A review on the chemistry, coordination, structure and biological properties of 1-(acyl/aroyl)-3-(substituted) thioureas

3,3-Bis(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)-1-(4-nitro-benzo-yl)thio-urea: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational study

In the title compound, C12H15N3O5S, a tris-ubstituted thio-urea derivative, the central CN2S chromophore is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.018 Å) and the pendant hy-droxy-ethyl groups lie to either side of this plane. While to a first approximation the thione-S and carbonyl-O atoms lie to the same side of the mol-ecule, the S-C-N-C torsion angle of -47.8 (2)° indicates a considerable twist. As one of the hy-droxy-ethyl groups is orientated towards the thio-amide residue, an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond is formed which leads to an S(7) loop. A further twist in the mol-ecule is indicated by the dihedral angle of 65.87 (7)° between the planes through the CN2S chromophore and the 4-nitro-benzene ring. There is a close match between the experimental and gas-phase, geometry-optimized (DFT) mol-ecular structures. In the crystal, O-H⋯O and O-H⋯S hydrogen bonds give rise to supra-molecular layers propagating in the ab plane. The connections between layers to consolidate the three-dimensional architecture are of the type C-H⋯O, C-H⋯S and nitro-O⋯π. The nature of the supra-molecular association has been further analysed by a study of the calculated Hirshfeld surfaces, non-covalent inter-action plots and computational chemistry, all of which point to the significant influence and energy of stabilization provided by the conventional hydrogen bonds.

Chiral Thioureas-Preparation and Significance in Asymmetric Synthesis and Medicinal Chemistry

For almost 20 years, thioureas have been experiencing a renaissance of interest with the emerged development of asymmetric organocatalysts. Due to their relatively high acidity and strong hydrogen bond donor capability, they differ significantly from ureas and offer, appropriately modified, great potential as organocatalysts, chelators, drug candidates, etc. The review focuses on the family of chiral thioureas, presenting an overview of the current state of knowledge on their synthesis and selected applications in stereoselective synthesis and drug development.

Novel N-Acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides: Design, Synthesis, Biological and Computational Studies

The present study reports the convenient synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, bio-assays and computational evaluation of a novel series of N-acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides. The screened derivatives displayed excellent antioxidant activity, moderate antibacterial and antifungal potential. The screened derivatives were found to be highly biocompatible against hRBCs. Molecular docking ascertained the mechanism and mode of action towards the molecular target delineating that ligands and complexes were stabilized at the active site by electrostatic and hydrophobic forces in accordance to the corresponding experimental results. Docking simulation provided additional information about the possibilities of inhibitory potential of the compounds against RNA. Computational evaluation predicted that N-acyl-1H-imidazole-1-carbothioamides 5c and 5g can serve as potential surrogates for hit to lead generation and design of novel antioxidant and antibacterial agents.

Reversible photo-isomerization of cis-[Pd(L-κS,O)2] (HL = N,N-diethyl-N'-1-naphthoylthiourea) to trans-[Pd(L-κS,O)2] and the unprecedented formation of trans-[Pd(L-κS,N)2] in solution

Upon ex situ UV-visible light irradiation, complex cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N'-naphthoylthioureato)-palladium(ii), cis-[Pd(L-κS,O)2], undergoes isomerization in acetonitrile-d3 and chloroform-d to yield trans-[Pd(L-κS,O)2] which then rearranges thermally to novel trans-[Pd(L-κS,N)2] prior to reverting thermally to the cis isomer in the absence of light. The thermal isomerization rate is highly solvent dependent and harnessed to enable each of these three geometric isomers to be isolated and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, melting point and thermal analysis. The formation of the trans-[Pd(L-κS,N)2] isomer as part of this isomerization has only been observed with the sterically demanding cis-bis(N,N-diethyl-N'-(naphthoylthioureato)palladium(ii) precursor based on our knowledge to date. In situ irradiation with monochromatic laser light (λ = 355 nm) coupled to 1H NMR spectroscopy of solutions of cis-[Pd(L-κS,O)2] in acetonitrile-d3 supports the ex situ photo-induced isomerization experiments.

