51
|
Kumar S, Karan R, Kapoor S, S P S, S K K. Screening and isolation of halophilic bacteria producing industrially important enzymes. Braz J Microbiol 2012; 43:1595-603. [PMID: 24031991 PMCID: PMC3769037 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220120004000044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophiles are excellent sources of enzymes that are not only salt stable but also can withstand and carry out reactions efficiently under extreme conditions. The aim of the study was to isolate and study the diversity among halophilic bacteria producing enzymes of industrial value. Screening of halophiles from various saline habitats of India led to isolation of 108 halophilic bacteria producing industrially important hydrolases (amylases, lipases and proteases). Characterization of 21 potential isolates by morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis found them related to Marinobacter, Virgibacillus, Halobacillus, Geomicrobium, Chromohalobacter, Oceanobacillus, Bacillus, Halomonas and Staphylococcus genera. They belonged to moderately halophilic group of bacteria exhibiting salt requirement in the range of 3–20%. There is significant diversity among halophiles from saline habitats of India. Preliminary characterization of crude hydrolases established them to be active and stable under more than one extreme condition of high salt, pH, temperature and presence of organic solvents. It is concluded that these halophilic isolates are not only diverse in phylogeny but also in their enzyme characteristics. Their enzymes may be potentially useful for catalysis under harsh operational conditions encountered in industrial processes. The solvent stability among halophilic enzymes seems a generic novel feature making them potentially useful in non-aqueous enzymology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology , Delhi, New Delhi , India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Kuo CH, Chen GJ, Twu YK, Liu YC, Shieh CJ. Optimum Lipase Immobilized on Diamine-Grafted PVDF Membrane and Its Characterization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie300011q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yawo-Kuo Twu
- Department of
Bioindustry Technology, Da-Yeh University, 168 University Road, Chang-Hwa,
515, Taiwan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Karan R, Capes MD, DasSarma S. Function and biotechnology of extremophilic enzymes in low water activity. AQUATIC BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:4. [PMID: 22480329 PMCID: PMC3310334 DOI: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms usually catalyze chemical reactions in non-standard conditions. Such conditions promote aggregation, precipitation, and denaturation, reducing the activity of most non-extremophilic enzymes, frequently due to the absence of sufficient hydration. Some extremophilic enzymes maintain a tight hydration shell and remain active in solution even when liquid water is limiting, e.g. in the presence of high ionic concentrations, or at cold temperature when water is close to the freezing point. Extremophilic enzymes are able to compete for hydration via alterations especially to their surface through greater surface charges and increased molecular motion. These properties have enabled some extremophilic enzymes to function in the presence of non-aqueous organic solvents, with potential for design of useful catalysts. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of extremophilic enzymes functioning in high salinity and cold temperatures, focusing on their strategy for function at low water activity. We discuss how the understanding of extremophilic enzyme function is leading to the design of a new generation of enzyme catalysts and their applications to biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Karan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University System of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melinda D Capes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University System of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiladitya DasSarma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University System of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kim S, Bae SY, Lee BY, Kim TD. Coaggregation of amyloid fibrils for the preparation of stable and immobilized enzymes. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:776-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
55
|
Lousa D, Baptista AM, Soares CM. Analyzing the molecular basis of enzyme stability in ethanol/water mixtures using molecular dynamics simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:465-73. [PMID: 22243049 DOI: 10.1021/ci200455z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the drawbacks of nonaqueous enzymology is the fact that enzymes tend to be less stable in organic solvents than in water. There are, however, some enzymes that display very high stabilities in nonaqueous media. In order to take full advantage of the use of nonaqueous solvents in enzyme catalysis, it is essential to elucidate the molecular basis of enzyme stability in these media. Toward this end, we performed μs-long molecular dynamics simulations using two homologous proteases, pseudolysin, and thermolysin, which are known to have considerably different stabilities in solutions containing ethanol. The analysis of the simulations indicates that pseudolysin is more stable than thermolysin