51
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Genomically imposed and somatically modified human thymocyte V beta gene repertoires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:2908-12. [PMID: 2011599 PMCID: PMC51349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of thymic selection on the expressed human T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain variable region (V beta) gene repertoire was examined by using a multiprobe RNase protection assay. The relative abundance of transcripts for 22 V beta genes (encompassing 17 of the 20 human V beta gene subfamilies) within a thymus, and among 17 thymuses, was variable. On the basis of the presence of corresponding mRNAs, no genomic deletions were detected, but several coding region polymorphisms were identified. Analysis of mature T-cell subsets revealed the absence of complete "superantigen"-mediated V beta deletions, suggesting that this phenomenon, in contrast to mouse, is uncommon or absent in humans. However, several V beta genes were over- or underexpressed in one or both mature single-positive (CD4+8- or CD8+4-) thymocyte subsets compared to syngeneic total, mostly immature thymocytes. Whether these changes are induced by relatively weak superantigens or conventional antigens and whether the downshifts are caused by negative selection or lack of positive selection remains to be determined.
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52
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Maksymowych WP, Gabriel CA, Luyrink L, Van Kerckhove C, Leiden J, Choi E, Glass DN. Polymorphic markers related to a single Tcrb-V6 gene segment. Immunogenetics 1991; 33:281-5. [PMID: 1673963 DOI: 10.1007/bf00230507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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53
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Gatti RA. Localizing the genes for ataxia-telangiectasia: a human model for inherited cancer susceptibility. Adv Cancer Res 1991; 56:77-104. [PMID: 2028843 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60478-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Gatti
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90024
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54
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T-cell receptor genes in tassel-eared squirrels (Sciurus aberti). I. Genetic polymorphism and divergence in the Abert and Kaibab subspecies. Immunogenetics 1990; 32:219-30. [PMID: 1978713 DOI: 10.1007/bf00187093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of environmental factors in the evolution and maintenance of diversity of antigen receptor gene families which participate in the immune response in mammals is inadequately understood. In order to elucidate the impact of these factors, we have undertaken the analysis of these gene families in the tassel-eared squirrel (Sciurus aberti) which has been separated into discrete subspecies by geographic barriers and whose food resources can be quantitated for estimating environmental quality. In this communication we describe the initial analysis of the complexity and polymorphism of sequences related to T-cell receptor (Tcr) alpha and beta chain genes in two subspecies, Sciurus aberti aberti (Abert) and Sciurus aberti kaibabensis (Kaibab) which have identical habitats and are separated by the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. Genomic blot analysis of 60 Abert and 62 Kaibab individuals collected over a 3-year period was performed with mouse Tcrb and Tcra cDNA probes. Sequences homologous to Tcrb-C, Tcrb-J1, and Tcrb-J2 genes were observed in all individuals from both subspecies; although Tcrb-J1 fragments were monomorphic. Tcrb-C and Tcrb-J2 fragments were polymorphic with both species- and subspecies-specific sequences. A single, monomorphic Tcra-C fragment was observed in addition to multiple Tcra-V fragments homologous to the mouse Tcra-V1 subfamily. Abert samples exhibited greater numbers of Tcra-V1 fragments as well as greater polymorphism than Kaibab samples. Heterozygosity estimates of Tcrb-C and Tcra-V1 sequences were determined for annually collected samples and compared with the yearly estimates of availability of hypogeous fungi, one of the major diet items of tassel-eared squirrels. In the Kaibab annual collections, Tcra-V1 heterozygosity declined with the decline in food resource, whereas heterozygosity of Tcrb-C sequences was inversely related to food resource. Similarly, a reduction in food resource for Abert squirrels in 1985 coincided with an increase in Tcrb-C heterozygosity in the same year. These results suggest that the diversity of gene families which participate in the immune response in mammals may be affected by environmental factors.
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55
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Increased incidence of certain TCR and HLA genes associated with myasthenia gravis in Italians. J Autoimmun 1990; 3:431-40. [PMID: 1977403 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-8411(05)80010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the immunogenetics of myasthenia gravis (MG), we analysed the TCR and HLA-class II genes from Italian and Californian myasthenic patients. We investigated polymorphisms of the TCR using the full length cDNA probes pGA5 and the pT10 for the alpha and beta chains, respectively. The 6.3 kb and 2.0 kb polymorphic markers, revealed by the PssI enzyme and the alpha chain probe, were shown to be significantly associated with MG. Italian MG patients were HLA typed, and allele frequencies showed a significant association of DR3 and DQw2 with MG. The relative risk calculated for DR3 was 7.4. T-cell proliferative responses to peptides of the AchR alpha chain were also studied and no associations with TCR RFLP analysis or HLA-class II typing were observed.
