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Lee JH, Mosher EP, Lee YS, Bumpus NN, Berger JM. Control of topoisomerase II activity and chemotherapeutic inhibition by TCA cycle metabolites. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:476-489.e6. [PMID: 34529934 PMCID: PMC8913808 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (topo II) is essential for disentangling newly replicated chromosomes. DNA unlinking involves the physical passage of one duplex through another and depends on the transient formation of double-stranded DNA breaks, a step exploited by frontline chemotherapeutics to kill cancer cells. Although anti-topo II drugs are efficacious, they also elicit cytotoxic side effects in normal cells; insights into how topo II is regulated in different cellular contexts is essential to improve their targeted use. Using chemical fractionation and mass spectrometry, we have discovered that topo II is subject to metabolic control through the TCA cycle. We show that TCA metabolites stimulate topo II activity in vitro and that levels of TCA flux modulate cellular sensitivity to anti-topo II drugs in vivo. Our work reveals an unanticipated connection between the control of DNA topology and cellular metabolism, a finding with ramifications for the clinical use of anti-topo II therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce H Lee
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Eric P Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Namandjé N Bumpus
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - James M Berger
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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52
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Sharma S, Agnihotri N, Kumar S. Targeting fuel pocket of cancer cell metabolism: A focus on glutaminolysis. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114943. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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53
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Gyanwali B, Lim ZX, Soh J, Lim C, Guan SP, Goh J, Maier AB, Kennedy BK. Alpha-Ketoglutarate dietary supplementation to improve health in humans. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:136-146. [PMID: 34952764 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is an intermediate in the Krebs cycle involved in various metabolic and cellular pathways. As an antioxidant, AKG interferes in nitrogen and ammonia balance, and affects epigenetic and immune regulation. These pleiotropic functions of AKG suggest it may also extend human healthspan. Recent studies in worms and mice support this concept. A few studies published in the 1980s and 1990s in humans suggested the potential benefits of AKG in muscle growth, wound healing, and in promoting faster recovery after surgery. So far there are no recently published studies demonstrating the role of AKG in treating aging and age-related diseases; hence, further clinical studies are required to better understand the role of AKG in humans. This review will discuss the regulatory role of AKG in aging, as well as its potential therapeutic use in humans to treat age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibek Gyanwali
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Xiang Lim
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janjira Soh
- Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Clarissa Lim
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shou Ping Guan
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jorming Goh
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore.
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54
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Chupin AV, Verdikhanov NI, Golovyuk AL. [Modern conceptions on neck paragangliomas]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2022:64-70. [PMID: 35775846 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia202207164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neck paragangliomas are orphan diseases with incidence 1:30 000-1:100 000. Life expectancy is poor in patients with distant metastasis (5-year overall survival 11.8%), whereas 5-year overall survival in patients with regional metastasis is 76.8-82.4%. Meanwhile, there is still no any reliable tool for prediction of malignant potential of paraganglioma. Above-mentioned data indicate an importance of early diagnosis and timely treatment of neck paragangliomas. Total resection of tumor in ablastic conditions is a gold standard of treatment. However, surgery is associated with a high risk of neurovascular complications and requires multidisciplinary approach. Nevertheless, new knowledge dedicated to different aspects of pathogenesis of neck paraganglioma, diagnosis and treatment arise every year. This review is devoted to modern data on neck paragangliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Chupin
- Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - N I Verdikhanov
- Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A L Golovyuk
- Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow, Russia
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55
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Takács-Vellai K, Farkas Z, Ősz F, Stewart GW. Model systems in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1177-1201. [PMID: 34957538 PMCID: PMC8825606 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) (together PPGL) are tumors with poor outcomes that arise from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal gland, and sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia outside the adrenal gland, respectively. Many follow germline mutations in genes coding for subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a tetrameric enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that both converts succinate to fumarate and participates in electron transport. Germline SDH subunit B (SDHB) mutations have a high metastatic potential. Herein, we review the spectrum of model organisms that have contributed hugely to our understanding of SDH dysfunction. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), succinate accumulation inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzymes leading to DNA demethylation. In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, mutated SDH creates developmental abnormalities, metabolic rewiring, an energy deficit and oxygen hypersensitivity (the latter is also found in Drosophila melanogaster). In the zebrafish Danio rerio, sdhb mutants display a shorter lifespan with defective energy metabolism. Recently, SDHB-deficient pheochromocytoma has been cultivated in xenografts and has generated cell lines, which can be traced back to a heterozygous SDHB-deficient rat. We propose that a combination of such models can be efficiently and effectively used in both pathophysiological studies and drug-screening projects in order to find novel strategies in PPGL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Ősz
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gordon W Stewart
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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56
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Liu W, Sun Y, Ge W, Zhang F, Gan L, Zhu Y, Guo T, Liu K. DIA-based Proteomics Identifies IDH2 as a Targetable Regulator of Acquired Drug Resistance in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 21:100187. [PMID: 34922009 PMCID: PMC8800142 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a critical obstacle to effective treatment in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). To understand the underlying resistance mechanisms in response to imatinib (IMA) and adriamycin (ADR), the parental K562 cells were treated with low doses of IMA or ADR for two months to generate derivative cells with mild, intermediate and severe resistance to the drugs as defined by their increasing resistance index (RI). PulseDIA-based quantitative proteomics was then employed to reveal the proteome changes in these resistant cells. In total, 7082 proteotypic proteins from 98,232 peptides were identified and quantified from the dataset using four DIA software tools including OpenSWATH, Spectronaut, DIA-NN, and EncyclopeDIA. Sirtuin Signaling Pathway was found to be significantly enriched in both ADR- and IMA-resistant K562 cells. In particular, IDH2 was identified as a potential drug target correlated with the drug resistance phenotype, and its inhibition by the antagonist AGI-6780 reversed the acquired resistance in K562 cells to either ADR or IMA. Together, our study has implicated IDH2 as a potential target that can be therapeutically leveraged to alleviate the drug resistance in K562 cells when treated with IMA and ADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weigang Ge
- Westlake Omics (Hangzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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57
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Zhang X, Dong W, Zhang J, Liu W, Yin J, Shi D, Ma W. A Novel Mitochondrial-Related Nuclear Gene Signature Predicts Overall Survival of Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:740487. [PMID: 34760888 PMCID: PMC8573348 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.740487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, of which lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is one of the main histological subtypes. Mitochondria are vital for maintaining the physiological function, and their dysfunction has been found to be correlated with tumorigenesis and disease progression. Although, some mitochondrial-related genes have been found to correlate with the clinical outcomes of multiple tumors solely. The integrated relationship between nuclear mitochondrial genes (NMGs) and the prognosis of LUAD remains unclear. Methods: The list of NMGs, gene expression data, and related clinical information of LUAD were downloaded from public databases. Bioinformatics methods were used and obtained 18 prognostic related NMGs to construct a risk signature. Results: There were 18 NMGs (NDUFS2, ATP8A2, SCO1, COX14, COA6, RRM2B, TFAM, DARS2, GARS, YARS2, EFG1, GFM1, MRPL3, MRPL44, ISCU, CABC1, HSPD1, and ETHE1) identified by LASSO regression analysis. The mRNA expression of these 18 genes was positively correlated with their relative linear copy number alteration (CNA). Meanwhile, the established risk signature could effectively distinguish high- and low-risk patients, and its predictive capacity was validated in three independent gene expression omnibus (GEO) cohorts. Notably, a significantly lower prevalence of actionable EGFR alterations was presented in patients with high-risk NMGs signature but accompanied with a more inflame immune tumor microenvironment. Additionally, multicomponent Cox regression analysis showed that the model was stable when risk score, tumor stage, and lymph node stage were considered, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year AUC were 0.74, 0.75, and 0.70, respectively. Conclusion: Together, this study established a signature based on NMGs that is a prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients and has the potential to be widely applied in future clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Zhang
