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Xu T, Wang L, Jia P, Song X, Zhao Z. An Integrative Transcriptomic and Methylation Approach for Identifying Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs Associated with DNA Methylation Change. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060657. [PMID: 34201256 PMCID: PMC8227141 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, accumulating evidence has supported that circular RNA (circRNA) plays important roles in tumorigenesis by regulating gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Expression of circRNAs can be epigenetically silenced by DNA methylation; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of circRNAs by DNA methylation remains largely unknown. We explored this regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using genome-wide DNA methylation and RNA sequencing data of the primary tumor and matched adjacent normal tissues from 20 HCC patients. Our pipeline identified 1012 upregulated and 747 downregulated circRNAs (collectively referred to as differentially expressed circRNAs, or DE circRNAs) from HCC RNA-seq data. Among them, 329 DE circRNAs covered differentially methylated sites (adjusted p-value < 0.05, |ΔM| > 0.5) in circRNAs’ interior and/or flanking regions. Interestingly, the corresponding parental genes of 46 upregulated and 31 downregulated circRNAs did not show significant expression change in the HCC tumor versus normal samples. Importantly, 34 of the 77 DE circRNAs (44.2%) had significant correlation with DNA methylation change in HCC (Spearman’s rank-order correlation, p-value < 0.05), suggesting that aberrant DNA methylation might regulate circular RNA expression in HCC. Our study revealed genome-wide differential circRNA expression in HCC. The significant correlation with DNA methylation change suggested that epigenetic regulation might act on both mRNA and circRNA expression. The specific regulation in HCC and general view in other cancer or disease requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Xu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.X.); (P.J.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - LiPing Wang
- Department of Biobank, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, China;
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.X.); (P.J.)
| | - Xiaofeng Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.X.); (P.J.)
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (X.S.); (Z.Z.)
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Yuan Z, Chen J, Zhou Q, Liu A, Qiang Z, Fang M, Chen M, Feng Y, Yu H, Yang X, Meng X. A lysosomal polarity-specific two-photon fluorescent probe for visualization of autophagy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Paving the Road Toward Exploiting the Therapeutic Effects of Ginsenosides: An Emphasis on Autophagy and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:137-160. [PMID: 33861443 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death processes such as apoptosis and autophagy strongly contribute to the onset and progression of cancer. Along with these lines, modulation of cell death mechanisms to combat cancer cells and elimination of resistance to apoptosis is of great interest. It appears that modulation of autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with specific agents would be beneficial in the treatment of several disorders. Interestingly, it has been suggested that herbal natural products may be suitable candidates for the modulation of these processes due to few side effects and significant therapeutic potential. Ginsenosides are derivatives of ginseng and exert modulatory effects on the molecular mechanisms associated with autophagy and ER stress. Ginsenosides act as smart phytochemicals that confer their effects by up-regulating ATG proteins and converting LC3-I to -II, which results in maturation of autophagosomes. Not only do ginsenosides promote autophagy but they also possess protective and therapeutic properties due to their capacity to modulate ER stress and up- and down-regulate and/or dephosphorylate UPR transducers such as IRE1, PERK, and ATF6. Thus, it would appear that ginsenosides are promising agents to potentially restore tissue malfunction and possibly eliminate cancer.