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56
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Concannon P, Wright JA, Wright LG, Sylvester DR, Spielman RS. T-cell receptor genes and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): no evidence for linkage from affected sib pairs. Am J Hum Genet 1990; 47:45-52. [PMID: 1971998 PMCID: PMC1683768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several investigators have reported an association between insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and an RFLP detected with a probe for the constant region of the beta chain (C beta) of the human T-cell receptor (TCR). A likely hypothesis is that the closely linked TCR variable (V beta) region genes contribute to IDDM susceptibility and that the association with the TCR C beta locus reflects this contribution, via linkage disequilibrium between V beta and C beta. The products of the beta-chain genes might be expected to be involved in the etiology of IDDM because of the autoimmune aspects of IDDM, the known involvement of HLA, and the necessity for TCR and HLA molecules to interact in an immune response. In order to investigate the hypothesis, we tested for linkage between IDDM and V genes encoded at either the TCR beta locus on chromosome 7 or the TCR alpha locus on chromosome 14, using 36 families with multiple affected sibs. No excess sharing of haplotypes defined by V alpha or V beta gene RFLPs was observed in affected sib pairs from IDDM families. We also studied unrelated IDDM patients (N = 73) and controls (N = 45) with the C beta RFLP but were unable to confirm the reported association even when the sample was stratified by HLA-DR type. Our results are incompatible with close linkage, in the majority of families, between either the TCR alpha or TCR beta locus and a gene making a major contribution to susceptibility to IDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Concannon
- Division of Immunology, Virginia Mason Research Center, Seattle, WA 98101
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57
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Abstract
The ability to discriminate between self and nonself antigens is vital to the functioning of the immune system as a specific defense against invading microorganisms. Failure of the immune system to "tolerate" self tissues can result in pathological autoimmune states leading to debilitating illness and sometimes death. The induction of autoimmunity involves genetic and environmental factors that have focused the attention of researchers on the trimolecular complex formed by major histocompatibility complex molecules, antigen, and T cell receptors. Detailed molecular characterization of these components points to potential strategies for disease intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Sinha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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58
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Posnett DN, Schmelkin I, Burton DA, August A, McGrath H, Mayer LF. T cell antigen receptor V gene usage. Increases in V beta 8+ T cells in Crohn's disease. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1770-6. [PMID: 1971828 PMCID: PMC296639 DOI: 10.1172/jci114634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease represents part of a spectrum of inflammatory bowel diseases characterized by immune regulatory defects and genetic predisposition. T cell antigen receptor V gene usage by T lymphocytes was investigated using four MAbs specific for various V gene products. One MAb (Ti3a), reactive with V beta 8 gene products, detected increased numbers of T cells in a subset of Crohn's disease patients as compared with normal controls and ulcerative colitis patients. In family studies there was no apparent inherited predisposition to the use of V beta 8 genes, and there was no association between a restriction fragment length polymorphism of the V beta 8.1 gene and Crohn's disease. The V beta 8+ T cells were concentrated in the mesenteric lymph nodes draining the inflammatory lesions and belonged to both the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. In contrast, lamina propria and intraepithelial T cells were not enriched in V beta 8+ T cells, suggesting that these cells were participating in the afferent limb of a gut-associated immune response. The expanded V beta 8+ T cells in Crohn's disease appear to result from an immune response to an as yet unknown antigen.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- CD3 Complex
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens
- Crohn Disease/genetics
- Cross Reactions
- Epithelium/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Pedigree
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Posnett
- Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021
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59
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Charmley P, Chao A, Concannon P, Hood L, Gatti RA. Haplotyping the human T-cell receptor beta-chain gene complex by use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:4823-7. [PMID: 1972281 PMCID: PMC54210 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.12.4823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the genetic segregation of human T-cell receptor beta-chain (TCR beta) genes on chromosome 7q in 40 CEPH (Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain) families by using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We constructed haplotypes from eight RFLPs by using variable- and constant-region cDNA probes, which detect polymorphisms that span more than 600 kilobases of the TCR beta gene complex. Analysis of allele distributions between TCR beta genes revealed significant linkage disequilibrium between only 6 of the 28 different pairs of RFLPs. This linkage disequillibrium strongly influences the most efficient order to proceed for typing of these RFLPs in order to achieve maximum genetic informativeness, which in this study revealed a 97.3% level of heterozygosity within the TCR beta gene complex. Our results should provide new insight into recent reports of disease associations with the TCR beta gene complex and should assist in designing future experiments to detect or confirm the existence of disease-susceptibility loci in this region of the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Charmley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine 90224