- Department of General Thoracic, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of General Thoracic, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jishuai Zhang
- Department of General Thoracic, Feicheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Feicheng, China
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- Department of General Thoracic, Shenxian County People's Hospital of Shandong Provincial Group, Liaocheng, China
| | - Jingjing Yin
- Department of General Thoracic, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Duozhi Shi
- Lifehealthcare Clinical Laboratories, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of General Thoracic, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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58
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Jia L, Deng FM, Kong MX, Wu CL, Yang XJ. Common Diagnostic Challenges and Pitfalls in Genitourinary Organs, With Emphasis on Immunohistochemical and Molecular Updates. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 145:1387-1404. [PMID: 34673910 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0107-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Lesions in the genitourinary (GU) organs, both benign and malignant, can demonstrate overlapping morphology, and practicing surgical pathologists should be aware of these potential pitfalls and consider a broad differential diagnosis for each specific type of lesion involving the GU organs. The following summary of the contents presented at the 6th Annual Chinese American Pathologists Association (CAPA) Diagnostic Course (October 10-11, 2020), supplemented with relevant literature review, exemplifies the common diagnostic challenges and pitfalls for mass lesions of the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, with emphasis on immunohistochemical and molecular updates when relevant. OBJECTIVE.— To describe the common mass lesions in the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, with emphasis on the diagnostic challenges and pitfalls that may arise in the pathologic assessment, and to highlight immunohistochemical workups and emerging molecular findings when relevant. DATA SOURCES.— The contents presented at the course and literature search comprise our data sources. CONCLUSIONS.— The diagnostic challenges and pitfalls that arise in the pathologic assessment of the mass lesions in the GU system of adults, including adrenal gland, are common. We summarize the contents presented at the course, supplemented with relevant literature review, and hope to provide a diagnostic framework to evaluate these lesions in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Jia
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (Jia)
| | - Fang-Ming Deng
- the Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York City (Deng)
| | - Max X Kong
- Northern California Kaiser, Kaiser Sacramento Medical Center, Sacramento (Kong)
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- the Department of Pathology and Urology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Wu)
| | - Ximing J Yang
- the Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (Yang)
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Patra S, Elahi N, Armorer A, Arunachalam S, Omala J, Hamid I, Ashton AW, Joyce D, Jiao X, Pestell RG. Mechanisms Governing Metabolic Heterogeneity in Breast Cancer and Other Tumors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:700629. [PMID: 34631530 PMCID: PMC8495201 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.700629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of metabolic priorities promotes tumor progression. Our understanding of the Warburg effect, based on studies of cultured cancer cells, has evolved to a more complex understanding of tumor metabolism within an ecosystem that provides and catabolizes diverse nutrients provided by the local tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have illustrated that heterogeneous metabolic changes occur at the level of tumor type, tumor subtype, within the tumor itself, and within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, altered metabolism occurs in cancer cells and in the tumor microenvironment (fibroblasts, immune cells and fat cells). Herein we describe how these growth advantages are obtained through either “convergent” genetic changes, in which common metabolic properties are induced as a final common pathway induced by diverse oncogene factors, or “divergent” genetic changes, in which distinct factors lead to subtype-selective phenotypes and thereby tumor heterogeneity. Metabolic heterogeneity allows subtyping of cancers and further metabolic heterogeneity occurs within the same tumor mass thought of as “microenvironmental metabolic nesting”. Furthermore, recent findings show that mutations of metabolic genes arise in the majority of tumors providing an opportunity for the development of more robust metabolic models of an individual patient’s tumor. The focus of this review is on the mechanisms governing this metabolic heterogeneity in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Patra
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Naveed Elahi
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Aaron Armorer
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Swathi Arunachalam
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Joshua Omala
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Iman Hamid
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Anthony W Ashton
- Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba.,Program in Cardiovascular Medicine, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, United States
| | - David Joyce
- Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Xuanmao Jiao
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba
| | - Richard G Pestell
- Pensylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Wynnewood, PA, United States.,Xavier University School of Medicine at Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba.,Cancer Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Katagiri K, Shiga K, Ikeda A, Saito D, Oikawa SI, Tsuchida K, Miyaguchi J, Kusaka T, Tamura A, Nakayama M, Izumisawa M, Yoshida K, Ogasawara K, Takahashi F. The Influence of Young Age on Difficulties in the Surgical Resection of Carotid Body Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184565. [PMID: 34572792 PMCID: PMC8465132 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this study was to reveal the factors affecting the complexity and difficulties in performing surgery to resect carotid body tumors (CBTs). We analyzed 20 patients with 21 CBTs. We used the “same day surgery” procedure, including preoperative embolization of the feeding arteries in the morning and resection surgery in the afternoon of the same day. Four patients underwent resection of the carotid artery, followed by reconstruction. These four patients were between 18 to 23 years of age at the time of surgery. The mean blood loss and operative time in these patients differed significantly from those in older patients. These results indicated that young age may influence the difficulties faced in CBT surgery, resulting in an increased risk of carotid artery resection. The results obtained from our study could help surgeons safely and effectively perform resection surgery for CBTs. Abstract This study evaluated patient characteristics that affect the complexity and difficulties of performing surgery to resect carotid body tumors (CBTs). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 20 patients with 21 CBTs who were enrolled in the study. The median patient age was 46 years and the mean tumor diameter was 37.6 mm. The mean blood loss and operative time were 40.3 mL and 183 min, respectively. Four patients underwent resection of the carotid artery followed by reconstruction. These four patients were between 18 to 23 years of age at the time of surgery. The mean blood loss and operative time in these patients were 166 mL and 394 min, respectively, which differed significantly from those of older patients. Therefore, young age influenced the difficulties faced in surgical resection of CBT, with an increased risk of blood loss and carotid artery resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartsunori Katagiri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Kiyoto Shiga
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-19-613-7111
| | - Aya Ikeda
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Daisuke Saito
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Shin-ichi Oikawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Kodai Tsuchida
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Jun Miyaguchi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Takahiro Kusaka
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.K.); (A.I.); (D.S.); (S.-i.O.); (K.T.); (J.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Akio Tamura
- Department of Radiology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Manabu Nakayama
- Department of Radiology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Mitsuru Izumisawa
- Department of Radiology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (A.T.); (M.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Kenji Yoshida
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.Y.); (K.O.)
| | - Kuniaki Ogasawara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan; (K.Y.); (K.O.)
