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De La Fuente GN, Murray SC, Isakeit T, Park YS, Yan Y, Warburton ML, Kolomiets MV. Characterization of genetic diversity and linkage disequilibrium of ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5 loci in maize. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53973. [PMID: 23365644 PMCID: PMC3554709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) lipoxygenases (ZmLOXs) are well recognized as important players in plant defense against pathogens, especially in cross kingdom lipid communication with pathogenic fungi. This study is among the first to investigate genetic diversity at important gene paralogs ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5. Sequencing of these genes in 400 diverse maize lines showed little genetic diversity and low linkage disequilibrium in the two genes. Importantly, we identified one inbred line in which ZmLOX5 has a disrupted open reading frame, a line missing ZmLOX5, and five lines with a duplication of ZmLOX5. Tajima's D test suggests that both ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5 have been under neutral selection. Further investigation of haplotype data revealed that within the ZmLOX family members only ZmLOX12, a monocot specific ZmLOX, showed strong linkage disequilibrium that extends further than expected in maize. Linkage disequilibrium patterns at these loci of interest are crucial for future candidate gene association mapping studies. ZmLOX4 and ZmLOX5 mutations and copy number variants are under further investigation for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald N. De La Fuente
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Seth C. Murray
- Department of Soil and Crop Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Isakeit
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuanxin Yan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Marilyn L. Warburton
- Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Michael V. Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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Gonzalez-Fernandez R, Jorrin-Novo JV. Contribution of Proteomics to the Study of Plant Pathogenic Fungi. J Proteome Res 2011; 11:3-16. [DOI: 10.1021/pr200873p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Jesus V. Jorrin-Novo
- Agroforestry and Plant Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence, ceiA3, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
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Mukherjee M, Kim JE, Park YS, Kolomiets MV, Shim WB. Regulators of G-protein signalling in Fusarium verticillioides mediate differential host-pathogen responses on nonviable versus viable maize kernels. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2011; 12:479-91. [PMID: 21535353 PMCID: PMC6640359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
GBB1, a heterotrimeric G-protein β-subunit gene, was shown to be a key regulator of fumonisin B(1) (FB(1) ) biosynthesis in the maize pathogen Fusarium verticillioides. In this study, we performed functional analyses of genes that encode putative RGS (regulators of G-protein signalling) proteins and PhLPs (phosducin-like proteins) in F. verticillioides. These proteins are known to regulate heterotrimeric G-protein activity by altering the intrinsic guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity, which, in turn, influences the signalling mechanisms that control fungal growth, virulence and secondary metabolism. Our aim was to isolate and characterize gene(s) that are under the transcriptional control of GBB1, and to test the hypothesis that these genes are directly associated with FB(1) regulation and fungal development in F. verticillioides on maize kernels. We first identified eight genes (two PhLPs and six RGSs) in the F. verticillioides genome, and a subsequent transcriptional expression study revealed that three RGS genes were up-regulated in the gbb1 deletion (Δgbb1) mutant and one RGS gene was up-regulated in the wild-type. To characterize their function, we generated knockout mutants using a homologous recombination strategy. When grown on autoclaved nonviable kernels, two mutants (ΔflbA2 and ΔrgsB) produced significantly higher levels of FB(1) compared with the wild-type progenitor, suggesting that the two mutated genes are negative regulators of FB(1) biosynthesis. ΔflbA2 also showed a severe curly conidia germination pattern, which was contradictory to that observed in the Δgbb1 strain. Strikingly, when these mutants were grown on live maize kernels, we observed contrasting FB(1) and conidiation phenotypes in fungal mutants, which strongly suggests that these G-protein regulators have an impact on how F. verticillioides responds to host/environmental factors. Our data also provide evidence that fungal G-protein signalling is important for modulating the ethylene biosynthetic pathway in maize kernels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala Mukherjee
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132, USA
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Proteome analysis of the fungus Aspergillus carbonarius under ochratoxin A producing conditions. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 147:162-9. [PMID: 21531034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus carbonarius is an important ochratoxin A producing fungus that is responsible for mycotoxin contamination of grapes and wine. In this study, the proteomes of highly (W04-40) and weakly (W04-46) OTA-producing A. carbonarius strains were compared to identify proteins that may be involved in OTA biosynthesis. Protein samples were extracted from two biological replicates and subjected to two dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and mass spectrometry. Expression profile comparison (PDQuest software), revealed 21 differential spots that were statistically significant and showed a two-fold change in expression, or greater. Among these, nine protein spots were identified by MALDI-MS/MS and MASCOT database and twelve remain unidentified. Of the identified proteins, seven showed a higher expression in strain W04-40 (high OTA producer) and two in strain W04-46 (low OTA producer). Some of the identified amino acid sequences shared homology with proteins involved in regulation, amino acid metabolism, oxidative stress and sporulation. It is worth noting the presence of a protein with 126.5 fold higher abundance in strain W04-40 showing homology with protein CipC, a protein with unknown function related with pathogenesis and mycotoxin production by some authors. Variations in protein expression were also further investigated at the mRNA level by real-time PCR analysis. The mRNA expression levels from three identified proteins including CipC showed correlation with protein expression levels. This study represents the first proteomic analysis for a comparison of two A. carbonarius strains with different OTA production and will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular events involved in OTA biosynthesis.