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60
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Kratz LE, Boughman JA, Pincus T, Cohen DI, Needleman BW. Association of scleroderma with a T cell antigen receptor gamma gene restriction fragment length polymorphism. ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM 1990; 33:569-73. [PMID: 1970246 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780330415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha, beta, and gamma genes were analyzed in 61 scleroderma patients and 150 controls. An association was found between scleroderma and an 11.3-kb Pvu II fragment in the TCR gamma gene; this gene was found in 41.0% of the patients, compared with 21.7% of the controls (P less than 0.01, odds ratio = 2.50). There were no associations between scleroderma and the tested RFLPs in the TCR alpha or beta genes, and no RFLPs were found in the constant region of the TCR delta gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Kratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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61
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Charmley P, Concannon P, Gatti RA. T-cell receptor beta-chain DNA polymorphism frequencies in healthy HLA-DR homozygotes. TISSUE ANTIGENS 1990; 35:157-64. [PMID: 2371713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.1990.tb01773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In view of numerous recent reports of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain/disease associations with HLA-associated diseases, we tested the possibilities that associations might exist directly between these two gene complexes at the level of the germline DNA. We determined frequencies of five TCR-beta DNA polymorphisms in 33 HLA-DR2/2 homozygotes, 29 HLA-DR3/3 homozygotes and 42 HLA-DR4/4 homozygotes. The control population (n = 74) was chosen without "bias toward" their HLA-DR genes. We selected DR2, DR3 and DR4 homozygotes because they have been the most frequently involved in HLA-DR associated diseases. Our results indicate that the recent reports in the literature of TCR-beta/disease associations can not be explained by a significantly different distribution of TCR-beta genes in HLA-DR2+, -DR3+, or -DR4+ subpopulations. Our results also suggest that if co-evolution between TCR-beta and MHC haplotypes does exist, the selective pressures in recent generations have not been strong enough to significantly alter the germline TCR-beta gene frequencies in HLA-DR2+, -DR3+, or -DR4+ subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Charmley
- Department of Microbiology, UCLA School of Medicine
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62
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Frank MB, McArthur R, Harley JB, Fujisaku A. Anti-Ro(SSA) autoantibodies are associated with T cell receptor beta genes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:33-9. [PMID: 1967259 PMCID: PMC296383 DOI: 10.1172/jci114430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several of the heterogeneous clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus have been associated with specific autoantibodies. Associations between HLA class II antigens and autoantibodies to the ribonucleoproteins Ro(SSA) and La(SSB) have been reported in these patients. Because HLA class II molecules present antigen to T cell receptors (TCRs), we have searched for a TCR gene associated with the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. A pair of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), one of which hybridizes to the TCR constant region C beta 1 and the other to the C beta 2 gene, has been identified, suggesting these may be genotypic markers for an extended region of the TCR beta locus. This RFLP pair occurs in 76% of patients with Ro(SSA) precipitins, 84% of anti-Ro(SSA)-positive patients lacking La(SSB) precipitins, but only 41% of the patients lacking both precipitins (P = 0.0004). This disproportionate occurrence in a subset of lupus patients indicates that these RFLPs are not disease susceptibility markers, but rather are important markers for TCR genes whose products are involved in the production of anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. The majority of patients who have these RFLPs and HLA class II antigens previously associated with the anti-Ro(SSA) response make this antibody, suggesting that interactions between products of these loci occur in response to Ro(SSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Frank
- Arthritis and Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City 73104
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63