| | - Fumiaki Takahashi
- Division of Medical Engineering, Department of Information Science, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Yahaba, Morioka 028-3695, Iwate, Japan;
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Daumova M, Svajdler M, Fabian P, Kren L, Babankova I, Jezova M, Sedivcova M, Vanecek T, Behenska K, Michal M, Daum O. SDHC Methylation Pattern in Patients With Carney Triad. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2021; 29:599-605. [PMID: 33624983 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Carney triad is a multitumor syndrome affecting almost exclusively young women in a nonfamilial setting, which manifests by multifocal gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors, paragangliomas, and pulmonary chondroma. The Carney triad-associated tumors are characterized by a deficiency of the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase enzymatic complex. Recently, it has been observed that the deficiency results from epigenetic silencing of the SDHC gene by its promoter hypermethylation. To elucidate anatomic distribution of SDHC promoter methylation in Carney triad patients and thus to shed some light on the possible natural development of this epigenetic change, both neoplastic and available non-neoplastic tissues of 3 patients with Carney triad were tested for hypermethylation at the SDHC promoter site. SDHC promoter hypermethylation was proven in all tumors studied. Lack of SDHC epigenetic silencing in the non-neoplastic lymphoid and duodenal tissue (ie, tissues not involved in the development of Carney triad-associated tumors) together with the finding of SDHC promoter hypermethylation in the non-neoplastic gastric wall favors the hypothesis of postzygotic somatic mosaicism as the biological background of Carney triad; it also offers an explanation of the multifocality of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach occurring in this scenario as well. However, the precise mechanism responsible for the peculiar organ-specific distribution of Carney triad-associated tumors is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Daumova
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen
| | - Marian Svajdler
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen
| | - Pavel Fabian
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute
| | - Leos Kren
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Babankova
- Department of Oncological Pathology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute
| | - Marta Jezova
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Tomas Vanecek
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen
| | - Kristyna Behenska
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
| | - Michal Michal
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
| | - Ondrej Daum
- Sikl's Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Teaching Hospital in Plzen, Charles University
- Bioptical Laboratory Ltd, Plzen
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62
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Casey R, Neumann HPH, Maher ER. Genetic stratification of inherited and sporadic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: implications for precision medicine. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:R128-R137. [PMID: 33059362 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades advances in genomic technologies have transformed knowledge of the genetic basis of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Though traditional teaching suggested that inherited cases accounted for only 10% of all phaeochromocytoma diagnosis, current estimates are at least three times this proportion. Inherited PPGL is a highly genetically heterogeneous disorder but the most frequently results from inactivating variants in genes encoding subunits of succinate dehydrogenase. Expanding knowledge of the genetics of PPGL has been translated into clinical practice by the provision of widespread testing for inherited PPGL. In this review, we explore how the molecular stratification of PPGL is being utilized to enable more personalized strategies for investigation, surveillance and management of affected individuals and their families. Translating recent genetic research advances into clinical service can not only bring benefits through more accurate diagnosis and risk prediction but also challenges when there is a suboptimal evidence base for the clinical consequences or significance of rare genotypes. In such cases, clinical, biochemical, pathological and functional imaging assessments can all contribute to more accurate interpretation and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Casey
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,Department of Endocrinology, Cambridge University Hospital Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Hartmut P H Neumann
- Section for Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.,NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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63
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Ben Aim L, Maher ER, Cascon A, Barlier A, Giraud S, Ercolino T, Pigny P, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Mirebeau-Prunier D, Mohamed A, Favier J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Schiavi F, Toledo RA, Dahia PL, Robledo M, Bayley JP, Burnichon N. International initiative for a curated SDHB variant database improving the diagnosis of hereditary paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma. J Med Genet 2021; 59:785-792. [PMID: 34452955 PMCID: PMC8882202 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SDHB is one of the major genes predisposing to paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma (PPGL). Identifying pathogenic SDHB variants in patients with PPGL is essential to the management of patients and relatives due to the increased risk of recurrences, metastases and the emergence of non-PPGL tumours. In this context, the 'NGS and PPGL (NGSnPPGL) Study Group' initiated an international effort to collect, annotate and classify SDHB variants and to provide an accurate, expert-curated and freely available SDHB variant database. METHODS A total of 223 distinct SDHB variants from 737 patients were collected worldwide. Using multiple criteria, each variant was first classified according to a 5-tier grouping based on American College of Medical Genetics and NGSnPPGL standardised recommendations and was then manually reviewed by a panel of experts in the field. RESULTS This multistep process resulted in 23 benign/likely benign, 149 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and 51 variants of unknown significance (VUS). Expert curation reduced by half the number of variants initially classified as VUS. Variant classifications are publicly accessible via the Leiden Open Variation Database system (https://databases.lovd.nl/shared/genes/SDHB). CONCLUSION This international initiative by a panel of experts allowed us to establish a consensus classification for 223 SDHB variants that should be used as a routine tool by geneticists in charge of PPGL laboratory diagnosis. This accurate classification of SDHB genetic variants will help to clarify the diagnosis of hereditary PPGL and to improve the clinical care of patients and relatives with PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurene Ben Aim
- Genetics Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Anne Barlier
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Giraud
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Tonino Ercolino
- Endocrinology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pascal Pigny
- Institut de Biochimie & Biologie Moléculaire, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Roderick J Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Amira Mohamed
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Judith Favier
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Genetics Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Schiavi
- Familial Cancer Clinic and Oncoendocrinology, IOV IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Rodrigo A Toledo
- CIBERONC, Gastrointestinal and Endocrine Tumors, VHIO, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia L Dahia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Nelly Burnichon
- Genetics Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France .,Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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64
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Sarkadi B, Liko I, Nyiro G, Igaz P, Butz H, Patocs A. Analytical Performance of NGS-Based Molecular Genetic Tests Used in the Diagnostic Workflow of Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4219. [PMID: 34439371 PMCID: PMC8392134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based methods are high-throughput and cost-effective molecular genetic diagnostic tools. Targeted gene panel and whole exome sequencing (WES) are applied in clinical practice for assessing mutations of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL) associated genes, but the best strategy is debated. Germline mutations of at the least 18 PPGL genes are present in approximately 20-40% of patients, thus molecular genetic testing is recommended in all cases. We aimed to evaluate the analytical and clinical performances of NGS methods for mutation detection of PPGL-associated genes. WES (three different library preparation and bioinformatics workflows) and an in-house, hybridization based gene panel (endocrine-onco-gene-panel- ENDOGENE) was evaluated on 37 (20 WES and 17 ENDOGENE) samples with known variants. After optimization of the bioinformatic workflow, 61 additional samples were tested prospectively. All clinically relevant variants were validated with Sanger sequencing. Target capture of PPGL genes differed markedly between WES platforms and genes tested. All known variants were correctly identified by all methods, but methods of library preparations, sequencing platforms and bioinformatical settings significantly affected the diagnostic accuracy. The ENDOGENE panel identified several pathogenic mutations and unusual genotype-phenotype associations suggesting that the whole panel should be used for identification of genetic susceptibility of PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balazs Sarkadi
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (I.L.); (H.B.)
| | - Istvan Liko
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (I.L.); (H.B.)
- Bionics Innovation Center, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Gabor Nyiro
- Bionics Innovation Center, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Peter Igaz
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University, H-1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriett Butz
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (I.L.); (H.B.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patocs
- MTA-SE Hereditary Tumors Research Group, Eotvos Lorand Research Network, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary; (B.S.); (I.L.); (H.B.)