3,3-Bis(2-hy-droxy-eth-yl)-1-(4-methyl-benzoyl)thio-urea: crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and computational study

In the title tri-substituted thio-urea derivative, C13H18N2O3S, the thione-S and carbonyl-O atoms lie, to a first approximation, to the same side of the mol-ecule [the S-C-N-C torsion angle is -49.3 (2)°]. The CN2S plane is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.018 Å) with the hy-droxy-ethyl groups lying to either side of this plane. One hy-droxy-ethyl group is orientated towards the thio-amide functionality enabling the formation of an intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond leading to an S(7) loop. The dihedral angle [72.12 (9)°] between the planes through the CN2S atoms and the 4-tolyl ring indicates the mol-ecule is twisted. The experimental mol-ecular structure is close to the gas-phase, geometry-optimized structure calculated by DFT methods. In the mol-ecular packing, hydroxyl-O-H⋯O(hydrox-yl) and hydroxyl-O-H⋯S(thione) hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of a supra-molecular layer in the ab plane; no directional inter-actions are found between layers. The influence of the specified supra-molecular inter-actions is apparent in the calculated Hirshfeld surfaces and these are shown to be attractive in non-covalent inter-action plots; the inter-action energies point to the important stabilization provided by directional O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Crystal structure of 3-[methyl(phenyl)amino]-1-phenylthiourea, C14H15N3S

C14H15N3S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 10.4801(1) Å, b = 10.8132(1) Å, c = 12.1341(1) Å, β = 107.823(1)°, V = 1309.08(2) Å3, Z = 4, R gt(F) = 0.0266, wR ref(F 2) = 0.0728, T = 100(2) K.

Synthesis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antiurease and molecular docking studies of N-(3-trifluoromethyl)benzoyl-N'-aryl thiourea derivatives

An irrefutable advancement has been noted for the infectious diseases caused due to ureolytic bacteria through the development of various drugs. Keeping in mind the extremely valuable synthetic utility and medicinal significance of thiourea derivatives, synthesis of new 3-trifluoromethyl benzoic acid thiourea derivatives (3a-j) were carried out. The biological potential of all compounds in terms of antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antiurease activities were studied. The compounds 3a, 3c and 3i with dichloro and methoxy groups substitution on the aryl group showed significant activity against all strain of bacteria while moderate to no activity was observed in remaining compounds. Whereas the antifungal evaluation showed that all compounds were active againts C. Albican and no activity was observed against C. Prapsilosis. The cytotoxic findings revealed the non-toxic nature of these compounds as IC₅₀ values of majority of the compounds are above 100 μm except for compounds 3f and 3g. In addition, these compounds exhibited better antioxidant potential as 100 μm concentration inhibited >50% reactive oxygen species (ROS) production except compounds 3e, 3f and 3j. The compound 3a proved to be the most potent urease inhibitor showing the highest enzyme % inhibition (93.1%) with IC₅₀ value of 8.17 ± 0.24 µM and found more active as compare to standard followed by compound 3e (92.6%), 3h (91.6%), 3d (90.8%), 3b (90.6%) and 3f (90.0%) with their respective IC₅₀ values. All the synthesized compounds were docked into the binding cavity of Urease (PDB ID: 4ubp). The most active compound 3a was also ranked as top on the docking score as it was found to show valuable interactions with the target protein along with good docking scores. Hence our results revealed that the synthesized compounds have potential to be used as potent urease inhibitors after further detailed mechanistic studies.

Redetermination of the crystal structure of 2-oxo-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-iminium chloride

In the redetermination of the title compound, C3H5N2OS+·CI-, the asymmetric unit consists of one independent 2-oxo-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-iminium cation and one independent chloride anion. The cation inter-acts with a chloride anion via N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds forming a supra-molecular chain along [010]. These supra-molecular chains are further extended by weak C-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯O inter-actions, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). The crystal structure is further stabilized by weak C-O⋯π inter-actions, supporting a three-dimensional architecture. The structure was previously determined by Ananthamurthy & Murthy [Z. Kristallogr. (1975). 8, 356-367] but has been redetermined with higher precision to allow the hydrogen-bonding patterns and supra-molecular inter-actions to be investigated.

1-[N-Methyl-N-(Phenyl)amino]-3- (4-Methylphenyl)Thiourea

The title compound, 1-[N-methyl-N-(phenyl)amino]-3-(4-methylphenyl)thiourea (1), was synthesized by the reaction of 1-methyl-1-phenyl hydrazine and 4-tolyl isothiocyanate, and was characterized by spectroscopy (1H and 13C{1H} NMR, IR, and UV), elemental analysis as well as by single crystal X-ray crystallography. In the solid state, the molecule exists as the thioamide tautomer and features an anti-disposition of the thioamide–N–H atoms; an intramolecular N–H⋯N hydrogen bond is noted. The molecular conformation resembles that of the letter L. In the molecular packing, thioamide-N1–H⋯S1(thione) hydrogen bonds lead to centrosymmetric eight-membered {⋯HNCS}2 synthons. The dimers are assembled into a supramolecular layer in the bc-plane by phenyl- and methyl-C–H⋯π(phenyl) interactions.

