51
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify published studies quantifying familial prostate cancer risks in relatives of prostate cancer cases and, by meta-analysis, obtain more precise estimates of familial risk according to the family history. METHODS Thirteen case-control and cohort studies were identified which have reported risks of prostate cancer in relatives of prostate cancer cases. Pooled estimates of risk for various categories of family history were obtained by calculating the weighted average of the log relative risk (RR) estimates from studies. RESULTS The pooled RR (95% confidence interval) in first-degree relatives was 2.5 (2.2-2.8). There was evidence that this was highest in relatives of cases diagnosed before age 60 years and that RRs declined with age. The risk for the few men with two affected relatives was increased 3.5-fold (2.6-4.8). RRs to sons of cases appeared to be lower than in brothers; a complete explanation of this observation is uncertain. CONCLUSION Men with a family history of prostate cancer have a significantly greater risk of developing prostate cancer than those with no such history. Risks are greatest for relatives of cases diagnosed when young and those with more than one relative affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E Johns
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Paiss T, Herkommer K, Bock B, Heinz H, Vogel W, Kron M, Kuefer R, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE. Association between the clinical presentation and epidemiological features of familial prostate cancer in patients selected for radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol 2003; 43:615-21. [PMID: 12767361 DOI: 10.1016/s0302-2838(03)00146-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated if epidemiological features of familial prostate cancer are associated with certain clinical or histopathological characteristics of the disease. METHODS 463 German patients with familial prostate cancer who underwent radical prostatectomy were stratified according to several epidemiological criteria: (1). the apparent mode of disease transmission, (2). the average age of onset and (3). number of affected relatives/family, (4). whether or not they met the Johns Hopkins criteria of hereditary prostate cancer. The variables analysed included the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) and the digital rectal examination at diagnosis, histopathological characteristics of the prostatectomy specimen and relapse free 5-year survival rates. These characteristics were compared within the subsets of familial patients and compared to 492 control patients with sporadic prostate cancer. RESULTS Age of onset was the only clinical parameter differentiating familial and sporadic prostate cancer. Otherwise there was no association between epidemiological features of familial predisposition and the clinical presentation or outcome of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Familial and sporadic prostate cancer seem to be the same disease. Alternatively it may be concluded that the common epidemiological features of familial prostate cancer are not useful to tell tumours that are based on inherited susceptibility apart from those that are not. Whether hereditary prostate cancer is clinically distinct from sporadic forms cannot be determined before the underlying genetic alterations are identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Paiss
- Department of Urology and Paediatric Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, D-89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cui JS, Spurdle AB, Southey MC, Dite GS, Venter DJ, McCredie MRE, Giles GG, Chenevix-Trench G, Hopper JL. Regressive logistic and proportional hazards disease models for within-family analyses of measured genotypes, with application to a CYP17 polymorphism and breast cancer. Genet Epidemiol 2003; 24:161-72. [PMID: 12652520 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.10222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Various statistical methods have been proposed to evaluate associations between measured genetic variants and disease, including some using family designs. For breast cancer and rare variants, we applied a modified segregation analysis method that uses the population cancer incidence and population-based case families in which a mutation is known to be segregating. Here we extend the method to a common polymorphism, and use a regressive logistic approach to model familial aggregation by conditioning each individual on their mother's breast cancer history. We considered three models: 1) class A regressive logistic model; 2) age-of-onset regressive logistic model; and 3) proportional hazards familial model. Maximum likelihood estimates were calculated using the software MENDEL. We applied these methods to data from the Australian Breast Cancer Family Study on the CYP17 5'UTR T-->C MspA1 polymorphism measured for 1,447 case probands, 787 controls, and 213 relatives of case probands found to have the CC genotype. Breast cancer data for first- and second-degree relatives of case probands were used. The three methods gave consistent estimates. The best-fitting model involved a recessive inheritance, with homozygotes being at an increased risk of 47% (95% CI, 28-68%). The cumulative risk of the disease up to age 70 years was estimated to be 10% or 22% for a CYP17 homozygote whose mother was unaffected or affected, respectively. This analytical approach is well-suited to the data that arise from population-based case-control-family studies, in which cases, controls and relatives are studied, and genotype is measured for some but not all subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng S Cui
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Abstract
