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Thomas BJ, Cimino A, Meglich P. Workplace Hazing: Toward an Organizational Science of a Cryptic Group Practice. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601121992893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to establish a foundation for studying and managing new employee hazing in workgroups. Available empirical evidence indicates 25–75% of American employees encounter workplace hazing, but very little empirical research exists on this phenomenon. Workers are changing jobs more frequently than ever, which increases the cumulative impact and importance of new employee experiences, including hazing, a complex group-based phenomenon. Because hazing is a relatively universal social practice without a strongly established literature in the organizational sciences, we draw from multiple disciplines in reviewing and modeling the practice. The current research offers three major contributions: (a) a relatively exhaustive review of relevant empirical and theoretical work on hazing, (b) an initial, testable model for understanding workplace hazing as a multi-level phenomenon, including individual and group-level antecedents and outcomes, and (c) an outline of the need and support for considering both the dysfunctional and functional consequences of hazing, given the variety of forms it takes and reactions it evokes. Finally, we present actionable guidance for researchers seeking to study workplace hazing and discuss the organizational implications of our work for practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Cimino
- University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Undergraduate nursing student academic resilience during medical surgical clinical practicum: A constructivist analysis of Taiwanese experience. J Prof Nurs 2021; 37:521-528. [PMID: 34016309 DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nursing students often experience a reality shock in the course of their practicums that can significantly impact their studies. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the academic resilience of undergraduate nursing students during their Adulting Nursing practicums and identify protective factors to mitigate their impact. METHODS The constructivist grounded theory approach enabled us to explore nursing students' academic resilience in their practicums. Purposive and theoretical sampling was used to recruit 19 participants. Individual in-depth interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. The constant comparative method directed theoretical sampling. The criteria of credibility, originality, resonance, and usefulness were considered to ensure the quality and trustworthiness of the study. RESULTS The main challenges were related to facilitators, the environment, and application of techniques. Students reported feelings of 'walking on thin ice' and doubts about their decision to pursue a nursing career. Academic resilience was identified as the ability to maintain optimism while facing challenges. Participants concluded that overcoming their ignorance through practical learning was an important outcome of the process of developing academic resilience. CONCLUSION The findings highlight the need for facilitators to re-examine their teaching strategies and provide supplementary support to help students to improve their academic resilience.
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Raper MJ, Brough P. Seeing into the future: The role of future-oriented coping and daily stress appraisal in relation to a future stressor. Stress Health 2021; 37:186-197. [PMID: 32946677 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has identified the value of distinguishing between employee's appraisals of their work-based challenge, hindrance, and threat job demands, and of how employee's future-oriented coping is associated with key occupational outcomes. The current study extends this research by assessing the extent to which employee's proactive and preventive coping techniques each directly and indirectly predicted challenge, hindrance and threat appraisals. Utilizing a daily diary design, 89 undergraduate students completed five daily surveys focused on a common future stressor. Results suggested daily appraisals do not change as much as expected, with only challenge appraisals reducing across the 5-day period. However, both proactive and preventive coping moderated daily stress appraisals, such that when proactive coping was high, challenge appraisals increased and hindrance appraisals decreased. Similarly, preventive coping appeared to reduce both hindrance and threat appraisals. Theoretical and practical implications of the multi-level and dynamic nature of appraisals and future-oriented coping are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Raper
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paula Brough
- School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
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Perceived Stress in Relation to Quality of Life and Resilience in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020536. [PMID: 33440671 PMCID: PMC7826655 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Patients with chronic kidney disease undergo various stages of therapeutic adaptation which involve lifestyle modifications, physical changes, and adjustment to renal replacement therapy. This process produces adaptive stress. Objective: To identify how resilience, health- related quality of life, and sociodemographic, clinical, and hemodialysis routine-related variables are related to perceived stress in patients with chronic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis for more than six months. Methods: This was a multicenter and cross-sectional study involving 144 patients from the Valencian Community (Spain). The assessment scales used for the study were the Perceived Stress Scale 10, the Kidney Disease Quality of Life 36, and the Connors–Davidson Resilience Scale. To identify variables with predictive power over Perceived Stress Scale 10 scores, multiple regression analyses were performed. Results: Employment status (p = 0.003), resilience (p < 0.001), and quality of life (p < 0.001) were shown to be significantly related to perceived stress. The regression models determined that health-related quality of life and resilience explained up to 27.1% of the variance of total PSS10 scores. Conclusions: Resilience was identified as one of the most important predictors of Perceived Stress Scale 10 scores. Thus, the development of interventions to promote resilience may have a positive impact on perceived stress in patients with chronic kidney disease.