Investigation on the effect of alkyl chain linked mono-thioureas as Jack bean urease inhibitors, SAR, pharmacokinetics ADMET parameters and molecular docking studies

The increasing resistance of pathogens to common antibiotics, as well as the need to control urease activity to improve the yield of soil nitrogen fertilization in agricultural applications, has stimulated the development of novel classes of molecules that target urease as an enzyme. In this context, the newly developed compounds on the basis of 1-heptanoyl-3-arylthiourea family were evaluated for Jack bean urease enzyme inhibition activity to validate their role as potent inhibitors of this enzyme. 1-Heptanoyl-3-arylthioureas were obtained in excellent yield and characterized through spectral and elemental analysis. All the compounds displayed remarkable potency against urease inhibition as compared to thiourea standard. It was found that novel compounds fulfill the criteria of drug-likeness by obeying Lipinski's rule of five. Particularly compound 4a and 4c can serve as lead molecules in 4D (drug designing discovery and development). Kinetic mechanism and molecular docking studies also carried out to delineate the mode of inhibition and binding affinity of the molecules.

Copper(I) iodide ribbons coordinated with thiourea derivatives

Two products of the reactions of CuI with 1-benzoyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)thiourea and with 1-benzoyl-3-(2-iodophenyl)thiourea have been obtained and characterized, namely poly[[[1-benzoyl-3-(4-bromophenyl)thiourea-κS]-μ₃-iodido-copper(I)] acetone hemisolvate], {[CuI(C₁₄H₁₁BrN₂OS)]·0.5C₃H₆O}_n, and poly[μ₄-iodido-μ₃-iodido-[N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzamide-κN]dicopper(I)], [Cu₂I₂(C₁₄H₁₀N₂OS)]_n. Their structures, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, exhibit different stoichiometries and molecular organizations; however, both compounds are polymeric and possess close Cu...Cu contacts. The first product contains a (CuI)_n double chain supported by the thiourea derivative coordinated via the S atom. In the second case, the ligand undergoes dehalogenation and cyclization to form N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)benzamide that serves as the N-donor ligand which is connected to both sides of a (CuI)_n quadruple chain. In both hybrid inorganic chains, I atoms bridge three or four Cu atoms. The coordination centres adopt more or less distorted tetrahedral geometries. The structures of the (CuI)_n kernels of the ribbons are similar to fragments of the layers in high-pressure phase V copper(I) iodide. Only weak S...O, C-H...O, C-H...I and π-π interactions hold the ribbons together, allowing the formation of crystals.

Discotic Liquid Crystals Based on Cu(I) Complexes with Benzoylthiourea Derivatives Containing a Perfluoroalkyl Chain

Mesomorphic three-coordinate copper(I) complexes ([Cu(BTU)2X], where X = Cl or Br) based on a new N-benzoylthiourea (BTU) ligand with two decyloxy and one perfluorooctyl groups at its periphery were designed and prepared. The BTU ligand coordinates via the S atom in a neutral monodentate fashion as confirmed by IR and NMR spectroscopy data. The liquid crystalline behavior of these copper(I) complexes was investigated by a combination of polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), while their thermal stability was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These new copper(I) complexes have mesomorphic properties and exhibit a hexagonal columnar mesophase over a large temperature range, more than 100°C.

Synthesis of sulfadiazinyl acyl/aryl thiourea derivatives as calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase inhibitors, pharmacokinetic properties, lead optimization, Lineweaver-Burk plot evaluation and binding analysis

To seek the new medicinal potential of sulfadiazine drug, the free amino group of sulfadiazine was exploited to obtain acyl/aryl thioureas using simple and straightforward protocol. Acyl/aryl thioureas are well recognized bioactive pharmacophore containing moieties. A new series (4a-4j) of sulfadiazine derived acyl/aryl thioureas was synthesized and characterized through spectroscopic and elemental analysis. The synthesized derivatives 4a-4j were subjected to calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) activity. The derivative 4a-4j showed better inhibition potential compared to standard monopotassium phosphate (MKP). The compound 4c exhibited higher potential in the series with IC₅₀ 0.251 ± 0.012 µM (standard KH₂PO₄ 4.317 ± 0.201 µM). Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that most potent derivative 4c inhibition CIAP via mixed type pathway. Pharmacological investigations showed that synthesized compounds 4a-4j obey Lipinsk's rule. ADMET parameters evaluation predicted that these molecule show significant lead like properties with minimum possible toxicity and can serve as templates in drug designing. The synthetic compounds show none mutagenic and irritant behavior. Molecular docking analysis showed that compound 4c interacts with Asp273, His317 and Arg166 amino acid residues.