Because more and more men are being diagnosed with prostate cancer worldwide, knowledge about and prevention of this disease is important. Epidemiological studies have provided some insight about the cause of prostate cancer in terms of diet and genetic factors. However, compared with other common cancers such as breast and lung cancer, the causes remain poorly understood. Several important issues could help in our understanding of this disease-the variation in incidence of prostate cancer between ethnic populations and the factors leading to familial clustering of the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Valeri A, Briollais L, Azzouzi R, Fournier G, Mangin P, Berthon P, Cussenot O, Demenais F. Segregation analysis of prostate cancer in France: evidence for autosomal dominant inheritance and residual brother-brother dependence. Ann Hum Genet 2003; 67:125-37. [PMID: 12675688 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.2003.00022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Four segregation analyses concerning prostate cancer (CaP), three conducted in the United States and one in Northern Europe, have shown evidence for a dominant major gene but with different parameter estimates. A recent segregation analysis of Australian pedigrees has found a better fit of a two-locus model than single-locus models. This model included a dominantly inherited increased risk that was greater at younger ages and a recessively inherited or X-linked increased risk that was greater at older ages. Recent linkage analyses have led to the detection of at least 8 CaP predisposing genes, suggesting a complex inheritance and genetic heterogeneity. To assess the nature of familial aggregation of prostate cancer in France, segregation analysis was conducted in 691 families ascertained through 691 CaP patients, recruited from three French hospitals and unselected with respect to age at diagnosis, clinical stage or family history. This mode of family inclusion, without any particular selection of the probands, is unique, as probands from all previous analyses were selected according to various criteria. Segregation analysis was carried out using the logistic hazard regressive model, as incorporated in the REGRESS program, which can accommodate a major gene effect, residual familial dependences of any origin (genetic and/or environmental), and covariates, while including survival analysis concepts. Segregation analysis showed evidence for the segregation of an autosomal dominant gene (allele frequency of 0.03%) with an additional brother-brother dependence. The estimated cumulative risks of prostate cancer by age 85 years, among subjects with the at-risk genotype, were 86% in the fathers' generation and 99% in the probands' generation. This study supports the model of Mendelian transmission of a rare autosomal dominant gene with high penetrance, and demonstrates that additional genetic and/or common sibling environmental factors are involved to account for the familial clustering of CaP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Valeri
- Centre de Recherche pour les Pathologies Prostatiques (CeRePP), UPRES EA3104 Université Paris VII, 45 rue des Saint-Pères 75006 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Turner AR, Isaacs WB, Xu J. Hereditary Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012286981-5/50018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
57
|
Baffoe-Bonnie AB, Kiemeney LALM, Beaty TH, Bailey-Wilson JE, Schnell AH, Sigvaldason H, Olafsdóttir G, Tryggvadóttir L, Tulinius H. Segregation analysis of 389 Icelandic pedigrees with Breast and prostate cancer. Genet Epidemiol 2002; 23:349-63. [PMID: 12432503 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer and prostate cancer are the most commonly occurring cancers in females and males, respectively. The objective of this project was to test the hypothesis that breast cancer in females and prostate cancer in males represent homologous cancers that may be controlled by one or more common unidentified genes that may explain some of the observed familial aggregation. We modeled the transmission of a breast-prostate cancer phenotype in 389 pedigrees ascertained through a breast cancer proband drawn from the Icelandic Cancer Registry. Assuming that age at diagnosis of this combined phenotype followed a logistic distribution, segregation analyses were performed to evaluate residual parental effects, a sibship covariate, and a dichotomous cohort effect. The most parsimonious model was a Mendelian codominant model, which could partly explain the familial aggregation of both cancers. Inheritance of a putative high-risk allele (A) predicted gender-specific mean ages of onset for females as 53.8 years, 59.7 years, and 65.6 years for the putative AA, AB, and BB genotypes, respectively. Similarly, the predicted means were 73.7 years, 75.6 years, and 78.3 years, respectively, among males. Under this codominant model, the lifetime risk of a woman being affected was 19% by age 80 years. This implies that when prostate cancer among male relatives of breast cancer probands (unselected for family history or early-onset disease) is considered a pleiotrophic effect of the same gene that increases the risk for breast cancer, women are predicted to have a less than 1 in 5 risk of developing breast cancer when they carry the putative high-risk allele. However, this is a higher risk than in the general Icelandic population. Our results suggest that BRCA2 mutations alone are inadequate to explain all of the excess clustering of prostate cancer cases in families of breast cancer probands, and that additional genes conferring excess risk to both breast and prostate cancer may exist in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnes B Baffoe-Bonnie
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