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Kuntz JC. Resilience in times of global pandemic: Steering recovery and thriving trajectories. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2020; 70:188-215. [PMID: 33362330 PMCID: PMC7753818 DOI: 10.1111/apps.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joana C Kuntz
- School of Psychology, Speech and Hearing University of Canterbury PB 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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Kunzelmann A, Rigotti T. How time pressure is associated with both work engagement and emotional exhaustion: The moderating effects of resilient capabilities at work. GERMAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PERSONALFORSCHUNG 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2397002220952741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Resilience in the organizational context is a fruitful concept for understanding employees’ success in dealing with workplace adversity. Through a diary study, we have examined the interaction effects of time pressure and different work-related capabilities of resilience (i.e. emotional coping, comprehensive planning, positive reframing, and focused action) on emotional exhaustion and work engagement of employees. A sample of 79 employees (54.4% male) responded to two daily surveys (after work and before bedtime) for a period of five consecutive workdays. Results show that time pressure had a positive association with emotional exhaustion. Further, time pressure showed a positive association with work engagement, but only when considering additional personal resources. Positive reframing was positively related to work engagement on the day-level but did not moderate the link between time pressure and the outcomes. Emotional coping as well as focused action decreased sensitivity to time pressure. The results underpin the impact of different work-related capabilities of resilience and provide novel theoretical and practical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Johannes-Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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Cropley B, Baldock L, Hanton S, Gucciardi DF, McKay A, Neil R, Williams T. A Multi-Study Exploration of Factors That Optimize Hardiness in Sport Coaches and the Role of Reflective Practice in Facilitating Hardy Attitudes. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1823. [PMID: 32903676 PMCID: PMC7438814 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hardiness has been identified as a key personal characteristic that may moderate the ill-effects of stress on health and performance. However, little is known about how hardiness might be developed, particularly in sport coaches. To systematically address this gap, we present two linked studies. First, interviews were conducted with pre-determined high-hardy, elite coaches (n = 13) to explore how they had developed their hardy dispositions through the associated attitudinal sub-components of control, commitment, and challenge. Utilizing thematic analysis, we identified that hardiness was developed through experiential learning, external support, and the use of specific coping mechanisms. Key to all of these themes was the concept of reflective practice, which was thought to facilitate more meaningful learning from the participants' experiences and, subsequently, enhance the self-awareness and insight required to augment hardiness and its sub-components. To investigate further the potential relationship between coaches' reflective practices and their level of hardiness, we conducted a follow-up study. Specifically, a sample of 402 sports coaches completed the Dispositional Resilience Scale-15, the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, and the Questionnaire for Reflective Thinking. Using latent profile analysis (LPA), we clustered participants into groups based on their reflective profiles (e.g., type of engagement, level of reflective thinking). We then examined differences in hardiness between the five latent sub-groups using multinomial regression. Findings revealed that the sub-group of highly engaged, intentionally critical reflective thinkers reported significantly higher levels of all three hardiness sub-components than all other sub-groups; these effect sizes were typically moderate-to-large in magnitude (standardized mean differences = -1.50 to -0.10). Conversely, the profile of highly disengaged, non-reflective, habitual actors reported the lowest level of all three dimensions. Collectively, our findings offer novel insights into the potential factors that may influence a coaches' level of hardiness. We provide particular support for the importance of reflective practice as a meta-cognitive strategy that helps coaches to develop hardy dispositions through augmenting its attitudinal sub-components. Consequently, our research makes a significant contribution by providing a comprehensive insight into how we might better train and support coaches to demonstrate the adaptive qualities required to thrive in demanding situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Cropley
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Baldock
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Sheldon Hanton
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alan McKay
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
| | - Rich Neil
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Williams
- School of Health, Sport and Professional Practice, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, United Kingdom
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Crane MF, Kho M, Kangas M, Griffin B, Karin E, Earl JK, Harris CB. Strengthening resilience in over 50’s: a nested clustered-randomized controlled trial of adaptive systematic self-reflection. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:623-641. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1768375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Madison Kho
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Barbara Griffin
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- eCentre Clinic, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Joanne K. Earl
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Celia B. Harris
- Department of Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Crane MF, Kangas M, Karin E, Searle B, Chen D. Leveraging the experience of stressors: the role of adaptive systematic self-reflection. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2020; 33:231-247. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1732359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Maria Kangas