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Allelic sequence variations in the hypervariable region of a T-cell receptor beta chain: correlation with restriction fragment length polymorphism in human families and populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:9422-6. [PMID: 2574461 PMCID: PMC298508 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.23.9422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct sequence analysis of the human T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) V beta 1 variable gene identified a single base-pair allelic variation (C/G) located within the coding region. This change results in substitution of a histidine (CAC) for a glutamine (CAG) at position 48 of the TCR beta chain, a position predicted to be in the TCR antigen binding site. The V beta 1 polymorphism was found by DNA sequence analysis of V beta 1 genes from seven unrelated individuals; V beta 1 genes were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, the amplified fragments were cloned into M13 phage vectors, and sequences were determined. To determine the inheritance patterns of the V beta 1 substitution and to test correlation with V beta 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism detected with Pvu II and Taq I, allele-specific oligonucleotides were constructed and used to characterize amplified DNA samples. Seventy unrelated individuals and six families were tested for both restriction fragment length polymorphism and for the V beta 1 substitution. The correlation was also tested using amplified, size-selected, Pvu II- and Taq I-digested DNA samples from heterozygotes. Pvu II allele 1 (61/70) and Taq I allele 1 (66/70) were found to be correlated with the substitution giving rise to a histidine at position 48. Because there are exceptions to the correlation, the use of specific probes to characterize allelic forms of TCR variable genes will provide important tools for studies of basic TCR genetics and disease associations.
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64
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Dutz JP, Chan A, Mak T, Siminovitch KA, Rubin LA. T cell receptor genes in rheumatoid arthritis. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1989; 11:289-99. [PMID: 2533409 DOI: 10.1007/bf00197308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J P Dutz
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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65
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Seboun E, Robinson MA, Kindt TJ, Hauser SL. Insertion/deletion-related polymorphisms in the human T cell receptor beta gene complex. J Exp Med 1989; 170:1263-70. [PMID: 2571667 PMCID: PMC2189474 DOI: 10.1084/jem.170.4.1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Insertion/deletion related polymorphisms (IDRP) involving stretches of 15-30 kb within the human TCR-beta gene complex were revealed by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Two independent IDRP systems were detected by analysis of Sfi I- and Sal I-digested human DNA samples using probes for TCR C and V region gene segments. The allelic nature of these systems was verified in family studies, and mapping data allowed localization of one area of insertion/deletion among the V gene segments and the other near the C region genes. All but one of 50 individuals tested could be typed for the two allelic systems, and gene frequencies for the two allelic forms were 0.37/0.61 and 0.46/0.54, indicating that these polymorphisms are widespread.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Seboun
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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66
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Perl A, Divincenzo JP, Gergely P, Condemi JJ, Abraham GN. Detection and mapping of polymorphic KpnI alleles in the human T-cell receptor constant beta-2 locus. Immunology 1989; 67:135-8. [PMID: 2567702 PMCID: PMC1385303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern blot analysis with human T-cell receptor (TcR) beta-chain specific cDNA probes revealed two novel allelic forms of the TcR beta-2 gene locus. Three different genotypes were noted based on the presence of polymorphic KpnI restriction fragments: I, 5.7 kb fragment only; II, 3.9 kb and 1.8 kb fragments only; III, all three polymorphic fragments. This hybridization pattern suggested that the presence or absence of a polymorphic KpnI site within the 5.7 kb fragment defines the two different allelic forms of the TcR beta chain locus. By Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from T-cell lines with deleted C-beta-1 regions and computer-assisted restriction site mapping of germline and cDNA sequences of the C-beta-2 locus, the polymorphic KpnI site was localized at 24 bp 5' to the third exon of the C-beta-2 gene. It was determined that the polymorphic KpnI site and the earlier described polymorphic BglII site located 5' to the C-beta-2 gene are not co-inherited. No difference was noted in distribution of the KpnI genotypes and allelic frequencies between 26 normal individuals and 22 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. However, this newly characterized polymorphism of the TcR locus should provide a useful tool to analyse the role of inherited genetic variations in the function of T lymphocytes under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Perl
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642
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67
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Klotz JL, Barth RK, Kiser GL, Hood LE, Kronenberg M. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mouse T-cell receptor gene families. Immunogenetics 1989; 29:191-201. [PMID: 2564371 DOI: 10.1007/bf00373645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) found in the germline T-cell receptor genes of 25 inbred Mus musculus strains and 8 wild Mus species. Included in the inbred mice tested were several strains which spontaneously develop systemic autoimmune disease. Extensive polymorphism was evident for the variable (V) gene segments of the alpha gene family for both the inbred strains and wild mouse species. Changes in the total number of bands hybridizing with probes for V alpha gene segments suggest that members of a V alpha gene segment subfamily are not closely linked, but are interspersed with members of other subfamilies; that expansion and contraction of the multimembered subfamilies may be an important diversifying factor. Our data obtained with beta gene probes revealed genomic diversity that is much more limited than that seen for the alpha locus. Analysis of inbred mice with probes for the gamma gene locus revealed some RFLPs, but little evidence of expansion or contraction in the numbers of gene segments. Among the autoimmune mice, NZW, NZB, and BXSB/MpJ all display distinctive differences with alpha gene probes. NZW mice have a large deletion of the beta gene family, which has been reported previously. We found no differences to distinguish the MRL/MpJ lpr/lpr mice from non-autoimmune strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Klotz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA School of Medicine 90024
