extract the lifetime of the first excited state, which is in good agreement with that observed in the time-resolved photoelectron spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Lecointre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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80
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McKay AR, Sanz ME, Mooney CRS, Minns RS, Gill EM, Fielding HH. Development of a new photoelectron spectroscopy instrument combining an electrospray ion source and photoelectron imaging. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:123101. [PMID: 21198008 DOI: 10.1063/1.3505097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new apparatus has been constructed that combines electrospray ionization with a quadrupole mass filter, hexapole ion trap, and velocity-map imaging. The purpose is to record photoelectron images of isolated chromophore anions. To demonstrate the capability of our instrument we have recorded the photodetachment spectra of isolated deprotonated phenol and indole anions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the photodetachment energy of the deprotonated indole anion has been recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R McKay
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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81
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Mikosch J, Weidemüller M, Wester R. On the dynamics of chemical reactions of negative ions. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2010.519504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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82
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Höckendorf RF, Siu CK, van der Linde C, Balaj OP, Beyer MK. Selective Formic Acid Synthesis from Nanoscale Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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83
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Höckendorf RF, Siu CK, van der Linde C, Balaj OP, Beyer MK. Selective Formic Acid Synthesis from Nanoscale Electrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:8257-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201004134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Wu X, Qin Z, Xie H, Cong R, Wu X, Tang Z, Fan H. Vibrationally resolved photoelectron imaging of gold hydride cluster anions: AuH− and Au2H−. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:044303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3456373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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85
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Yacovitch TI, Garand E, Neumark DM. Slow Photoelectron Velocity-Map Imaging of the i-Methylvinoxide Anion. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:11091-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101930b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tara I. Yacovitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Etienne Garand
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720
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86
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Mbaiwa F, Wei J, Van Duzor M, Mabbs R. Threshold effects in I−⋅CH3CN and I−⋅H2O cluster anion detachment: The angular distribution as an indicator of electronic autodetachment. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:134304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3380664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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87
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Mbaiwa F, Van Duzor M, Wei J, Mabbs R. Direct and indirect detachment in the iodide-pyrrole cluster anion: the role of dipole bound and neutral cluster states. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1539-47. [PMID: 19928771 DOI: 10.1021/jp9085798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron imaging probes both molecular electronic structure and electron molecule interactions. In the current work images were recorded for detachment from the I(-) x C(4)H(5)N (I(-) x pyrrole) cluster anion at wavelengths between 360 and 260 nm. The direct detachment spectra show strong similarities to those of I(-), although a strong solvent shift, broadening and some structure is observed. A nondirect, dissociative or autodetachment feature is also observed over a range of wavelengths. Ab initio calculations identify several local minima associated with neutral and anion isomers. Energy and Franck-Condon arguments are used to assess the role of these in the detachment process. The cluster anion structure is essentially an I(-) atomic anion in the presence of a neutral pyrrole molecule. The spectral structure arises due to interactions in the open shell neutral cluster residue resulting from detachment. The indirect detachment feature arises through the formation of an intermediate dipole bound cluster anion state which subsequently dissociates. The energy dependence of this channel (observed over a 0.6 eV range of photon energies) is discussed in terms of the wide amplitude motions associated with the van der Waals modes of the cluster anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foster Mbaiwa
- Department of Chemistry, Campus Box 1134, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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88
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Grumbling ER, Pichugin K, Velarde L, Sanov A. Further evidence for resonant photoelectron-solvent scattering in nitrous oxide cluster anions. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1367-73. [PMID: 19817360 DOI: 10.1021/jp906744v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of anion solvation by N(2)O on photoelectron angular distributions are revisited in light of new photoelectron imaging results for the NO(-)(N(2)O)(n), n = 0-4 cluster anions at 266 nm. The new observations are examined in the context of the previous studies of O(-) and NO(-) anions solvated in the gas phase by nitrous oxide [Pichugin; et al. J. Chem. Phys. et al. 2008, 129, 044311.; Velarde; et al. J. Chem. Phys. et al. 2007, 127, 084302.]. The photoelectron angular distributions collected in the three separate studies are summarized and analyzed using bare O(-) and NO(-) as zero-solvation references. Solvent-induced deviations of the angular distributions from the zero-solvation reference are scaled by solvation number (n) to yield solvent-induced anisotropy differentials. These differentials, calculated identically for the O(-)(N(2)O)(n) and NO(-)(N(2)O)(n) cluster series, show remarkably similar energy dependences, peaking in the vicinity of a known electron-N(2)O scattering resonance. The results support the conclusion that the solvation effect on the photoelectron angular distributions in these cases is primarily due to resonant interaction of photoelectrons with the N(2)O solvent, rather than a solvent-induced perturbation of the parent-anion electronic wave function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Grumbling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
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89
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Gerardi HK, Breen KJ, Guasco TL, Weddle GH, Gardenier GH, Laaser JE, Johnson MA. Survey of Ar-tagged predissociation and vibrationally mediated photodetachment spectroscopies of the vinylidene anion, C2H2-. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:1592-601. [PMID: 20088616 DOI: 10.1021/jp9095419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report predissociation spectra of Ar-tagged C(2)H(2)(-) and C(2)D(2)(-) anions, and explore vibrationally mediated photodetachment from various vibrational levels of the bare C(2)H(2)(-) ion using velocity-map imaging. Intense photodetachment resonances are observed in the C-H stretching region that are strongly correlated with vibrational hot bands in the anion photoelectron spectra, indicating that one-color, resonant two-photon photodetachment (R2PD) is complicated by excitation of vibrationally excited states with autodetaching upper levels embedded in the continuum. Isolation of the R2PD spectrum was achieved using a two-color, IR-IR scheme in which vibrational excitation and photodetachment were carried out in two separate laser interaction regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Gerardi
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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90