PURPOSE We review the current epidemiological and genetic knowledge regarding hereditary prostate cancer, and outline its clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS Published articles on hereditary prostate cancer were identified using the MEDLINE data base. RESULTS A risk of prostate cancer, particularly early onset disease, is strongly affected by family history (number of relatives with prostate cancer and their age at diagnosis). A family history of prostate cancer increases the positive predictive value of prostate specific antigen testing and, hence, heredity should always be assessed when deciding whether to perform biopsies in a man with a prostate specific antigen level of 3 to 10 ng./ml. Epidemiological studies indicate that dominantly inherited susceptibility genes with high penetrance cause 5% to 10% of all prostate cancer cases, and as much as 30% to 40% of early onset disease. More than a half dozen chromosome loci that may comprise such genes have been mapped, but as of May 2002 no prostate cancer susceptibility gene of major importance had been cloned. Most likely, environmental factors and comparatively common variants of several other genes affect prostate cancer risk in families with or without multiple cases of the disease. On average, hereditary prostate cancer is diagnosed 6 to 7 years earlier than sporadic prostate cancer, but does not otherwise differ clinically from the sporadic form. As a consequence of the earlier onset, a greater proportion of men with hereditary prostate cancer die of the disease than those with nonhereditary prostate cancer. At present, the only clinically applicable measure to reduce prostate cancer mortality in families with hereditary disease is screening, with the aim of diagnosing the disease when it is still in a curable stage. CONCLUSIONS Hereditary susceptibility is now considered the strongest risk factor for prostate cancer and has profound clinical importance. The genetic mechanism behind such susceptibility has turned out to be more complex than initially thought, and will probably not be completely understood for many years to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Bratt
- Unit for Urology, Helsingborg Hospital, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
|
60
|
Bochum S, Paiss T, Vogel W, Herkommer K, Hautmann R, Haeussler J. Confirmation of the prostate cancer susceptibility locus HPCX in a set of 104 German prostate cancer families. Prostate 2002; 52:12-9. [PMID: 11992616 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility loci have been reported, but attempts to confirm them in independent data sets have produced inconsistent results. It is not yet clear, how much of this variation is due to differences between different populations. HPCX was originally identified in a combined data set of PCa families from the USA and Scandinavia. Considerable differences in the frequency of linked families were observed in this heterogeneous family sample as well as in following studies. METHODS In order to estimate the significance of HPCX in the German population, DNA samples from 104 PCa families were genotyped at six polymorphic markers spanning a region of approximately 14 cM on Xq27-28, which includes the proposed HPCX candidate locus. RESULTS In the entire data set, a maximum NPL Z score of 1.20 (P = 0.11) at marker DXS984 was observed. Statistically significant evidence for linkage was obtained in the subset of 63 families with early-onset disease (i.e., < or = 65 years) with a maximum NPL Z score of 2.32 (P = 0.009) at the same location. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the existence of a prostate cancer susceptibility gene on Xq27-28 also in the German population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Bochum
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Chang B, Zheng SL, Isaacs SD, Wiley KE, Carpten JD, Hawkins GA, Bleecker ER, Walsh PC, Trent JM, Meyers DA, Isaacs WB, Xu J. Linkage and association of CYP17 gene in hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2001; 95:354-9. [PMID: 11668516 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20011120)95:6<354::aid-ijc1062>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Androgens are essential for prostate development, growth and maintenance and the association between androgen levels and prostate cancer is well established. Since the CYP17 gene encodes the enzyme cytochrome P450c17alpha, which mediates 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities in the androgen biosynthesis pathway, sequence variations in the gene and association with increased risk to prostate cancer has been studied. In particular, several groups have studied the association between a polymorphism in the 5' promoter region and prostate cancer using a population-based association approach. However, the results from these studies were inconclusive. To further study this polymorphism and its possible role in hereditary prostate cancer (HPC), we performed a genetic linkage analysis and family-based association analysis in 159 families, each of which contains at least 3 first-degree relatives with prostate cancer. In addition, we performed a population-based association analysis to compare the risk of this polymorphism to hereditary and sporadic prostate cancer in 159 HPC probands, 249 sporadic prostate cancer patients and 211 unaffected control subjects. Evidence for linkage at the CYP17 gene region was found in the total 159 HPC families (LOD = 1.3, p = 0.01, at marker D10S222). However, family-based association tests did not provide evidence for overtransmission of either allele of the CYP17 polymorphism to affected individuals in the HPC families. The allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphism were not statistically different among the HPC probands, sporadic cases and unaffected control subjects. In conclusion, our results suggest that the CYP17 gene or other genes in the region may increase the susceptibility to prostate cancer in men; however, the polymorphism in the 5' promoter region has a minor role if any in increasing prostate cancer susceptibility in our study sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Chang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|