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68
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Lipoldova M, Londei M, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Feldmann M, Owen MJ. Analysis of T-cell receptor usage in activated T-cell clones from Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease. J Autoimmun 1989; 2:1-13. [PMID: 2473762 DOI: 10.1016/0896-8411(89)90103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangements to the T-cell receptor (TcR) beta and gamma gene loci were studied in T cells derived from the thyroid glands of a patient with Hashimoto's (HT) and another with Graves' (GD) autoimmune thyroiditis. The cells studied were freshly isolated mononuclear cells, T-cell lines grown in the presence of anti-CD3 and IL-2 and T-cell clones. Numerous different rearrangements to the constant regions of TcR beta and TcR gamma and in the variable gene region of TcR beta were observed. These findings indicate that the T-cell response in autoimmune thyroiditis is multiclonal and may have implications for the epitopes recognized by autoreactive T cells and for the mechanisms of the disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Clone Cells/analysis
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Graves Disease/genetics
- Graves Disease/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/genetics
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lipoldova
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Laboratories, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK
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69
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Biddison WE, Beall SS, Concannon P, Charmley P, Gatti RA, Hood LE, McFarland HF, McFarlin DE. The germline repertoire of T-cell receptor beta-chain genes in patients with multiple sclerosis. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1989; 140:212-5; discussion 245-8. [PMID: 2525795 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(89)90089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain gene repertoire of 40 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was compared to that of 100 normal individuals. V-beta probes that represent 14 different V-beta subfamilies plus a C-beta probe were used to identify 53 separate beta-chain gene segments. No duplication or deletion of any of these 53 gene segments was found in the MS patients. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) alleles detected by V-beta 8, V-beta 11 and C-beta probes defined 8 different beta-chain haplotypes. The distribution of these haplotypes in Caucasian MS patients and normal individuals was significantly different (p = 0.012). Comparison of the DR2+ subset of MS patients (n = 32) to a second group of 43 Caucasian DR2+ normal individuals revealed that the distribution of these beta-chain haplotypes was significantly different in these two populations (p = 0.015). These results suggest that an MS susceptibility gene(s) may be located in the region of the TCR/beta-chain gene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Biddison
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological, Communicative Disorders, and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892
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70
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Oksenberg JR, Sherritt M, Begovich AB, Erlich HA, Bernard CC, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L. T-cell receptor V alpha and C alpha alleles associated with multiple and myasthenia gravis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1989; 86:988-92. [PMID: 2915992 PMCID: PMC286604 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.86.3.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphic markers in genes encoding that alpha chain of the human T-cell receptor (TcR) have been detected by Southern blot analysis in Pss I digests. Polymorphic bands were observed at 6.3 and 2.0 kilobases (kb) with frequencies of 0.30 and 0.44, respectively, in the general population. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, we amplified selected sequences derived from the full-length TcR alpha cDNA probe. These PCR products were used as specific probes to demonstrate that the 6.3-kb polymorphic fragment hybridizes to the variable (V)-region probe and the 2.0-kb fragment hybridizes to the constant (C)-region probe. Segregation of the polymorphic bands was analyzed in family studies. To look for associations between these markers and autoimmune diseases, we have studied the restriction fragment length polymorphism distribution of the Pss I markers in patients with multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and Graves disease. Significant differences in the frequency of the polymorphic V alpha and C alpha markers were identified between patients and healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, CA 94305
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71