- Bionics Innovation Center, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
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65
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Zanfardino P, Doccini S, Santorelli FM, Petruzzella V. Tackling Dysfunction of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8325. [PMID: 34361091 PMCID: PMC8348117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the basic function of mitochondria, although the landscape of mitochondrial functions is continuously growing to include more aspects of cellular homeostasis. Thanks to the application of -omics technologies to the study of the OxPhos system, novel features emerge from the cataloging of novel proteins as mitochondrial thus adding details to the mitochondrial proteome and defining novel metabolic cellular interrelations, especially in the human brain. We focussed on the diversity of bioenergetics demand and different aspects of mitochondrial structure, functions, and dysfunction in the brain. Definition such as 'mitoexome', 'mitoproteome' and 'mitointeractome' have entered the field of 'mitochondrial medicine'. In this context, we reviewed several genetic defects that hamper the last step of aerobic metabolism, mostly involving the nervous tissue as one of the most prominent energy-dependent tissues and, as consequence, as a primary target of mitochondrial dysfunction. The dual genetic origin of the OxPhos complexes is one of the reasons for the complexity of the genotype-phenotype correlation when facing human diseases associated with mitochondrial defects. Such complexity clinically manifests with extremely heterogeneous symptoms, ranging from organ-specific to multisystemic dysfunction with different clinical courses. Finally, we briefly discuss the future directions of the multi-omics study of human brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zanfardino
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Stefano Doccini
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Calambrone, 56128 Pisa, Italy;
| | | | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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66
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Goncalves J, Moog S, Morin A, Gentric G, Müller S, Morrell AP, Kluckova K, Stewart TJ, Andoniadou CL, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Bénit P, Thakker A, Vettore L, Roberts J, Rodriguez R, Mechta-Grigoriou F, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Letouzé E, Tennant DA, Favier J. Loss of SDHB Promotes Dysregulated Iron Homeostasis, Oxidative Stress, and Sensitivity to Ascorbate. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3480-3494. [PMID: 34127497 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain. All four subunits of succinate dehydrogenase are tumor suppressor genes predisposing to paraganglioma, but only mutations in the SDHB subunit are associated with increased risk of metastasis. Here we generated an Sdhd knockout chromaffin cell line and compared it with Sdhb-deficient cells. Both cell types exhibited similar SDH loss of function, metabolic adaptation, and succinate accumulation. In contrast, Sdhb-/- cells showed hallmarks of mesenchymal transition associated with increased DNA hypermethylation and a stronger pseudo-hypoxic phenotype compared with Sdhd-/- cells. Loss of SDHB specifically led to increased oxidative stress associated with dysregulated iron and copper homeostasis in the absence of NRF2 activation. High-dose ascorbate exacerbated the increase in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, leading to cell death in Sdhb-/- cells. These data establish a mechanism linking oxidative stress to iron homeostasis that specifically occurs in Sdhb-deficient cells and may promote metastasis. They also highlight high-dose ascorbate as a promising therapeutic strategy for SDHB-related cancers. SIGNIFICANCE: Loss of different succinate dehydrogenase subunits can lead to different cell and tumor phenotypes, linking stronger 2-OG-dependent dioxygenases inhibition, iron overload, and ROS accumulation following SDHB mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Goncalves
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Moog
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Morin
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Géraldine Gentric
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Paris France
| | - Sebastian Müller
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666 -INSERM U1143, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Alexander P Morrell
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarina Kluckova
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, \United Kingdom
| | - Theodora J Stewart
- London Metallomics Facility, King's College London and Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cynthia L Andoniadou
- Centre for Oral, Clinical & Translational Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London
| | - Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, Pitie-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Paule Bénit
- Université de Paris, INSERM, UMR 1141, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Alpesh Thakker
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, \United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Vettore
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, \United Kingdom
| | - Jennie Roberts
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, \United Kingdom
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Chemical Biology of Cancer Team, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3666 -INSERM U1143, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Fatima Mechta-Grigoriou
- Stress and Cancer Laboratory, Institut Curie, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Inserm U830, PSL Research University, Paris France
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Genetics, Paris, France
| | - Eric Letouzé
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Paris France
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, \United Kingdom
| | - Judith Favier
- PARCC, INSERM UMR970, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
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67
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Hansel DE. A 25 year perspective on advances in the pathologic assessment and diagnosis of urologic cancers. Urol Oncol 2021; 39:582-594. [PMID: 34215506 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 25 years, diagnostic categories in genitourinary pathology have changed dramatically. Prostate cancer reporting incorporated numerous new variant categories, recognized the importance of intraductal carcinoma, and introduced the concept of Grade Groups. Pathologic diagnosis of bladder cancer not only added new variant categories, but also modified the grading of non-invasive urothelial neoplasms and refined staging definitions. Kidney cancer classification expanded from a handful of diagnostic categories to a broad array of additional cancer types defined by unique immunohistochemical and molecular findings. Segregation of penile carcinoma by human papillomavirus status more accurately reflected pathogenesis and helped improve prediction of cancer behavior. Testicular pathology research advanced understanding of germ cell tumor subtypes and their impact on patient outcomes. Finally, adrenal gland pathology has evolved to incorporate a broader recognition of morphological variation and risk factors associated with tumor progression. Taken together, changes in pathology over the past quarter century have revolutionized our approach to genitourinary cancers. This review seeks to highlight some of the many significant changes in genitourinary pathology that have occurred during the past 25 years and emphasize impacts on clinical outcomes or therapy, as relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR.