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Han B, He C. Targeting autophagy using saponins as a therapeutic and preventive strategy against human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105428. [PMID: 33540047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates, and superfluous or damaged organelles. Dysfunctional autophagy is observed in a variety of human diseases. With advanced research into the role that autophagy plays in physiological and pathological conditions, targeting autophagy is becoming a novel tactic for disease management. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides containing triterpenoids or steroidal sapogenins as aglycones, and some saponins are reported to modulate autophagy. Research suggests that saponins may have therapeutic and preventive efficacy against many autophagy-related diseases. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the reported saponins that exhibit autophagy regulating activities. In addition, the relevant signaling pathways that the mechanisms involved in regulating autophagy and the targeted diseases were also discussed. By regulating autophagy and related pathways, saponins exhibit bioactivities against cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and other cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, and osteoporosis. This review provides an overview of the autophagy-regulating activity of saponins, the underlying mechanisms and potential applications for managing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
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Mostafa DK, Khedr MM, Barakat MK, Abdellatif AA, Elsharkawy AM. Autophagy blockade mechanistically links proton pump inhibitors to worsened diabetic nephropathy and aborts the renoprotection of metformin/enalapril. Life Sci 2020; 265:118818. [PMID: 33275985 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used drugs recently linked to chronic kidney disease. However, the invloved mechanisms remained elusive. Since defective autophagy is identified as a new culprit in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN), we aimed to trace the link of autophagy blockade by PPIs to the progression of DN with and without the standard therapy of metformin and enalapril. MAIN METHODS Male CD1 albino mice (20-25 g) were randomly assigned to normal control or diabetic mice. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) injection combined with high fat diet. DN mice were randomized to receive vehicle, lansoprazole (5 mg/kg), metformin (200 mg/kg), lansoprazole + metformin, metformin + enalapril (0.5 mg/kg) or the three drugs together, orally daily for four weeks. At the study end, albuminuria, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, renal functions and malondialdehyde were assessed. Renal tissues were examined microscopically, and autophagic changes were evaluated by immunohistochemical detection of LC3-II and p62. KEY FINDINGS Consistent with autophagic blockade, lansoprazole increased both LC3II and p62 in the glomerular and tubular cells. This was associated with impaired creatinine clearance and renal functions, enhanced albuminuria, oxidative stress and augmented DN histopathological changes. Opposite effects on autophagy markers were observed by single or combined treatment of metformin with enalapril; which also ameliorated glycemic control and signs of DN. This improvement was mitigated by combination with lansoprazole. SIGNIFICANCE Autophagy blockade by lansoprazole augmented diabetic nephropathy and opposed the reno-protective effects of metformin and enalapril. The use of PPIs in diabetes should be considered with great caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Kamal Mostafa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Mostafa Khedr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mervat Kamel Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Mohamed Elsharkawy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Liu SY, Zhang XM, Sun RJ, Zhu JJ, Yuan D, Shan NN. Abnormal expression of autophagy-related proteins in immune thrombocytopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 93:e12992. [PMID: 33140452 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved protein degradation pathway that is essential for affecting some autoimmune diseases. Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common autoimmune disorder, and the complex dysregulation of cellular immunity has been observed; however, the relationship between autophagy-related proteins and immune responses in ITP remains unclear. Using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the mRNA expression levels of Beclin-1, SQSTM1/p62 and LC3 were measured in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 20 newly diagnosed patients with active ITP, 16 ITP patients in remission and 21 healthy volunteers. The stained Beclin-1 and SQSTM1/p62 proteins were also observed in the bone marrow of active ITP patients and normal controls by immunofluorescence. SQSTM1/p62 mRNA expression in PBMCs in newly diagnosed patients was significantly decreased. At the same time, Beclin-1 mRNA was increased significantly. During the remission stages, the levels of these autophagy-related proteins were comparable with those observed in healthy controls. Taken together, these results suggest that the aberrant expression of autophagy-related proteins might be involved in the pathogenesis of ITP. Further study of the autophagy pathway may provide a new strategy and direction for the treatment of ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, People's Hospital of Rizhao City, Rizhao, China
| | - Rui-Jie Sun
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Dai Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ning-Ning Shan
- Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Hematology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Stem cells hold great promise in regenerative medicine. Pluripotent stem cells have been differentiated into kidney organoids to understand human kidney development and to dissect renal disease mechanisms. Meanwhile, recent studies have explored the treatment of kidney diseases using a variety of cells, including mesenchymal stem cells and renal derivatives. This mini-review discusses the diverse mechanisms underlying current renal disease treatment via stem cell therapy. We postulate that clinical applications of stem cell therapy for kidney diseases can be readily achieved in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Pan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ashrafizadeh M, Rafiei H, Mohammadinejad R, Afshar EG, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Potential therapeutic effects of curcumin mediated by JAK/STAT signaling pathway: A review. Phytother Res 2020; 34:1745-1760. [PMID: 32157749 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound with a number of therapeutic and biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antitumor, and cardioprotective. This plant-derived chemical has demonstrated great potential in targeting various signaling pathways to exert its protective effects. Signal transducers and activator of transcription (STAT) is one of the molecular pathways involved in a variety of biological processes such as cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. Accumulating data demonstrates that the STAT pathway is an important target in treatment of a number of disorders, particularly cancer. Curcumin is capable of affecting STAT signaling pathway in induction of its therapeutic impacts. Curcumin is able to enhance the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines and improve inflammatory disorders such as colitis by targeting STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, studies show that inhibition of JAK/STAT pathway by curcumin is involved in reduced migration and invasion of cancer cells. Curcumin normalizes the expression of JAK/STAT signaling pathway to exert anti-diabetic, renoprotective, and neuroprotective impacts. At the present review, we provide a comprehensive discussion about the effect of curcumin on JAK/STAT signaling pathway to direct further studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Rafiei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Elham G Afshar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Healthy Ageing Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
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Dong Y, Zhang Z, Liu H, Jia L, Qin M, Wang X. Exacerbating lupus nephritis following BPA exposure is associated with abnormal autophagy in MRL/lpr mice. Am J Transl Res 2020; 12:649-659. [PMID: 32194912 PMCID: PMC7061848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
For the development of Lupus nephritis, environmental factors are reasoned to be one of the risk factors. In recent years, the role of bisphenol A (BPA) in kidney injury has attracted wide attention. In this study, we explored the nephrotoxicity and its possible mechanism of BPA exposure to lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Orally exposure of BPA increased serum anti-dsDNA level and urinary protein, and aggravated renal pathological injury in MRL/lpr mice. BPA increased the expression of NF-κB protein and activated the inflammatory response in both MRL/lpr and C57 mice. Unlike C57 mice, BPA exposure partially activated autophagy associated proteins, but the autophagy signaling pathway lacked the regulation of Becline1 and LC3-associated phagocytosis deficiency, and decreased Nrf2 protein expression in renal tissue of MRL/lpr mice. Therefore, exacerbating lupus nephritis induced by BPA exposure was associated with the activation of inflammation, abnormal autophagy and decreased antioxidant ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdan Dong
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Zeming Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hezuo Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lihong Jia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Muting Qin
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110022, Liaoning Province, China
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Rapamycin inhibits B-cell activating factor (BAFF)-stimulated cell proliferation and survival by suppressing Ca 2+-CaMKII-dependent PTEN/Akt-Erk1/2 signaling pathway in normal and neoplastic B-lymphoid cells. Cell Calcium 2020; 87:102171. [PMID: 32062191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF) is a crucial survival factor for B cells, and excess BAFF contributes to development of autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown that rapamycin can prevent BAFF-induced B-cell proliferation and survival, but the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here we found that rapamycin inhibited human soluble BAFF (hsBAFF)-stimulated cell proliferation by inducing G1-cell cycle arrest, which was through downregulating the protein levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. Rapamycin reduced hsBAFF-stimulated cell survival by downregulating the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (Mcl-1, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and survivin) and meanwhile upregulating the levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (BAK and BAX). The cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of rapamycin linked to its attenuation of hsBAFF-elevated intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). In addition, rapamycin blocked hsBAFF-stimulated B-cell proliferation and survival by preventing hsBAFF from inactivating PTEN and activating the Akt-Erk1/2 pathway. Overexpression of wild type PTEN or ectopic expression of dominant negative Akt potentiated rapamycin's suppression of hsBAFF-induced Erk1/2 activation and proliferation/viability in Raji cells. Interestingly, PP242 (mTORC1/2 inhibitor) or Akt inhibitor X, like rapamycin (mTORC1 inhibitor), reduced the basal or hsBAFF-induced [Ca2+]i elevations. Chelating [Ca2+]i with BAPTA/AM, preventing [Ca2+]i elevation using EGTA, 2-APB or verapamil, inhibiting CaMKII with KN93, or silencing CaMKII strengthened rapamycin's inhibitory effects. The results indicate that rapamycin inhibits BAFF-stimulated B-cell proliferation and survival by blunting mTORC1/2-mediated [Ca2+]i elevations and suppressing Ca2+-CaMKII-dependent PTEN/Akt-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Our finding underscores that rapamycin may be exploited for prevention of excessive BAFF-induced aggressive B-cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Xu J, Deng Y, Wang Y, Sun X, Chen S, Fu G. SPAG5-AS1 inhibited autophagy and aggravated apoptosis of podocytes via SPAG5/AKT/mTOR pathway. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12738. [PMID: 31957155 PMCID: PMC7046304 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Podocyte injury is a prediction marker of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and AKT/mTOR pathway–mediated inhibition of autophagy is widely reported to contribute to podocyte damage. Recent study stated that sperm‐associated antigen 5 (SPAG5) activated AKT/mTOR signalling in bladder urothelial carcinoma, indicating SPAG5 might regulate autophagy and play a role in podocyte damage. Materials and methods Apoptosis and autophagy of human podocytes (HPCs) were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF). Gene level was assessed by Western blot and RT‐qPCR. Molecular interactions were determined by pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), co‐immunoprecipitation (co‐IP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays. Results SPAG5 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated under high glucose treatment in HPCs. Silencing SPAG5 reversed the increase of apoptosis and decrease of autophagy in high glucose–treated HPCs. Later, we found a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) SPAG5 antisense RNA1 (SPAG5‐AS1) as a neighbour gene to SPAG5. Mechanistically, YY1 transcriptionally upregulated SPAG5‐AS1 and SPAG5 in high glucose–treated podocytes. SPAG5‐AS1 acted as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate miR‐769‐5p/YY1 axis and induce SPAG5. SPAG5‐AS1 interacted with ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 14 (USP14) and leads to de‐ubiquitination and stabilization of SPAG5 protein. Conclusions This study revealed that SPAG5‐AS1 inhibited autophagy and aggravated apoptosis of podocytes via SPAG5/AKT/mTOR pathway, indicating SPAG5‐AS1/SPAG5 as a potential target for the alleviation of podocyte injury and offering new thoughts for the treatments of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuqin Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Guoxiang Fu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Kaushal GP, Chandrashekar K, Juncos LA, Shah SV. Autophagy Function and Regulation in Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E100. [PMID: 31936109 PMCID: PMC7022273 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process by which intracellular damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled for the synthesis of new cellular components. Basal autophagy in the kidney acts as a quality control system and is vital for cellular metabolic and organelle homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, autophagy facilitates cellular adaptation; however, activation of autophagy in response to renal injury may be insufficient to provide protection, especially under dysregulated conditions. Kidney-specific deletion of Atg genes in mice has consistently demonstrated worsened acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes supporting the notion of a pro-survival role of autophagy. Recent studies have also begun to unfold the role of autophagy in progressive renal disease and subsequent fibrosis. Autophagy also influences tubular cell death in renal injury. In this review, we reported the current understanding of autophagy regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of renal injury. In particular, the classic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling pathway and other mTOR-independent alternative signaling pathways of autophagy regulation were described. Finally, we summarized the impact of autophagy activation on different forms of cell death, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, associated with the pathophysiology of renal injury. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy would identify important targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P. Kaushal
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Sudhir V. Shah
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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Ashrafizadeh M, Ahmadi Z, Farkhondeh T, Samarghandian S. Modulatory effects of statins on the autophagy: A therapeutic perspective. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3157-3168. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Zahra Ahmadi
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran
| | - Tahereh Farkhondeh
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center Birjand University of Medical Sciences Birjand Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Science Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences Neyshabur Iran
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Ashrafizadeh M, Yaribeygi H, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Effects of newly introduced antidiabetic drugs on autophagy. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:2445-2449. [PMID: 31405658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder that has a complex molecular and cellular pathophysiology, resulting in its dynamic progression and that may show differing responses to therapy. The incidence of diabetes mellitus increases with age and requires additive therapeutic agents for its management. SGLT2i and DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are newly introduced antidiabetic drugs that work through differing mechanisms; DPP-4 inhibitors maintain the endogenous level of GLP1; GLP-1RA result in pharmacological levels of GLP1, whilst SGLT2i act on the proximal tubules of the kidney. They have shown efficacy in the management of diabetes and in contrast to other antidiabetic drugs, do not inherently cause hypoglycemia in therapeutic doses. Autophagy as a highly conserved mechanism to maintain cell survival and homeostasis by degradation of damaged or aged organelles and components, and recognised to be increasingly important in diabetes. In the present review, we discuss the modulatory effects of these newly introduced antidiabetic drugs on the autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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