in ethanol/water mixtures and that the disulfide bridge between C30 and C58 is important for the stability of the former enzyme, which is consistent with previous experimental observations. Our results indicate that thermolysin has a higher tendency to interact with ethanol molecules (especially through van der Waals contacts) than pseudolysin, which can lead to the disruption of intraprotein hydrophobic interactions and ultimately result in protein unfolding. In the absence of the C30-C58 disulfide bridge, pseudolysin undergoes larger conformational changes, becoming more open and more permeable to ethanol molecules which accumulate in its interior and form hydrophobic interactions with the enzyme, destroying its structure. Our observations are not only in good agreement with several previous experimental findings on the stability of the enzymes studied in ethanol/water mixtures but also give an insight on the molecular determinants of this stability. Our findings may, therefore, be useful in the rational development of enzymes with increased stability in these media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Lousa
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Suflita JM, Aktas DF, Oldham AL, Perez-Ibarra BM, Duncan K. Molecular tools to track bacteria responsible for fuel deterioration and microbiologically influenced corrosion. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:1003-1010. [PMID: 22978494 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.723695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the susceptibility of various fuels to anaerobic biodegradation has become complicated with the recognition that the fuels themselves are not sterile. Bacterial DNA could be obtained when various fuels were filtered through a hydrophobic teflon (0.22 μm) membrane filter. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes from these preparations were PCR amplified, cloned, and the resulting libraries sequenced to identify the fuel-borne bacterial communities. The most common sequence, found in algal- and camelina-based biofuels as well as in ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and F76 diesel, was similar to that of a Tumebacillus. The next most common sequence was similar to Methylobacterium and was found in the biofuels and ULSD. Higher level phylogenetic groups included representatives of the Firmicutes (Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus), several Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Alphaproteobacteria (Methylobacterium and Sphingomonadales), Betaproteobacteria (Oxalobacteraceae and Burkholderiales) and Deltaproteobacteria. All of the fuel-associated bacterial sequences, except those obtained from a few facultative microorganisms, were from aerobes and only remotely affiliated with sequences that resulted from anaerobic successional events evident when ULSD was incubated with a coastal seawater and sediment inoculum. Thus, both traditional and alternate fuel formulations harbor a characteristic microflora, but these microorganisms contributed little to the successional patterns that ultimately resulted in fuel decomposition, sulfide formation and metal biocorrosion. The findings illustrate the value of molecular approaches to track the fate of bacteria that might come in contact with fuels and potentially contribute to corrosion problems throughout the energy value chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Suflita
- The Biocorrosion Center, Institute for Energy and the Environment, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Sivaramakrishnan R, Muthukumar K. Isolation of Thermo-stable and Solvent-Tolerant Bacillus sp. Lipase for the Production of Biodiesel. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:1095-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9497-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
58
|
Torres S, Pandey A, Castro GR. Organic solvent adaptation of Gram positive bacteria: Applications and biotechnological potentials. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:442-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
59
|
Hwang H, Kim S, Park S, Ngo TD, Kim KK, Kim TD. Crystallization and diffraction analysis of Sm23: an SGNH-family arylesterase from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:572-4. [PMID: 21543864 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111007706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Industrial demand for active biocatalysts with desirable biochemical properties is constantly increasing and the discovery and characterization of novel esterases is potentially useful for industrial processes. Here, X-ray crystallographic studies of an (R)-specific SGNH arylesterase (Sm23) from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021 are reported. The recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli with a His tag and purified to homogeneity. Sm23 was crystallized using 0.2 M magnesium formate as a precipitant and X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 2.2 Å with an R(merge) of 6.9%. The crystals of SM23 belonged to the I-centred tetragonal space group I4(1)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 126.6, c = 190.9 Å. A molecular-replacement solution was obtained using the crystal structure of arylesterase from Mycobacterium smegmatis as a template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heejin Hwang