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68
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Ananthakrishnan N, Sanniyasi S, Ravikumar D. Malignant pheochromocytoma: pain, palpitation, perspiration and perplexities. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/6/e239991. [PMID: 34167972 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 60-year-old man presented with headache, giddiness, abdominal pain and palpitation. When evaluated outside for the same, the patient was diagnosed to have hypertension and started on antihypertensives for which he did not respond. ECG was suggestive of non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. The patient was subjected to a coronary angiogram, which was normal. Patient had multiple episodes of fluctuating blood pressures. CT of the abdomen showed a 7.1×5.6×8.2 cm mass in the left adrenal gland suggestive of a pheochromocytoma. Serum, urine metanephrines and normetanephrines were elevated. After discussing with the multidisciplinary team, the patient was stabilised with alpha blockers and taken up for laparoscopic left adrenalectomy. Histopathology was reported as pheochromocytoma with a Pheochromocytoma Adrenal Scaled Score of 10/20 suggestive of malignancy. This is one such case of a malignant pheochromocytoma, which was managed successfully despite the perplexities faced in stabilising the crisis followed by laparoscopic resection in a moribund patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanditha Ananthakrishnan
- Department of General Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Saravanan Sanniyasi
- Department of General Surgery, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Daniel Ravikumar
- Department of General Surgery, ESI Hospital (Ayanavaram), Chennai, India
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69
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Ortmann BM, Nathan JA. Genetic approaches to understand cellular responses to oxygen availability. FEBS J 2021; 289:5396-5412. [PMID: 34125486 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-sensing mechanisms have evolved to allow organisms to respond and adapt to oxygen availability. In metazoans, oxygen-sensing is predominantly mediated by the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs). These transcription factors are stabilised when oxygen is limiting, activating genes involved in angiogenesis, cell growth, pH regulation and metabolism to reset cell function and adapt to the cellular environment. However, the recognition that other cellular pathways and enzymes can also respond to changes in oxygen abundance provides further complexity. Dissecting this interplay of oxygen-sensing mechanisms has been a key research goal. Here, we review how genetic approaches have contributed to our knowledge of oxygen-sensing pathways which to date have been predominantly focused on the HIF pathway. We discuss how genetic studies have advanced the field and outline the implications and limitations of such approaches for the development of therapies targeting oxygen-sensing mechanisms in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Ortmann
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James A Nathan
- Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, UK
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70
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Bandara AB, Drake JC, Brown DA. Complex II subunit SDHD is critical for cell growth and metabolism, which can be partially restored with a synthetic ubiquinone analog. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:35. [PMID: 34118887 PMCID: PMC8196461 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Succinate dehydrogenase (Complex II) plays a dual role in respiration by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the mitochondrial Krebs cycle and transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone in the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). Mutations in Complex II are associated with a number of pathologies. SDHD, one of the four subunits of Complex II, serves by anchoring the complex to the inner-membrane and transferring electrons from the complex to ubiquinone. Thus, modeling SDHD dysfunction could be a valuable tool for understanding its importance in metabolism and developing novel therapeutics, however no suitable models exist. Results Via CRISPR/Cas9, we mutated SDHD in HEK293 cells and investigated the in vitro role of SDHD in metabolism. Compared to the parent HEK293, the knockout mutant HEK293ΔSDHD produced significantly less number of cells in culture. The mutant cells predictably had suppressed Complex II-mediated mitochondrial respiration, but also Complex I-mediated respiration. SDHD mutation also adversely affected glycolytic capacity and ATP synthesis. Mutant cells were more apoptotic and susceptible to necrosis. Treatment with the mitochondrial therapeutic idebenone partially improved oxygen consumption and growth of mutant cells. Conclusions Overall, our results suggest that SDHD is vital for growth and metabolism of mammalian cells, and that respiratory and growth defects can be partially restored with treatment of a ubiquinone analog. This is the first report to use CRISPR/Cas9 approach to construct a knockout SDHD cell line and evaluate the efficacy of an established mitochondrial therapeutic candidate to improve bioenergetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloka B Bandara
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0342, USA.
| | - Joshua C Drake
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061-0913, USA
| | - David A Brown
- Mitochondrial Solutions, LLC, 800 Draper Road, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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71
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Metabolic Rewiring and the Characterization of Oncometabolites. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122900. [PMID: 34200553 PMCID: PMC8229816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oncometabolites are produced by cancer cells and assist the cancer to proliferate and progress. Oncometabolites occur as a result of mutated enzymes in the tumor tissue or due to hypoxia. These processes result in either the abnormal buildup of a normal metabolite or the accumulation of an unusual metabolite. Definition of the metabolic changes that occur due to these processes has been accomplished using metabolomics, which mainly uses mass spectrometry platforms to define the content of small metabolites that occur in cells, tissues, organs and organisms. The four classical oncometabolites are fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate, which operate by inhibiting 2-oxoglutarate-dependent enzyme reactions that principally regulate gene expression and response to hypoxia. Metabolomics has also revealed several putative oncometabolites that include lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, sarcosine, glycine, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate. Metabolomics will continue to be critical for understanding the metabolic rewiring involving oncometabolite production that underpins many cancer phenotypes. Abstract The study of low-molecular-weight metabolites that exist in cells and organisms is known as metabolomics and is often conducted using mass spectrometry laboratory platforms. Definition of oncometabolites in the context of the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells has been accomplished through metabolomics. Oncometabolites result from mutations in cancer cell genes or from hypoxia-driven enzyme promiscuity. As a result, normal metabolites accumulate in cancer cells to unusually high concentrations or, alternatively, unusual metabolites are produced. The typical oncometabolites fumarate, succinate, (2R)-hydroxyglutarate and (2S)-hydroxyglutarate inhibit 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, such as histone demethylases and HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases, together with DNA cytosine demethylases. As a result of the cancer cell acquiring this new metabolic phenotype, major changes in gene transcription occur and the modification of the epigenetic landscape of the cell promotes proliferation and progression of cancers. Stabilization of HIF1α through inhibition of HIF prolyl-4-hydroxylases by oncometabolites such as fumarate and succinate leads to a pseudohypoxic state that promotes inflammation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Metabolomics has additionally been employed to define the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells and patient biofluids in the search for cancer biomarkers. These efforts have led to the uncovering of the putative oncometabolites sarcosine, glycine, lactate, kynurenine, methylglyoxal, hypotaurine and (2R,3S)-dihydroxybutanoate, for which further research is required.
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Abstract
Abdominal paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the infradiaphragmatic paraganglia and adrenal medulla, respectively. Although few pathologists outside of endocrine tertiary centers will ever diagnose such a lesion, the tumors are well known through the medical community-possible due to a combination of the sheer rarity, their often-spectacular presentation due to excess catecholamine secretion as well as their unrivaled coupling to constitutional susceptibility gene mutations and hereditary syndromes. All PPGLs are thought to harbor malignant potential, and therefore pose several challenges to the practicing pathologist. Specifically, a responsible diagnostician should recognize both the capacity and limitations of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular algorithms to pinpoint high risk for future metastatic disease. This focused review aims to provide the surgical pathologist with a condensed update regarding the current strategies available in order to deliver an accurate prognostication of these enigmatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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73
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Sun L, Zhang H, Gao P. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell 2021; 13:877-919. [PMID: 34050894 PMCID: PMC9243210 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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74
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Di Gregorio E, Miolo G, Saorin A, Steffan A, Corona G. From Metabolism to Genetics and Vice Versa: The Rising Role of Oncometabolites in Cancer Development and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5574. [PMID: 34070384 PMCID: PMC8197491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the study of cancer metabolism has returned to the forefront of cancer research and challenged the role of genetics in the understanding of cancer development. One of the major impulses of this new trend came from the discovery of oncometabolites, metabolic intermediates whose abnormal cellular accumulation triggers oncogenic signalling and tumorigenesis. These findings have led to reconsideration and support for the long-forgotten hypothesis of Warburg of altered metabolism as oncogenic driver of cancer and started a novel paradigm whereby mitochondrial metabolites play a pivotal role in malignant transformation. In this review, we describe the evolution of the cancer metabolism research from a historical perspective up to the oncometabolites discovery that spawned the new vision of cancer as a metabolic disease. The oncometabolites' mechanisms of cellular transformation and their contribution to the development of new targeted cancer therapies together with their drawbacks are further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Di Gregorio
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Gianmaria Miolo
- Medical Oncology and Cancer Prevention Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy;
| | - Asia Saorin
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (E.D.G.); (A.S.); (A.S.)
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75
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Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming with heterogeneity is a hallmark of cancer and is at the basis of malignant behaviors. It supports the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells according to the low nutrition and hypoxic microenvironment. Tumor cells frantically grab energy sources (such as glucose, fatty acids, and glutamine) from different pathways to produce a variety of biomass to meet their material needs via enhanced synthetic pathways, including aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, fatty acid synthesis (FAS), and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). To survive from stress conditions (e.g., metastasis, irradiation, or chemotherapy), tumor cells have to reprogram their metabolism from biomass production towards the generation of abundant adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and antioxidants. In addition, cancer cells remodel the microenvironment through metabolites, promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Herein, we discuss how the metabolism is reprogrammed in cancer cells and how the tumor microenvironment is educated via the metabolic products. We also highlight potential metabolic targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huakan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China.
