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Bentzen SM. From cellular to high-throughput predictive assays in radiation oncology: challenges and opportunities. Semin Radiat Oncol 2008; 18:75-88. [PMID: 18314062 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research efforts into predictive radiation oncology have so far produced very little in terms of clinically applicable assays. This may change with the development of novel high-throughput assays that are of potential interest in a radiation oncology setting. However, it seems that much current research is opportunistic, driven by the available technologies rather than addressing pertinent clinical or biological questions. This review looks at the experience gained from the attempts to develop cellular radiobiology assays. The research process and, in particular, the need for rigorous validation of any promising assay in an independent dataset are stressed. Some common design problems are discussed using examples from radiation oncology. The statistical challenges and some of the key concepts in analyzing dense datasets from high-throughput assays are briefly reviewed. Single nucleotide polymorphisms, immunohistochemical markers, and DNA microarray gene signatures are used as examples of assays that show promise in radiation oncology applications. Some recent studies suggest a differential treatment response between tumor stem cells and other tumor cells. If this is a general pattern, then future predictive assays may have to be performed on stems cells rather than on unselected tumor cells. Advances in radiogenomics or radioproteomics will come from large collaborative research networks, collecting high-quality dosimetric and clinical outcome data and combining state-of-the-art laboratory techniques with appropriate biostatical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren M Bentzen
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Alsner J, Andreassen CN, Overgaard J. Genetic markers for prediction of normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2008; 18:126-35. [PMID: 18314067 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, a number of studies have supported the hypothesis that there is an important genetic component to the observed interpatient variability in normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy. This review summarizes the candidate gene association studies published so far on the risk of radiation-induced morbidity and highlights some recent successful whole-genome association studies showing feasibility in other research areas. Future genetic association studies are discussed in relation to methodological problems such as the characterization of clinical and biological phenotypes, genetic haplotypes, and handling of confounding factors. Finally, candidate gene studies elucidating the genetic component of radiation-induced morbidity and the functional consequences of single nucleotide polymorphisms by studying intermediate phenotypes will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Kuptsova N, Chang-Claude J, Kropp S, Helmbold I, Schmezer P, von Fournier D, Haase W, Sautter-Bihl ML, Wenz F, Onel K, Ambrosone CB. Genetic predictors of long-term toxicities after radiation therapy for breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1333-9. [PMID: 18027873 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Telangiectasia and subcutaneous fibrosis are the most common late dermatologic side effects observed in response to radiation treatment. Radiotherapy acts on cancer cells largely due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS also induce normal tissue toxicities. Therefore, we investigated if genetic variation in oxidative stress-related enzymes confers increased susceptibility to late skin complications. Women who received radiotherapy following lumpectomy for breast cancer were followed prospectively for late tissue side effects after initial treatment. Final analysis included 390 patients. Polymorphisms in genes involved in oxidative stress-related mechanisms (GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, MPO, MnSOD, eNOS, CAT) were determined from blood samples by MALDI-TOF. The associations between telangiectasia and genotypes were evaluated by multivariate unconditional logistic regression models. Patients with variant GSTA1 genotypes were at significantly increased risk of telangiectasia (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.11-3.11). Reduced odds ratios of telangiectasia were noted for women with lower-activity eNOS genotype (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36-0.93). Genotype effects were modified by follow-up time, with the highest risk observed after 4 years of radiotherapy for gene polymorphisms in ROS-neutralizing enzymes. Decreased risk with eNOS polymorphisms was significant only among women with less than 4 years of follow-up. All other risk estimates were nonsignificant. Late effects of radiation therapy on skin appear to be modified by variants in genes related to protection from oxidative stress. The application of genomics to outcomes following radiation therapy holds the promise of radiation dose adjustment to improve both cosmetic outcomes and quality of life for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Kuptsova
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Abstract