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Beall SS, Concannon P, Charmley P, McFarland HF, Gatti RA, Hood LE, McFarlin DE, Biddison WE. The germline repertoire of T cell receptor beta-chain genes in patients with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 1989; 21:59-66. [PMID: 2562801 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(89)90159-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TcR) beta-chain germline gene repertoire of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients was compared to that of 100 normal individuals. No differences in the number of gene segments defined by probes representing 14 different human V beta subfamilies and the constant region genes were found. The distribution of haplotypes defined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) alleles detected with V beta 8, V beta 11, and C beta probes in the MS patients was significantly different from that found in normal individuals. Because 84% of the MS patients were DR2+, the findings in these patients were compared to a second group of 43 normals who were DR2+. The distribution of TcR haplotypes in MS patients was also significantly different from that in the DR2+ normals. The data suggest that an MS susceptibility gene(s) may be located in the region of the TcR beta-chain gene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Beall
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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72
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Sanz I, Hwang LY, Hasemann C, Thomas J, Wasserman R, Tucker P, Capra JD. Polymorphisms of immunologically relevant loci in human disease. Autoimmunity and human heavy chain variable regions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 546:133-42. [PMID: 3150259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb21628.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I Sanz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235
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73
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74
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Moller DR, Konishi K, Kirby M, Balbi B, Crystal RG. Bias toward use of a specific T cell receptor beta-chain variable region in a subgroup of individuals with sarcoidosis. J Clin Invest 1988; 82:1183-91. [PMID: 2459159 PMCID: PMC442668 DOI: 10.1172/jci113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the concept that biases in the usage of T cell antigen receptor beta variable (V) regions may be manifested in T lymphocytes that accumulate in nonmalignant, T cell-mediated human disorders, a V beta 8-specific antibody (anti-Ti3A, 5REX9H5) was used to evaluate lung and blood T cells in pulmonary sarcoidosis, a chronic granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. Whereas normal patients had less than 5% Ti3A+ lung (n = 7) and/or blood (n = 9) lymphocytes, strikingly, a subgroup (8 of 21) with active pulmonary sarcoidosis had greater than 7% Ti3A+ lung and/or blood T cells and a higher proportion of Ti3A+ lymphocytes in the lung compared with blood. Dual-color flow cytometry demonstrated compartmentalization of Ti3A+ CD4+ lymphocytes to lung and Ti3A+ CD8+ lymphocytes to blood. Analysis with a 32P-labeled V beta 8 probe revealed that sarcoid lung T lymphocytes contained higher amounts of V beta 8+ mRNA than autologous blood T cells. However, Southern analysis of sarcoid lung and blood T cell DNA demonstrated no evidence of clonal rearrangements of V beta 8 genes. These observations demonstrate a clear bias toward the use of at least one V beta region in sarcoidosis, and suggests T cells accumulate secondary to external selective pressure, rather than in a random polyclonal fashion or by clonal expansion of one or few T cell clones.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, Surface/analysis
- Clone Cells/metabolism
- Clone Cells/pathology
- Epitopes/analysis
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/analysis
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Lung Diseases/immunology
- Lung Diseases/metabolism
- Lung Diseases/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Sarcoidosis/immunology
- Sarcoidosis/metabolism
- Sarcoidosis/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/classification
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Moller
- Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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75
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Font MP, Chen Z, Bories JC, Duparc N, Loiseau P, Degos L, Cann H, Cohen D, Dausset J, Sigaux F. The V gamma locus of the human T cell receptor gamma gene. Repertoire polymorphism of the first variable gene segment subgroup. J Exp Med 1988; 168:1383-94. [PMID: 2902186 PMCID: PMC2189075 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.4.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Southern blot analysis using a genomic probe of the human TCR-gamma chain first variable gene subgroup (V gamma I) was performed on DNA samples from both parents of 36 healthy Caucasian families. Two types of polymorphisms were found in these 72 unrelated DNA samples: three repertoire polymorphisms and two restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). In all cases, Mendelian inheritance of these polymorphisms was demonstrated. The most frequent repertoire polymorphism consists in the lack of the V gamma 4 and V gamma 5 segments. In 16% of chromosomes, the Eco RI and Taq I restriction fragments corresponding to V gamma 4 and V gamma 5 were lacking, with no additional bands. In these cases, a decrease of 10 kb was observed in the Bam HI fragment containing all V gamma I segments as compared with samples containing V gamma 4-V gamma 5 segments. To better understand this polymorphism, which takes place in a previously incompletely defined region, the central part of the V gamma I region, including the polymorphic V gamma 4-V gamma 5 segments, was cloned. This allowed us to localize precisely the V gamma 5 segment and thus complete the