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76
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Egan G, Khan DH, Lee JB, Mirali S, Zhang L, Schimmer AD. Mitochondrial and Metabolic Pathways Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression to Control Differentiation, Stem Cell Function, and Immune Response in Leukemia. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1052-1066. [PMID: 33504581 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in many biological processes including cellular homeostasis, energy generation, and apoptosis. Moreover, mitochondrial and metabolic pathways are interconnected with gene expression to regulate cellular functions such as cell growth, survival, differentiation, and immune recognition. Metabolites and mitochondrial enzymes regulate chromatin-modifying enzymes, chromatin remodeling, and transcription regulators. Deregulation of mitochondrial pathways and metabolism leads to alterations in gene expression that promote cancer development, progression, and evasion of the immune system. This review highlights how mitochondrial and metabolic pathways function as a central mediator to control gene expression, specifically on stem cell functions, differentiation, and immune response in leukemia. SIGNIFICANCE: Emerging evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial and metabolic pathways influence gene expression to promote tumor development, progression, and immune evasion. These data highlight new areas of cancer biology and potential new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Egan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dilshad H Khan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jong Bok Lee
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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77
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Barnabas GD, Lee JS, Shami T, Harel M, Beck L, Selitrennik M, Jerby-Arnon L, Erez N, Ruppin E, Geiger T. Serine Biosynthesis Is a Metabolic Vulnerability in IDH2-Driven Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1443-1456. [PMID: 33500247 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-specific metabolic phenotypes and their vulnerabilities represent a viable area of cancer research. In this study, we explored the association of breast cancer subtypes with different metabolic phenotypes and identified isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) as a key player in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and HER2. Functional assays combined with mass spectrometry-based analyses revealed the oncogenic role of IDH2 in cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration, and antioxidant defense. Genome-scale metabolic modeling identified phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) and phosphoserine aminotransferase (PSAT1) as the synthetic dosage lethal (SDL) partners of IDH2. In agreement, CRISPR-Cas9 knockout of PHGDH and PSAT1 showed the essentiality of serine biosynthesis proteins in IDH2-high cells. The clinical significance of the SDL interaction was supported by patients with IDH2-high/PHGDH-low tumors, who exhibited longer survival than patients with IDH2-high/PHGDH-high tumors. Furthermore, PHGDH inhibitors were effective in treating IDH2-high cells in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our study creates a new link between two known cancer regulators and emphasizes PHGDH as a promising target for TNBC with IDH2 overexpression. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings highlight the metabolic dependence of IDH2 on the serine biosynthesis pathway, adding an important layer to the connection between TCA cycle and glycolysis, which can be translated into novel targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina D Barnabas
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joo Sang Lee
- Department of Artificial Intelligence & Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Cancer Data Science Lab, CCR, NCI, NIH, Maryland
| | - Tamar Shami
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Harel
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lir Beck
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Selitrennik
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Livnat Jerby-Arnon
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Neta Erez
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Ruppin
- Cancer Data Science Lab, CCR, NCI, NIH, Maryland
| | - Tamar Geiger
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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78
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Large Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma Associated with Germline Mutation of the Succinate Dehydrogenase Gene. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2021; 8:12-18. [PMID: 33564614 PMCID: PMC7842840 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.v8i1.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neural tumors that can be benign or malignant and often associated with familial syndromes. We present a case of a 23-year-old male with a large retroperitoneal PGL found incidentally during the workup of elevated liver enzymes. After surgical excision, the patient was found to have an autosomal dominant mutation in the succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) gene, which when compared to sporadic PGLs or other familial syndromes is associated with a higher risk of tumor recurrence, occult metastasis, and development of other cancers. The patient’s first-degree relatives were recommended to undergo screening for the genetic mutation.
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79
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Mitochondrial Structure and Bioenergetics in Normal and Disease Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020586. [PMID: 33435522 PMCID: PMC7827222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are ubiquitous intracellular organelles found in almost all eukaryotes and involved in various aspects of cellular life, with a primary role in energy production. The interest in this organelle has grown stronger with the discovery of their link to various pathologies, including cancer, aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, dysfunctional mitochondria cannot provide the required energy to tissues with a high-energy demand, such as heart, brain and muscles, leading to a large spectrum of clinical phenotypes. Mitochondrial defects are at the origin of a group of clinically heterogeneous pathologies, called mitochondrial diseases, with an incidence of 1 in 5000 live births. Primary mitochondrial diseases are associated with genetic mutations both in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), affecting genes involved in every aspect of the organelle function. As a consequence, it is difficult to find a common cause for mitochondrial diseases and, subsequently, to offer a precise clinical definition of the pathology. Moreover, the complexity of this condition makes it challenging to identify possible therapies or drug targets.
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80
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Pitsava G, Settas N, Faucz FR, Stratakis CA. Carney Triad, Carney-Stratakis Syndrome, 3PAS and Other Tumors Due to SDH Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:680609. [PMID: 34012423 PMCID: PMC8126684 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.680609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is a key respiratory enzyme that links Krebs cycle and electron transport chain and is comprised of four subunits SDHA, SDHB, SDHC and SDHD. All SDH-deficient tumors are caused by or secondary to loss of SDH activity. As many as half of the familial cases of paragangliomas (PGLs) and pheochromocytomas (PHEOs) are due to mutations of the SDHx subunits. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) associated with SDH deficiency are negative for KIT/PDGFRA mutations and present with distinctive clinical features such as early onset (usually childhood or adolescence) and almost exclusively gastric location. SDH-deficient GISTs may be part of distinct clinical syndromes, Carney-Stratakis syndrome (CSS) or dyad and Carney triad (CT). CSS is also known as the dyad of GIST and PGL; it affects both genders equally and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner with incomplete penetrance. CT is a very rare disease; PGL, GIST and pulmonary chondromas constitute CT which shows female predilection and may be a mosaic disorder. Even though there is some overlap between CT and CSS, as both are due to SDH deficiency, CSS is caused by inactivating germline mutations in genes encoding for the SDH subunits, while CT is mostly caused by a specific pattern of methylation of the SDHC gene and may be due to germline mosaicism of the responsible genetic defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pitsava
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nikolaos Settas
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fabio R. Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Fabio R. Faucz,
| | - Constantine A. Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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81
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LPS1, Encoding Iron-Sulfur Subunit SDH2-1 of Succinate Dehydrogenase, Affects Leaf Senescence and Grain Yield in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010157. [PMID: 33375756 PMCID: PMC7795075 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron-sulfur subunit (SDH2) of succinate dehydrogenase plays a key role in electron transport in plant mitochondria. However, it is yet unknown whether SDH2 genes are involved in leaf senescence and yield formation. In this study, we isolated a late premature senescence mutant, lps1, in rice (Oryza sativa). The mutant leaves exhibited brown spots at late tillering stage and wilted at the late grain-filling stage and mature stage. In its premature senescence leaves, photosynthetic pigment contents and net photosynthetic rate were reduced; chloroplasts and mitochondria were degraded. Meanwhile, lps1 displayed small panicles, low seed-setting rate and dramatically reduced grain yield. Gene cloning and complementation analysis suggested that the causal gene for the mutant phenotype was OsSDH2-1 (LOC_Os08g02640), in which single nucleotide mutation resulted in an amino acid substitution in the encoded protein. OsSDH2-1 gene was expressed in all organs tested, with higher expression in leaves, root tips, ovary and anthers. OsSDH2-1 protein was targeted to mitochondria. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly H2O2, was excessively accumulated in leaves and young panicles of lps1, which could cause premature leaf senescence and affect panicle development and pollen function. Taken together, OsSDH2-1 plays a crucial role in leaf senescence and yield formation in rice.