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Programs, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Escherichia coli BioH: a highly enantioselective and organic solvent tolerant esterase for kinetic resolution of sec-alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
61
|
Cruz JC, Pfromm PH, Tomich JM, Rezac ME. Conformational changes and catalytic competency of hydrolases adsorbing on fumed silica nanoparticles: II. Secondary structure. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010; 81:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
62
|
A novel organic solvent tolerant protease from a newly isolated Geomicrobium sp. EMB2 (MTCC 10310): production optimization by response surface methodology. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:136-45. [PMID: 20970529 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-eight haloalkaliphilic bacterial strains were isolated from Sambhar Salt Lake, India and screened for their ability to secrete haloalkaliphilic proteases. Among them, a moderately halophilic, mesophilic and alkaliphilic potent strain Geomicrobium sp. EMB2 produced an extracellular protease, which was remarkably stable in organic solvents, salt, surfactants, detergents and alkaline pH. Statistically based experimental designs were applied to study the interactions and optimization of medium constituents for efficient protease production by Geomicrobium sp. EMB2. An overall 20-fold increase in protease production was achieved in the optimized medium (721 U/ml) as compared with the unoptimized medium (37 U/ml). The high production level coupled with novel properties makes it a prospective industrial enzyme. The Geomicrobium sp. EMB2 isolate is deposited in Microbial Type Culture Collection, Chandigarh, India with accession number MTCC 10310.
Collapse
|
63
|
Expression of an organic solvent stable lipase from Staphylococcus epidermidis AT2. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:3195-208. [PMID: 20957088 PMCID: PMC2956089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11093195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An organic solvent tolerant lipase gene from Staphylococcus epidermidis AT2 was successfully cloned and expressed with pTrcHis2 in E. coli TOP10. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame (ORF) of 1,933 bp in length which coded for a polypeptide of 643 amino acid residues. The polypeptide comprised of a signal peptide (37 amino acids), pro-peptide and a mature protein of 390 amino acids. Expression of AT2 lipase resulted in an 18-fold increase in activity, upon the induction of 0.6 mM IPTG after a 10 h incubation period. Interestingly, this lipase was stable in various organic solvents (25% (v/v), mainly toluene, octanol, p-xylene and n-hexane). Literature shows that most of the organic solvent stable bacterial lipases were produced by Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp., but very few from Staphylococcus sp. This lipase demonstrates great potential to be employed in various industrial applications.
Collapse
|
64
|
Karan R, Khare SK. Purification and characterization of a solvent-stable protease from Geomicrobium sp. EMB2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1061-1072. [PMID: 20718288 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003674556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A moderately haloalkaliphilic bacterium, Geomicrobium sp. EMB2, was isolated from the Sambhar Salt Lake located in the western part of India. It secreted an alkaline protease, which was stable and active in the presence of a wide range of organic solvents. The protease was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow matrix, and a 22.6-fold purification with 51.2% recovery was attained. The apparent molecular mass was estimated to be 38 kDa. The enzyme was stable in the pH range 6.0-12.0, the optimum being 10.0. The Km and Vmax towards casein were found to be 0.10 mM and 526 U/min, respectively. The protease was most active at 50 degrees C. It appeared to be serine type, owing to its sensitivity to phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF). It withstood a range of detergents and surfactants, and exhibited remarkable stability in the presence of solvents having a log P >2. The presence of NaCl or osmolytes exerted a protective effect and further enhanced the stability of the enzyme. These properties make this novel protease potentially useful for catalysis in non-aqueous medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ram Karan
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Gaur R, Grover T, Sharma R, Kapoor S, Khare SK. Purification and characterization of a solvent stable aminopeptidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Cloning and analysis of aminopeptidase gene conferring solvent stability. Process Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
66
|
Uttatree S, Winayanuwattikun P, Charoenpanich J. Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Thermophilic-Organic Solvent Stable Lipase From Acinetobacter baylyi. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2010; 162:1362-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-010-8928-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
67
|
Gaur R, Khare S. Cellular response mechanisms inPseudomonas aeruginosaPseA during growth in organic solvents. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:372-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|