description of the V gamma I region. A striking homology of DNA and deduced amino acid sequences is present between V gamma 2 and V gamma 4 and between V gamma 3 and V gamma 5, much higher than that observed between V gamma 2 and V gamma 3 and between V gamma 4 and V gamma 5. The differences in nucleotide sequence occur mainly in the intron and three hypervariable regions. These results strongly suggest a gene duplication relationship between the segments V gamma 2-V gamma 3 and the segments V gamma 4-V gamma 5. The most frequent RFLP documented in this study is due to the combined absence of the Eco RI and the Taq I sites located in the noncoding region between V gamma 3 and V gamma 4. The haplotypic frequence of this RFLP is 6.9% of the general population. As the gamma/delta receptor may play an important role in immunological response, the biological relevance of the high degree of polymorphism occurring in the V gamma I region, as well as its possible association with some immune disturbances, should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Font
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U93, Hopital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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76
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Oksenberg JR, Gaiser CN, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Steinman L. Polymorphic markers of human T-cell receptor alpha and beta genes. Family studies and comparison of frequencies in healthy individuals and patients with multiple sclerosis and myasthenia gravis. Hum Immunol 1988; 22:111-21. [PMID: 2971027 DOI: 10.1016/0198-8859(88)90041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic markers for the human T-cell receptor (TcR) genes are described. With a TcR beta-chain probe, polymorphic allelic fragments of 5.4 and 1.8 kb were detected in KpnI digests, and fragments of 12.5 and 11.5 kb were seen in the BglII digests. Polymorphism in alpha chain genes was observed in TaqI-digested DNA samples with bands at 10.2 and 6.2-2.1 kb. Mendelian codominant inheritance for all three polymorphisms was confirmed in family studies. The gene frequencies for these alleles were determined in a sample of 70 normal unrelated Caucasian individuals, and were shown to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were no significant differences in the frequency of these polymorphic alpha and beta alleles between patients with multiple sclerosis and patients with myasthenia gravis as compared to a panel of control healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Oksenberg
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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77
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Lai E, Concannon P, Hood L. Conserved organization of the human and murine T-cell receptor beta-gene families. Nature 1988; 331:543-6. [PMID: 2829029 DOI: 10.1038/331543a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Generation of an immune response depends on the interaction of haematopoietic cell types, among which T cells and their receptors are of central importance. The T-cell receptor is a heterodimer consisting of disulphide-linked alpha and beta-chains, each chain divided into variable (V) and constant (C) regions. The beta-chain is encoded by the rearrangement of separate variable (V beta), diversity (D beta) and joining (J beta) gene segments during T-cell differentiation. To examine the mechanisms of somatic DNA rearrangement and evolution of the beta-gene segments, we have constructed a physical map of the human T-cell receptor beta-chain family containing 40 V beta gene segments as well as both C beta gene clusters. A comparison of the published nucleotide sequences of human and murine V beta gene segments reveals 12 examples of gene segments sharing 65% or more interspecies homology. The relative order of these human and murine V beta gene segment homologues is also conserved along the chromosome, apart from more extensive human gene duplication, presumably as a consequence of constraints imposed on evolutionary mechanisms operating to diversify these gene families or of selective pressures operating to maintain order.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lai
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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78
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Huppi KE, D'Hoostelaere LA, Mock BA, Jouvin-Marche E, Behlke MA, Chou HS, Berry RJ, Loh DY. T-cell receptor VT beta genes in natural populations of mice. Immunogenetics 1988; 27:51-6. [PMID: 2890577 DOI: 10.1007/bf00404444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The composition of 15 VT beta gene subfamilies has been examined by Southern hybridization among a broad spectrum of colony bred rat and mouse species extending phylogenetically from Rattus to Mus musculus domesticus. Most mouse species contain a similar content of VT beta genes as determined by the number of hybridizing restriction fragment (RF) bands. Furthermore, the extent of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) appears to be limited. Some VT beta gene families, however, are missing from Rattus (VT beta 7, VT beta 12) and M. shortridgei (VT beta 9, VT beta 16). Extension of the VT beta survey to a panel of 38 wild caught mice reveals that nearly a third lack specific hybridization to the VT beta 5 probe. Previous reports have established that the mouse inbred strains SJL, C57BR, C57L, and SWR lack 50% of their VT beta repertoire, including VT beta 5 (Behlke et al. 1985). This study demonstrates that natural populations of mice also carry a significantly reduced VT beta gene repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Huppi
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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79