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82
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Fernandez-Vizarra E, Zeviani M. Mitochondrial disorders of the OXPHOS system. FEBS Lett 2020; 595:1062-1106. [PMID: 33159691 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are among the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism, their primary cause being the dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). OXPHOS is composed of the electron transport chain (ETC), formed by four multimeric enzymes and two mobile electron carriers, plus an ATP synthase [also called complex V (cV)]. The ETC performs the redox reactions involved in cellular respiration while generating the proton motive force used by cV to synthesize ATP. OXPHOS biogenesis involves multiple steps, starting from the expression of genes encoded in physically separated genomes, namely the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, to the coordinated assembly of components and cofactors building each individual complex and eventually the supercomplexes. The genetic cause underlying around half of the diagnosed mitochondrial disease cases is currently known. Many of these cases result from pathogenic variants in genes encoding structural subunits or additional factors directly involved in the assembly of the ETC complexes. Here, we review the historical and most recent findings concerning the clinical phenotypes and the molecular pathological mechanisms underlying this particular group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Fernandez-Vizarra
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy
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83
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Alzahrani AS, Alswailem M, Moria Y, Aldeheshi A, Al-Hindi H. One genotype, many phenotypes: SDHB p.R90X mutation-associated paragangliomas. Endocrine 2020; 70:644-650. [PMID: 32804377 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT SDHB p.R90X germline mutation is the most common genetic alteration in our patients with familial or apparently sporadic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PPGL). OBJECTIVE To analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics, response to therapy, and outcome of patients with SDHB p.R90X-associated PPGL and describe the clinical phenotypic variability in the patients carrying this mutation. METHODS We reviewed the clinical and pathological characteristics and analyzed the phenotypic variability of all 13 patients that have SDHB p.R90X mutation-associated PPGL. RESULTS Thirteen patients (five females and eight males). The median age at diagnosis was 23 years (range 8-43). Although the mutation was the same, there was significant phenotypic variability between patients and even within the same family. Four patients (30.8%) had a family history of PPGL and six patients (46%) had distant metastasis. Surgery of the primary tumor was performed in 11 patients (84.6%). Two patients had inoperable PPGL. Patients with metastasis received different combinations of chemotherapy, Lu177 radiotherapy, multikinase inhibitors, and external irradiation. Only five patients (38.5%) were in remission at a follow-up duration of 4-9 years. The other patients either died due to their disease progression (four patients, 30.8%) or continue to have progressive disease (two patients, 15.4%) or recurrence (one patient, 7.7%). Patients with distant metastasis were older, had larger primary tumors, were more likely to have a family history of PPGL and had a worse outcome. CONCLUSION SDHB p.R90X mutation-associated PPGL have significant phenotypic variability and are associated with a high risk of distant metastasis and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Meshael Alswailem
- Department of Molecular Oncology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yosra Moria
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Aldeheshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hindi Al-Hindi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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84
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Moreno C, Santos RM, Burns R, Zhang WC. Succinate Dehydrogenase and Ribonucleic Acid Networks in Cancer and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113237. [PMID: 33153035 PMCID: PMC7693138 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Although the dysfunction of the succinate dehydrogenase complex in mitochondria leads to cancer and other diseases due to aberrant metabolic reactions and signaling pathways, it is not well known how the succinate dehydrogenase complex is regulated. Our review highlights that non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs), RNA editing enzymes, and RNA modifying enzymes regulate expressions and functions of the succinate dehydrogenase complex. This research will provide new strategies for treating succinate dehydrogenase-relevant diseases in a clinic. Abstract Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex connects both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) in the mitochondria. However, SDH mutation or dysfunction-induced succinate accumulation results in multiple cancers and non-cancer diseases. The mechanistic studies show that succinate activates hypoxia response and other signal pathways via binding to 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases and succinate receptors. Recently, the increasing knowledge of ribonucleic acid (RNA) networks, including non-coding RNAs, RNA editors, and RNA modifiers has expanded our understanding of the interplay between SDH and RNA networks in cancer and other diseases. Here, we summarize recent discoveries in the RNA networks and their connections to SDH. Additionally, we discuss current therapeutics targeting SDH in both pre-clinical and clinical trials. Thus, we propose a new model of SDH–RNA network interaction and bring promising RNA therapeutics against SDH-relevant cancer and other diseases.
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85
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Huang YC, Chang HH, Chen MH, Huang KH, Li AFY, Lin CH, Shyr YM, Fang WL. Somatic SDHA mutations in paragangliomas in siblings: Case report of 2 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22497. [PMID: 33031286 PMCID: PMC7544306 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Paragangliomas (PGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that are strongly influenced by genetics, and succinate dehydrogenase-deficient PGLs appear to constitute one of the most important categories. Interestingly, somatic PGLs only possess genomic alterations involving the SDHB and SDHD subunits, and no SDHA alterations have been described. Here, we are presenting the clinical and genetic analyses of 2 cases with the first somatic SDHA variant identified in PGLs. PATIENT CONCERNS Here, we reported 2 family members with the diagnosis of PGL. Patient 1 is a 55-year-old woman with a functionally perigastric PGL that co-occurred with a gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and patient 2 is a 43-year-old woman with a nonfunctionally pericardial PGL, who was the younger sister of the first patient. DIAGNOSES Imaging surveys of the 2 cases depicted the presence of a perigastric and a pericardial mass, respectively. A diagnosis of paragangliomas was established by immunohistochemistry (IHC). INTERVENTIONS Both patients underwent single-stage resection of the lesion after preoperative oral α-adrenoceptor therapy for 2 weeks. We later performed comprehensive genomic profiling on the tumor samples, including PGL and GIST from patient 1 and PGL from patient 2, and searched for novel actionable mutations, including in all succinate dehydrogenase subunits, as the IHC results were negative for SDHB. OUTCOMES Both patients had an uneventful recovery after surgery and the sequencing showed a novel somatic variant in the SDHA gene on chromosome 5q11 (c.1945_1946delTT). Regular follow-up with biochemical testing and image studies showed no evidence of recurrence after a year for patient 1 and 6 years for patient 2. LESSONS PGLs often lead to considerable diagnostic difficulty due to their multiple anatomical locations and variable symptoms, as presented by our cases. The comprehensive use of images and plasma/urine catecholamine measurement can aid the diagnosis of PGLs. In addition, our findings also demonstrate the usefulness and importance of genetic analysis of SDHA mutations in patients exhibiting SDHB IHC-negative PGL. Additional studies utilizing comprehensive genomic profiling are needed to identify the group of PGLs harboring this SDHA genomic alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Hsiao-Huang Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
- Department of Oncology, Center of Immuno-Oncology
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
| | - Chien-Hsing Lin
- Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Shyr
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University
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86