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional HealthMacquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Eyal Karin
- Department of Psychology, eCentre Clinic, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Ben Searle
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
| | - Diana Chen
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia
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Penagos-Corzo JC, Tolamatl CR, Espinosa A, Lorenzo Ruiz A, Pintado S. Psychometric Properties of the PTGI and Resilience in Earthquake Survivors in Mexico. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15325024.2019.1692512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - César R. Tolamatl
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alhelí Espinosa
- Department of Education, Universidad Popular Autónoma Del Estado de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Sheila Pintado
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de Las Américas Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
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Crane MF, Rapport F, Callen J, Boga D, Gucciardi DF, Sinclair L. Military police investigator perspectives of a new self-reflective approach to strengthening resilience: A qualitative study. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2019.1645537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monique F. Crane
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frances Rapport
- Centre for Healthcare Resilience and Implementation Science, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Callen
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Danny Boga
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Directorate of Occupational Psychology, Commonwealth Department of Defence, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel F. Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Laura Sinclair
- Directorate of Strategic and Operational Mental Health, Commonwealth Department of Defence, Canberra, Australia
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Lines RLJ, Crane M, Ducker KJ, Ntoumanis N, Thøgersen-Ntoumani C, Fletcher D, Gucciardi DF. Profiles of adversity and resilience resources: A latent class analysis of two samples. Br J Psychol 2019; 111:174-199. [PMID: 30932182 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adversities refer to events that are characterized by perceived or actual threat to human functioning. Often considered deleterious for health and well-being, recent work supports an alternative picture of the effects of adversity on human functioning, such that a moderate amount of adversity - when compared with none or high levels - can be beneficial. We extend this body of work in the current study by considering the breadth or type of adversities experienced simultaneously (referred to as polyadversity), with a focus on individual profiles of lifetime adversities. Latent class analysis was employed to explore different configurations of lifetime adversity experiences in two independent samples and examine how these latent classes differed with regard to resilience resources (i.e., optimism, hope, self-efficacy, and bounce-back ability). University students (N = 348) and members from the broader community (N = 1,506) completed measures of lifetime adversity exposure and resilience resources. Three polyadversity classes were revealed in each sample, with both producing a high and a low polyadversity class. The third class differed between samples; in the student sample, this class represented experiences of vicarious adversity, whereas in the community sample, it represented moderate levels of exposure to adversity. Support for the adaptive nature of a moderate amount of adversity exposure was found in the community sample but not in the student sample. This study produces initial evidence of how lifetime adversity experiences group together and how class membership is related to resilience resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin L J Lines
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Monique Crane
- School of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kagan J Ducker
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nikos Ntoumanis
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cecilie Thøgersen-Ntoumani
- Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Psychology, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Fletcher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Daniel F Gucciardi
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Physical Activity and Well-Being Lab, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have a higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) which is not fully explained by traditional CVD risk factors such as smoking, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Evidence demonstrates that chronic stress, low subjective status, and lack of social support play important roles in increasing the risk for CVD, particularly in minority women. Increasing evidence demonstrates that resilience may ameliorate the effect of social stressors on the development of CVD. However, little is known about the social context that may influence resilience in AA women. Therefore, the purpose of this exploratory study was to examine the predictors of resilience in AA women at risk for CVD. A cross-sectional sample of AA women (N = 104) participated in the study. Participants completed measures of resilience, subjective social status, social support, and general stress. Findings revealed that participants had low levels of resilience as measured by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (mean = 50.3 ± 11.4) compared to norms. Results of the multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that both subjective social status in relation to others in the USA (p = 0.021) and perceived social support (p < 0.001) predicted greater level of resilience. The model, controlling for age, marital status, income, level of education, and general stress, accounted for a significant proportion of variance (F[8,75] = 6.6, p < .001), explaining 41.7% of the variation in resilience. Results suggest that subjective social status and social support contribute to perceived resilience in AA women. Additional research is needed to assess the association of subjective social status and social support in longitudinal studies.
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