Cancer survivors are at increased risk of developing different co-morbid conditions. With an increasing number of long-term cancer survivors in the Nordic countries, the need for recommendations for long-term follow-up has become necessary. However, at present there are no general guidelines for follow-up in the Nordic countries. Three steps of follow-up should be distinguished and the objectives associated with each: 1) Follow-up research done as clinical studies in cancer survivors and as registry-based epidemiological investigations. Whenever possible these approaches should be combined with translational research relating clinical observations with findings from biological material for increased understanding of pathophysiology and aetiology. Such investigation has to provide evidence-based knowledge of late effects associated with the malignancy itself and its treatment. The Nordic countries have excellent possibilities for conducting such follow-up research; 2) Creation of guidelines, in an attempt to put results from research into clinical practice, should take the local situation and resources into consideration. Provision of an individualized Survivorship Care Plan is a first step; 3) Implementation of guidelines into daily health care. Guidelines have little influence on long-term cancer care if they do not reach the practitioners and convince them to comply. There is a need for well-planned follow-up to manage and reduce possible treatment-related morbidity and mortality in cancer survivors. The Nordic countries provide excellent possibilities for relevant research, but lack, so far evidence-based guidelines. In agreement with the initiatives of ASCO the development of Survivor Care Plans is the first step to improve on this situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Nord
- Radiumhemmet, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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55
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Peters CA, Stock RG, Cesaretti JA, Atencio DP, Peters S, Burri RJ, Stone NN, Ostrer H, Rosenstein BS. TGFB1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Are Associated With Adverse Quality of Life in Prostate Cancer Patients Treated With Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 70:752-9. [PMID: 17689884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within TGFB1 might be predictive for the development of adverse quality-of-life outcomes in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS A total of 141 prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy were screened for SNPs in TGFB1 using DNA sequencing. Three quality-of-life outcomes were investigated: (1) prospective decline in erectile function, (2) urinary quality of life, and (3) rectal bleeding. Median follow-up was 51.3 months (range, 12-138 months; SD, 24.4 months). RESULTS Those patients who possessed either the T/T genotype at position -509, the C/C genotype at position 869 (pro/pro, codon 10) or the G/C genotype at position 915 (arg/pro, codon 25) were significantly associated with the development of a decline in erectile function compared with those who did not have these genotypes: 56% (9 of 16) vs. 24% (11 of 45) (p = 0.02). In addition, patients with the -509 T/T genotype had a significantly increased risk of developing late rectal bleeding compared with those who had either the C/T or C/C genotype at this position: 55% (6 of 11) vs. 26% (34 of 130) (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Possession of certain TGFB1 genotypes is associated with the development of both erectile dysfunction and late rectal bleeding in patients treated with radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Therefore, identification of patients harboring these genotypes may represent a means to predict which men are most likely to suffer from poor quality-of-life outcomes after radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Peters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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56
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Brenner
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Sandra Russo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Rainer K. Sachs
- Departments of Mathematics and Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Kleiman NJ, David J, Elliston CD, Hopkins KM, Smilenov LB, Brenner DJ, Worgul BV, Hall EJ, Lieberman HB. Mrad9 and Atm Haploinsufficiency Enhance Spontaneous and X-Ray-Induced Cataractogenesis in Mice. Radiat Res 2007; 168:567-73. [PMID: 17973559 DOI: 10.1667/rr1122.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Kleiman
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Rødningen OK, Børresen-Dale AL, Alsner J, Hastie T, Overgaard J. Radiation-induced gene expression in human subcutaneous fibroblasts is predictive of radiation-induced fibrosis. Radiother Oncol 2007; 86:314-20. [PMID: 17963910 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Breast cancer patients show a large variation in normal tissue reactions after ionizing radiation (IR) therapy. One of the most common long-term adverse effects of ionizing radiotherapy is radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF), and several attempts have been made over the last years to develop predictive assays for RIF. Our aim was to identify basal and radiation-induced transcriptional profiles in fibroblasts from breast cancer patients that might be related to the individual risk of RIF in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fibroblast cell lines from 31 individuals with variable risk of RIF (grouped into five classes from low to high risk) were irradiated with two different schemes: 1 x 3.5 Gy with RNA isolated 2 and 24h after irradiation, and a fractionated scheme with 3 x 3.5 Gy in intervals of 24h with RNA isolated 2h after the last dose. RNA was also isolated from non-treated fibroblasts. Transcriptional differences in basal and radiation-induced gene expression profiles were investigated using 15K cDNA microarrays, and results analyzed by both SAM and PAM. RESULTS Sixty differentially expressed genes were identified by applying SAM on 10 patients with the highest risk of RIF and the four patients with the lowest risk of RIF after the fractionated scheme. The genes were associated with known functions in processes like apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodelling/cell adhesion, proliferation and ROS scavenging. A minimum set of 18 genes were identified that could differentiate high risk from low risk-patients after the fractionated scheme. CONCLUSIONS The classifier of 18 genes may provide basis for a predictive assay for normal tissue reactions after radiotherapy, and provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaug Kristin Rødningen