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Cutignano A, Lamari N, d'ippolito G, Manzo E, Cimino G, Fontana A. LIPOXYGENASE PRODUCTS IN MARINE DIATOMS: A CONCISE ANALYTICAL METHOD TO EXPLORE THE FUNCTIONAL POTENTIAL OF OXYLIPINS(1). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:233-243. [PMID: 27021855 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2011.00972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that act as chemical mediators in many ecological and physiological processes in marine and freshwater diatoms. The occurrence and distribution of these molecules are relatively widespread within the lineage with considerable species-specific differences due to the variability of both the fatty acids recognized as substrates and the enzymatic transformations. The present review provides a general introduction to recent studies on diatom oxylipins and describes an analytical method for the detection and assessment of these elusive molecules in laboratory and field samples. This methodology is based on selective enrichment of the oxylipin fraction by solvent extraction, followed by parallel acquisition of full-scan UV and tandem mass spectra on reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) peaks. The analytical procedure enables identification of potential genetic differences, enzymatic regulation, and ecophysiological conditions that result in different oxylipin signatures, thus providing an effective tool for probing the functional relevance of this class of lipids in plankton communities. Examples of oxylipin measurements in field samples are also provided as a demonstration of the analytical potential of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Nadia Lamari
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana d'ippolito
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Emiliano Manzo
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Cimino
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo Fontana
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Proteomics of plant pathogenic fungi. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:932527. [PMID: 20589070 PMCID: PMC2878683 DOI: 10.1155/2010/932527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi cause important yield losses in crops. In order to develop efficient and environmental friendly crop protection strategies, molecular studies of the fungal biological cycle, virulence factors, and interaction with its host are necessary. For that reason, several approaches have been performed using both classical genetic, cell biology, and biochemistry and the modern, holistic, and high-throughput, omic techniques. This work briefly overviews the tools available for studying Plant Pathogenic Fungi and is amply focused on MS-based Proteomics analysis, based on original papers published up to December 2009. At a methodological level, different steps in a proteomic workflow experiment are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to fungal descriptive (intracellular, subcellular, extracellular) and differential expression proteomics and interactomics. From the work published we can conclude that Proteomics, in combination with other techniques, constitutes a powerful tool for providing important information about pathogenicity and virulence factors, thus opening up new possibilities for crop disease diagnosis and crop protection.
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The lipid language of plant-fungal interactions. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 48:4-14. [PMID: 20519150 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipid mediated cross-kingdom communication between hosts and pathogens is a rapidly emerging field in molecular plant-fungal interactions. Amidst our growing understanding of fungal and plant chemical cross-talk lies the distinct, yet little studied, role for a group of oxygenated lipids derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids, termed oxylipins. Endogenous fungal oxylipins are known for their roles in carrying out pathogenic strategies to successfully colonize their host, reproduce, and synthesize toxins. While plant oxylipins also have functions in reproduction and development, they are largely recognized as agents that facilitate resistance to pathogen attack. Here we review the composition and endogenous functions of oxylipins produced by both plants and fungi and introduce evidence which suggests that fungal pathogens exploit host oxylipins to facilitate their own virulence and pathogenic development. Specifically, we describe how fungi induce plant lipid metabolism to utilize plant oxylipins in order to promote G-protein-mediated regulation of sporulation and mycotoxin production in the fungus. The use of host-ligand mimicry (i.e. coronatine) to manipulate plant defense responses that benefit the fungus are also implicated.
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