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Wilson RK, Lai E, Concannon P, Barth RK, Hood LE. Structure, organization and polymorphism of murine and human T-cell receptor alpha and beta chain gene families. Immunol Rev 1988; 101:149-72. [PMID: 2965094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1988.tb00736.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R K Wilson
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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80
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Theofilopoulos AN, Kofler R, Singer PA, Noonan DJ, Dixon FJ. Genomic Organization and Expression of B and T Cell Antigen Receptor Genes in Murine Lupus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(21)00931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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81
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Robinson MA, Kindt TJ. Genetic recombination within the human T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:9089-93. [PMID: 2892195 PMCID: PMC299697 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.24.9089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of the human T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha-chain genes indicate that recombination events may occur frequently within this gene complex. Examination of the inheritance of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) detected by using probes for constant or variable region gene segments made it possible to assign TCR alpha haplotypes to the 16 parents and 43 offspring of eight families studied. A total of six RFLP, three for the constant region and three for variable region gene segments, were examined in the present studies. Most enzyme and probe combinations tested revealed no polymorphism and those finally selected for the study showed limited polymorphism in that only two or, in one case, three allelic forms of the gene were seen. In spite of limited variability at this level, extensive heterogeneity was observed for the combinations of markers present in haplotypes, suggesting that frequent recombination events have occurred. Most strikingly, multiple combinations of RFLP occurring in close proximity of the TCR alpha constant region gene were observed in this study. A high recombination frequency for the TCR alpha gene complex is further supported by the observation that two children, one in each of two families, inherited recombinant TCR alpha haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Robinson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892
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82
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Abstract
The primary structure of T cell receptor proteins and genes is well understood. Immunologists are now trying to understand the properties of these interesting molecules. Evidence suggests that T cell alpha beta receptors recognize a complex of an antigen-derived peptide bound to one of the cell-surface products of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes. It is likely that alpha beta receptors and MHC proteins have coevolved to have some affinity for each other. During T cell development in the thymus, cells bearing self-reactive receptors are deleted by the mechanisms of tolerance, and cells are preferentially allowed to mature if they bear receptors that will be able to recognize antigen plus self-MHC after they have become full-fledged T cells. Some explanations for these phenomena have been tested, but no satisfactory theory can yet be proposed to account for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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83
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Abstract
In the past few years, striking advances have been made in automating DNA sequence analysis. Currently, efforts are underway to automate and improve DNA purification, mapping, and data processing procedures. The predictable advances in these technologies should soon place us in a position to sequence the entire human genome. The information derived from this project will have profound implications for basic biology and clinical medicine alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Hood
- California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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84
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Klein MH, Concannon P, Everett M, Kim LD, Hunkapiller T, Hood L. Diversity and structure of human T-cell receptor alpha-chain variable region genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:6884-8. [PMID: 3502713 PMCID: PMC299189 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.19.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide sequences of 27 T-cell receptor alpha-chain variable region (V alpha)-containing cDNA clones isolated from a cDNA library derived from human peripheral blood lymphocytes were determined. Eighteen different V alpha and 26 different joining (J alpha) gene segments are utilized in these clones. The V alpha gene segments belong to 12 different subfamilies, each containing from one to seven members. Comparisons with the 16 different V alpha and 21 different J alpha sequences previously reported suggest that the germ-line repertoires for these gene segments are greater than previously estimated. Flexibility in the sites of gene segment joining and possibly N-region diversification also contribute to human alpha-chain diversity. Comparisons of human V alpha regions indicate a high degree of variability spread uniformly across the entire V alpha region without obvious hypervariable regions. However, amino acids important for the maintenance of V gene structure are conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Klein
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125
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