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Centre, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
Combined chemoradiotherapy is increasingly becoming a standard of care for the nonoperative management of a variety of solid malignancies. A string of randomized controlled phase III trials have shown statistically significant and clinically relevant improvements in outcome, ostensibly without any apparent increase in late toxicity. However, the reliability and the sensitivity of toxicity reporting in most trials are questionable. Audits and phase IV studies suggest that the chemoradiotherapy success comes at a price in terms of late toxicity. This review presents some of the challenges in recording, analyzing, and reporting toxicity data. Methods for summarizing toxicity are reviewed, and a new investigational metric, the TAME reporting system, is discussed. The need for special vigilance in the era of molecular-targeted agents is emphasized because of the possibility that unexpected serious adverse events with a low incidence may occur. Finally, we discuss how progress in molecular pathology and radiation biology may provide novel opportunities for stratifying patients according to risk of adverse effects, interventional targets for reducing or treating adverse effects, and surrogate markers of normal-tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren M Bentzen
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Oncology, Madison, WI, USA
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Iwata M, Iwakawa M, Noda S, Ohta T, Minfu Y, Kimura T, Shibuya H, Imai T. Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms and jejunal crypt cell apoptosis after whole body irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2007; 83:181-6. [PMID: 17378526 DOI: 10.1080/09553000601146923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify loci concerned with radiosensitivity in a mouse model using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We subjected 276 second filial generation (F2) mice descended from two inbred mouse strains, radiation-induced apoptosis sensitive C57BL/6JNrs (B6) and radiation-induced apoptosis resistant C3H/HeNrs (C3H), to 2.5 Gy whole-body irradiation. We quantified jejunal crypt apoptosis, performed a genome-wide survey, and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with radiation sensitivity. We expressed apoptosis levels as an apoptotic score (AS), which was equal to the number of apoptotic bodies divided by the number of crypts. We genotyped the mice for 109 SNP markers. RESULTS AS values were 97.7+/-32.9 in B6 mice and 49.0+/-24.9 in C3H mice (p < 0.01). Genome-wide analysis revealed 8 markers (2 on chromosome 9, 4 on 15, 1 on 17, and 1 on 18) affecting radiation-induced jejunal apoptosis with log odds (LOD) scores ranging from 2.11+/-3.91. We found a significant locus on chromosome 15, which was previously reported by Weil and colleagues. CONCLUSION These findings support the view that the radiosensitivity of clinically normal tissue depends on variations in several genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Iwata
- Radgenomics Project, Frontier Research Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan
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61
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Alsner J, Rødningen OK, Overgaard J. Differential gene expression before and after ionizing radiation of subcutaneous fibroblasts identifies breast cancer patients resistant to radiation-induced fibrosis. Radiother Oncol 2007; 83:261-6. [PMID: 17512072 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differentially gene expression between patients with either very low or very high risk of radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) in patient-derived fibroblasts after irradiation has previously been reported. In the present study, we are investigating the robustness of radiation-induced changes in gene expression in fibroblasts, whether differential expression is more pronounced when looking at the fold induction levels, taking into account the differences in background expression levels between patients, and whether there is a linear correlation between individual risk of RIF and changes in radiation-induced gene expression in fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gene expression was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR before and after a fractionated scheme with 3x3.5Gy/3 days in fibroblasts derived from 26 patients with breast cancer treated with post-mastectomy radiotherapy. RESULTS Robust radiation-induced changes in gene expression were observed, with differential gene expression between low and high risk patients being most pronounced for the fold induction level ('after' value divided by 'before' value for each patient). When including patients with intermediate risk, there was no linear correlation between individual risk of RIF and differential expression of the genes investigated. Rather, differential gene expression could divide patients into two clearly separated groups, a larger, sensitive group and a smaller resistant group. CONCLUSIONS Differential gene expression in irradiated fibroblasts might be an important tool in the identification of differences in the genetic background between patients with variable risk of RIF, and in the identification of new targets for prevention and intervention of the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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Kruse JJCM, Stewart FA. Gene expression arrays as a tool to unravel mechanisms of normal tissue radiation injury and prediction of response. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:2669-74. [PMID: 17569134 PMCID: PMC4147114 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i19.2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 5 years there has been a rapid increase in the use of microarray technology in the field of cancer research. The majority of studies use microarray analysis of tumor biopsies for profiling of molecular characteristics in an attempt to produce robust classifiers for prognosis. There are now several published gene sets that have been shown to predict for aggressive forms of breast cancer, where patients are most likely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy and tumors most likely to develop distant metastases, or be resistant to treatment. The number of publications relating to the use of microarrays for analysis of normal tissue damage, after cancer treatment or genotoxic exposure, is much more limited. A PubMed literature search was conducted using the following keywords and combination of terms: radiation, normal tissue, microarray, gene expression profiling, prediction. With respect to normal tissue radiation injury, microarrays have been used in three ways: (1) to generate gene signatures to identify sensitive and resistant populations (prognosis); (2) to identify sets of biomarker genes for estimating radiation exposure, either accidental or as a result of terrorist attack (diagnosis); (3) to identify genes and pathways involved in tissue response to injury (mechanistic). In this article we will review all (relevant) papers that covered our literature search criteria on microarray technology as it has been applied to normal tissue radiation biology and discuss how successful this has been in defining predisposition markers for radiation sensitivity or how it has helped us to unravel molecular mechanisms leading to acute and late tissue toxicity. We also discuss some of the problems and limitations in application and interpretation of such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline J C M Kruse
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Therapy (H6), Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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63
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Borgmann K, Haeberle D, Doerk T, Busjahn A, Stephan G, Dikomey E. Genetic determination of chromosomal radiosensitivities in G0- and G2-phase human lymphocytes. Radiother Oncol 2007; 83:196-202. [PMID: 17499867 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The radiosensitivity of human lymphocytes measured using a G0- or G2-assay has been linked with an individual's risk of developing normal tissue complications following radiotherapy. This study was performed to increase basic knowledge of the genetics of the human radiation response, and chromosomal aberration induction in particular. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out with blood samples taken from 15 monozygotic twin pairs. G0-assay was performed for cells irradiated with 6 Gy counting only deletions and G2-assay for cells irradiated with 0.5 Gy scoring only chromatid breaks. RESULTS The mean number of deletions measured at 6 Gy for all 30 samples using the G0-assay amounted to 2.96+/-0.37 (means+/-SD), which corresponds to a coefficient of variation (CV) of 13%. There is a highly significant intra-pair correlation for this number among twins (r(2)=0.911) demonstrating that this parameter is mostly determined by genetic factors. According to the mean number of deletions, a theoretical classification based on the definition < or = MV-SD as resistant, MV+/-SD as normal and > or = MV+SD as sensitive was made, identifying two pairs as sensitive or resistant, respectively, while nine were normal and two pairs are intermediate. For chromatid breaks measured at 0.5 Gy with the G2-assay the mean number was 1.35+/-0.42 (means+/-SD) corresponding to a CV of 31%. There was again a strong intra-pair correlation among twins with r(2)=0.837 showing that this sensitivity is also determined mostly by genetic factors. There was, however, no inter-assay correlation between the G0- and G2-sensitivity (r(2)=0.006) demonstrating that these two sensitivities depend on different genetic factors. CONCLUSION The chromosomal radiosensitivity of lymphocytes as defined by G0- or G2-assay is largely determined by different genetic factors, which may allow the use of genetic profiling as an indicator of the respective individual radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Experimental Radiooncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Alsbeih G, El-Sebaie M, Al-Harbi N, Al-Buhairi M, Al-Hadyan K, Al-Rajhi N. Radiosensitivity of Human Fibroblasts is Associated With Amino Acid Substitution Variants in Susceptible Genes And Correlates With The Number of Risk Alleles. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 68:229-35. [PMID: 17331670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic predictive markers of radiosensitivity are being sought for stratifying radiotherapy for cancer patients and risk assessment of radiation exposure. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms in susceptible genes are associated with, and the number of risk alleles has incremental effect on, individual radiosensitivity. METHODS AND MATERIALS Six amino acid substitution variants (ATM 1853 Asp/Asn G>A, p53 72 Arg/Pro G>C, p21 31 Ser/Arg C>A, XRCC1 399 Arg/Gln G>A, XRCC3 241 Thr/Met C>T, and TGFbeta1 10 Leu/Pro T>C) were genotyped by direct sequencing in 54 fibroblast strains of different radiosensitivity. RESULTS The clonogenic survival fraction at 2 Gy range was 0.15-0.50 (mean, 0.34, standard deviation, 0.08). The mean survival fraction at 2 Gy divided the cell strains into radiosensitive (26 cases) and normal (28 controls). A significant association was observed between the survival fraction at 2 Gy and ATM 1853 Asn, XRCC3 241 Met, and TGFbeta1 10 Leu alleles (p = 0.05, p = 0.02, and p = 0.02, respectively). The p53 72 Arg allele showed a borderline association (p = 0.07). The number of risk alleles increased with increasing radiosensitivity, and the group comparison showed a statistically significant difference between the radiosensitive and control groups (p < or = 0.001). CONCLUSION The results of our study have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms in susceptible genes influence cellular radiation response and that the number of risk alleles has a combined effect on radiosensitivity. Individuals with multiple risk alleles could be more susceptible to radiation effects than those with fewer risk alleles. These results may have implications in predicting normal tissue reactions to radiotherapy and risk assessment of radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazi Alsbeih
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Physics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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65
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Michikawa Y, Fujimoto K, Kinoshita K, Kawai S, Sugahara K, Suga T, Otsuka Y, Fujiwara K, Iwakawa M, Imai T. Reliable and fast allele-specific extension of 3'-LNA modified oligonucleotides covalently immobilized on a plastic base, combined with biotin-dUTP mediated optical detection. ANAL SCI 2007; 22:1537-45. [PMID: 17159312 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.22.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a convenient microarray SNP typing system has been developed using a plastic base that covalently immobilizes amino-modified oligonucleotides. Reliable SNP allele discrimination was achieved by using allelic specificity-enhanced enzymatic extension of immobilized oligonucleotide primer, with a locked nucleic acid (LNA) modification at the SNP-discriminating 3'-end nucleotide. Incorporation of multiple biotin-dUTP molecules during primer extension, followed by binding of alkaline phosphatase-conjugated streptavidin, allowed optical detection of the genotyping results through precipitation of colored alkaline phosphatase substrates onto the surface of the plastic base. Notably, rapid primer extension was demonstrated without a preliminary annealing step of double-stranded template DNA, allowing overall processes to be performed within a couple of hours. Simultaneous evaluation of three SNPs in the genes TGFB1, SOD2 and APEX1, previously investigated for association with radiation sensitivity, in 25 individuals has shown perfect assignment with data obtained by another established technique (MassARRAY system).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Michikawa
- RadGenomics Project, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
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66
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Burnet NG, Elliott RM, Dunning A, West CML. Radiosensitivity, radiogenomics and RAPPER. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2006; 18:525-8. [PMID: 16969982 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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67
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Andreassen CN, Alsner J, Overgaard M, Sørensen FB, Overgaard J. Risk of radiation-induced subcutaneous fibrosis in relation to single nucleotide polymorphisms in TGFB1, SOD2, XRCC1, XRCC3, APEX and ATM--a study based on DNA from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue samples. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82:577-86. [PMID: 16966185 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600876637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In two previously published studies, associations with risk of radiation-induced subcutaneous fibrosis were found for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in TGFB1 (transforming growth factor beta 1 gene), XRCC1 (X-ray repair cross-complementing 1 gene), XRCC3 (X-ray repair cross-complementing 3 gene), SOD2 (manganese superoxide dismutase gene) and ATM (gene of ataxia telangiectasia mutated). The present study was conducted to seek a confirmation of these findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Like the 41 patients previously investigated, the 120 subjects included in the present study were accrued from a historical cohort of 319 post-mastectomy radiotherapy patients. All patients received hypo-fractionated radiotherapy. The TGFB1 position--509, codons 10 and 25, XRCC1 codons 194, 280 and 399, XRCC3 codon 241, SOD2 codon 16, ATM codon 1853 and APEX (apurinic/apyrimidinic exonuclease gene) codon 148 polymorphisms were assessed based on archival histological material. Differences in fibrosis risk were quantified from dose-response assessments. RESULTS For none of the investigated polymorphisms, significant associations with risk of subcutaneous fibrosis were observed. A detailed analysis did not reveal any obvious explanation for the discrepancy between the previous and the present study. CONCLUSION The previously observed associations with risk of radiation-induced subcutaneous fibrosis could not be replicated in the present study. Further studies are needed to elucidate the influence of genetic variation upon normal tissue radiosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Andreassen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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68