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Peppernick SJ, Gunaratne KDD, Sayres SG, Castleman AW. Photoelectron imaging of small silicon cluster anions, Sin− (n=2–7). J Chem Phys 2010; 132:044302. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3299271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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91
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Goebbert DJ, Khuseynov D, Sanov A. Photoelectron Imaging of Cyanovinylidene and Cyanoacetylene Anions. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:2259-65. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9106102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Dmitry Khuseynov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
| | - Andrei Sanov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041
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92
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Höckendorf RF, Balaj OP, Linde CVD, Beyer MK. Thermochemistry from ion–molecule reactions of hydrated ions in the gas phase: a new variant of nanocalorimetry reveals product energy partitioning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3772-9. [DOI: 10.1039/b921395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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93
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Van Duzor M, Wei J, Mbaiwa F, Mabbs R. The effect of intracluster photoelectron interactions on the angular distribution in I(-)*CH(3)I photodetachment. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:204306. [PMID: 19947679 DOI: 10.1063/1.3266936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
I(-) and I(-)*CH(3)I velocity mapped photodetachment images are recorded over wavelengths between 270 and 370 nm. Spectral similarities, in conjunction with ab initio calculations show that the cluster anion comprises an atomic iodide anion moiety solvated by a relatively unperturbed CH(3)I molecule. Between 340-370 nm and at 280 nm, free I(-) is produced via a process analogous to dissociative electron attachment within the cluster anion. More strikingly, the photoelectron angular distribution for each species at a given electron kinetic energy is very different, despite detachment occurring from the iodide 5p orbital in each case. These observations reveal the effect of interaction of the photoelectron with the neutral cluster residue and are discussed in terms of resonances associated primarily with the CH(3)I molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Van Duzor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, One Brookings Dr., Campus Box 1134, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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94
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Goebbert DJ, Pichugin K, Sanov A. Low-lying electronic states of CH3NO2 via photoelectron imaging of the nitromethane anion. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:164308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3256233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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95
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Goebbert DJ, Khuseynov D, Sanov A. Laboratory observation of the valence anion of cyanoacetylene, a possible precursor for negative ions in space. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:161102. [PMID: 19894914 DOI: 10.1063/1.3257174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Valence anions of cyanoacetylene, HCCCN(-), are synthesized by the 1,2-H(2) (+) abstraction reaction of O(-) with acrylonitrile, H(2)C=CHCN, while the competing 1,1-H(2) (+) channel of the same reaction yields the cyanovinylidene anions, CCHCN(-). The key to the formation of the elusive, adiabatically weakly bound HCCCN(-) is the bent -C=C-C[triple bond]skeleton of the reactant. The photoelectron spectrum of HCCCN(-), measured by means of photoelectron imaging at 532 nm, consists of a broad structureless band with a vertical detachment energy of 1.04+/-0.05 eV. The observed anions are stable counterparts of the low-lying anionic resonances of cyanoacetylene, which may contribute (by way of dissociative attachment) to the formation of carbon-rich and CN-containing negative ions in extraterrestrial environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Goebbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0041, USA
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96
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Ferreira da Silva F, Waldburger P, Jaksch S, Mauracher A, Denifl S, Echt O, Märk TD, Scheier P. On the size of ions solvated in helium clusters. Chemistry 2009; 15:7101-8. [PMID: 19533729 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200802554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helium nanodroplets are doped with SF(6), C(4)F(8), CCl(4), C(6)H(5)Br, CH(3)I, and I(2). Upon interaction with free electrons a variety of positively and negatively charged cluster ions X(+/-)He(n) are observed where X(+/-) = F(+/-), Cl(+/-), Br(+/-), I(+), I(2) (+), or CH(3)I(+). The yield of these ions versus cluster size n drops at characteristic sizes n(s) that range from n(s) = 10.2+/-0.6 for F(+) to n(s) = 22.2+/-0.2 for Br(-). n(s) values for halide anions are about 70% larger than for the corresponding cations. The steps in the ion yield suggest closure of the first solvation shell. We propose a simple classical model to estimate ionic radii from n(s). Assuming the helium density in the first solvation shell equals the helium bulk density one finds that radii of halide anions in helium are nearly twice as large as in alkali halide crystals, indicating the formation of an anion bubble due to the repulsive forces that derive from the exchange interaction. In spite of the simplicity of our model, anion radii derived from it agree within approximately 10% with values derived from the mobility of halide anions in superfluid bulk helium, and with values computed by quantum Monte Carlo methods for X(-)He(n) cluster anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferreira da Silva
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Leopold Franzens Universität, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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97
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Chichinin AI, Gericke KH, Kauczok S, Maul C. Imaging chemical reactions – 3D velocity mapping. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/01442350903235045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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98
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Oana CM, Krylov AI. Cross sections and photoelectron angular distributions in photodetachment from negative ions using equation-of-motion coupled-cluster Dyson orbitals. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:124114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3231143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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99
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Yacovitch TI, Garand E, Neumark DM. Slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy of the vinoxide anion. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:244309. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3157208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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100
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Garand E, Buchachenko AA, Yacovitch TI, Szcześniak MM, Chałasiński G, Neumark DM. Study of ArO− and ArO via Slow Photoelectron Velocity-Map Imaging Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4631-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8113682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Garand
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Alexei A. Buchachenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Tara I. Yacovitch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Małgorzata M. Szcześniak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Grzegorz Chałasiński
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Daniel M. Neumark
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, Laboratory of Molecular Structure and Quantum Mechanics, Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia, Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
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