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Cornetta T, Festa F, Testa A, Cozzi R. DNA damage repair and genetic polymorphisms: Assessment of individual sensitivity and repair capacity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:537-45. [PMID: 16965996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/14/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the repair capacity after X-ray irradiation in human peripheral blood cells of healthy subjects, in relation to their genotypes. METHODS AND MATERIALS The peripheral blood of 50 healthy subjects was irradiated in vitro with 2 Gy of X rays and the induced DNA damage was measured by Comet assay immediately after irradiation. DNA repair was detected by analyzing the cells at defined time intervals after the exposure. Furthermore, all subjects were genotyped for XRCC1, OGG1, and XPC genes. RESULTS After X-ray irradiation, persons bearing XRCC1 homozygous variant (codon 399) genotype exhibited significantly lower Tail DNA values than those bearing wild-type and heterozygous genotypes. These results are also confirmed at 30 and 60 min after irradiation. Furthermore, XPC heterozygous subjects (variant codon 939) showed lower residual DNA damage 60 min after irradiation compared with wild-type and homozygous genotypes. CONCLUSION The results of the present study show that polymorphisms in DNA repair genes could influence individual DNA repair capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Cornetta
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi Roma TRE, Rome, Italy
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Bentzen SM. Preventing or reducing late side effects of radiation therapy: radiobiology meets molecular pathology. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6:702-13. [PMID: 16929324 DOI: 10.1038/nrc1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 674] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy has curative or palliative potential in roughly half of all incident solid tumours, and offers organ and function preservation in most cases. Unfortunately, early and late toxicity limits the deliverable intensity of radiotherapy, and might affect the long-term health-related quality of life of the patient. Recent progress in molecular pathology and normal-tissue radiobiology has improved the mechanistic understanding of late normal-tissue effects and shifted the focus from initial-damage induction to damage recognition and tissue remodelling. This stimulates research into new pharmacological strategies for preventing or reducing the side effects of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren M Bentzen
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Human Oncology, K4/316 Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA.
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Ho AY, Atencio DP, Peters S, Stock RG, Formenti SC, Cesaretti JA, Green S, Haffty B, Drumea K, Leitzin L, Kuten A, Azria D, Ozsahin M, Overgaard J, Andreassen CN, Trop CS, Park J, Rosenstein BS. Genetic predictors of adverse radiotherapy effects: the Gene-PARE project. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 65:646-55. [PMID: 16751059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Revised: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of adverse effects resulting from the radiotherapy of cancer limits the use of this treatment modality. The validation of a test capable of predicting which patients would be most likely to develop adverse responses to radiation treatment, based on the possession of specific genetic variants, would therefore be of value. The purpose of the Genetic Predictors of Adverse Radiotherapy Effects (Gene-PARE) project is to help achieve this goal. METHODS AND MATERIALS A continuously expanding biorepository has been created consisting of frozen lymphocytes and DNA isolated from patients treated with radiotherapy. In conjunction with this biorepository, a database is maintained with detailed clinical information pertaining to diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. The DNA samples are screened using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and the Surveyor nuclease assay for variants in ATM, TGFB1, XRCC1, XRCC3, SOD2, and hHR21. It is anticipated that additional genes that control the biologic response to radiation will be screened in future work. RESULTS Evidence has been obtained that possession of variants in genes, the products of which play a role in radiation response, is predictive for the development of adverse effects after radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS It is anticipated that the Gene-PARE project will yield information that will allow radiation oncologists to use genetic data to optimize treatment on an individual basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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