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Liu X, Qiao Y, Ting X, Si W. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3A, a rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma migration and invasion through regulation of MTA1, a core component of the NuRD complex. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3212-3229. [PMID: 33163266 PMCID: PMC7642667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanism of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains ambiguous. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3A (IDH3A) is known as a subunit of the IDH3 heterotetramer. To the best of our knowledge, the biological effect of IDH3A in malignant tumors is unclear. Here, we report that IDH3A is significantly upregulated in HCC tissues; moreover, high expression of IDH3A is strongly associated with tumor size and the clinicopathologic stage of HCC. RNA-seq revealed that depletion of IDH3A affects the expression of metastasis associated 1 (MTA1), an oncogene which is related to the progression of numerous cancer types to the metastasis stage. Cell transfection was used to upregulate and downregulate the expression of IDH3A in HCC cells. The migration activity of HCC cells was assessed using wound healing assays. While transwell assays were carried out to detect the invasion of HCC cells. RNA-seq, RT-qPCR and western blot were used to validate MTA1 as a potential target gene. The present study suggested that IDH3A can upregulate MTA1 expression and promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in HCC by inducing MTA1 expression, thereby facilitating cell migration and invasion of HCC cells. Here, we demonstrated the importance of IDH3A in HCC progression. The identification of the IDH3A axis provides novel insight into the pathogenesis of HCC, and the IDH3A axis might represent a novel target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xia Ting
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenzhe Si
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100191, China
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87
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Dudgeon MG, Sonavane SK, Parent EE, Khoor A, Thomas M. Co-existent Epicardial Paraganglioma and Anterior Mediastinal Thymoma. J Radiol Case Rep 2020; 14:16-30. [PMID: 33708339 PMCID: PMC7942970 DOI: 10.3941/jrcr.v14i10.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymoma and paraganglioma are known causes of mediastinal masses, the latter being extremely rare. Thymomas arise from remnant thymic tissue in the anterior mediastinum; whereas, thoracic paragangliomas arise from para-aortic or para-vertebral sympathetic chain ganglion (derivatives of embryonic neural crest) in the middle or posterior mediastinum. We report a case of a middle-aged woman with two mediastinal masses, originally believed to be a single tumor or primary malignancy with adjacent metastasis on Computed Tomography (CT) that were further delineated with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and [68Ga]-DOTA-(Tyr3)-octreotate (DOTA-TATE) Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT) and surgical pathology as two distinct entities: left epicardial paraganglioma and anterior mediastinal thymoma. A comprehensive discussion of both entities is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sushilkumar K Sonavane
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Imaging, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Ephraim E Parent
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Andras Khoor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Mathew Thomas
- Department of Cardiovascular/Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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88
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Zhao Y, Feng F, Guo QH, Wang YP, Zhao R. Role of succinate dehydrogenase deficiency and oncometabolites in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:5074-5089. [PMID: 32982110 PMCID: PMC7495036 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i34.5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. At the molecular level, GISTs can be categorized into two groups based on the causative oncogenic mutations. Approximately 85% of GISTs are caused by gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). The remaining GISTs, referred to as wild-type (WT) GISTs, are often deficient in succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDH), a key metabolic enzyme complex in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and electron transport chain. SDH deficiency leads to the accumulation of succinate, a metabolite produced by the TCA cycle. Succinate inhibits α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase family enzymes, which comprise approximately 60 members and regulate key aspects of tumorigenesis such as DNA and histone demethylation, hypoxia responses, and m6A mRNA modification. For this reason, succinate and metabolites with similar structures, such as D-2-hydroxyglutarate and fumarate, are considered oncometabolites. In this article, we review recent advances in the understanding of how metabolic enzyme mutations and oncometabolites drive human cancer with an emphasis on SDH mutations and succinate in WT GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Fei Feng
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Qing-Hong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Key Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States
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89
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Yoo HC, Yu YC, Sung Y, Han JM. Glutamine reliance in cell metabolism. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1496-1516. [PMID: 32943735 PMCID: PMC8080614 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-00504-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As knowledge of cell metabolism has advanced, glutamine has been considered an important amino acid that supplies carbon and nitrogen to fuel biosynthesis. A recent study provided a new perspective on mitochondrial glutamine metabolism, offering mechanistic insights into metabolic adaptation during tumor hypoxia, the emergence of drug resistance, and glutaminolysis-induced metabolic reprogramming and presenting metabolic strategies to target glutamine metabolism in cancer cells. In this review, we introduce the various biosynthetic and bioenergetic roles of glutamine based on the compartmentalization of glutamine metabolism to explain why cells exhibit metabolic reliance on glutamine. Additionally, we examined whether glutamine derivatives contribute to epigenetic regulation associated with tumorigenesis. In addition, in discussing glutamine transporters, we propose a metabolic target for therapeutic intervention in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Chan Yoo
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Ya Chun Yu
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Yulseung Sung
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, South Korea.
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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90
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Ilanchezhian M, Jha A, Pacak K, Del Rivero J. Emerging Treatments for Advanced/Metastatic Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:85. [PMID: 32862332 PMCID: PMC7456409 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00787-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The incidence of metastatic pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) may occur in as many as 35% of patients particularly with PGL and even more frequently in those with specific mutations. Biochemical, morphological, and molecular markers have been investigated for use in the distinction of benign from malignant PHEO/PGL. PHEO/PGL metastasizes via hematogenous or lymphatic routes and shows differences based on mutational status. The most common sites of involvement in patients that have an SDHB mutation are the bone (78%), lungs (45%), lymph nodes (36%), and liver (35%). In patients with sporadic PHEO/PGL, the most common sites of metastasis are the bones (64%), lungs (47%), lymph nodes (36%), and liver (32%). Metastases may be present at presentation or may occur later. Metastases to the liver and lungs are associated with a shorter survival. Overall, the estimated 5-year survival rates are between 34 and 74%. Currently, treatments for metastatic PHEO/PGL are essentially palliative. Surgery is potentially curative; however, tumor dissemination limits the chance for a curative resection. When surgical intervention is not amenable, the therapeutic options include radiolabeled MIBG (Azedra®-iobenguane 131 was recently FDA-approved for patients > 12 years and older with iobenguane scan positive) or systemic chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and dacarbazine (CVD) with an overall objective response rate (ORR) of less than 40%; however, it is not clear if the administration of CVD impacts overall survival, as nearly all patients develop progressive and ultimately fatal disease. Other treatment modalities under investigation include cytoreductive techniques, novel radiopharmaceuticals, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and experimental therapies. Here we are discussing emerging treatment for advanced/metastatic PHEO/PGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran Ilanchezhian
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karel Pacak
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jaydira Del Rivero
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Medical Oncology & Clinical Endocrinology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, MSC 1906, Building 10, CRC 13C-434, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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91
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Luo Y, Ma J, Lu W. The Significance of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165598. [PMID: 32764295 PMCID: PMC7460667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential organelle in nucleated eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a central role in energy metabolism, maintenance of redox balance, and regulation of apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction, either due to the TCA cycle enzyme defects, mitochondrial DNA genetic mutations, defective mitochondrial electron transport chain, oxidative stress, or aberrant oncogene and tumor suppressor signaling, has been observed in a wide spectrum of human cancers. In this review, we summarize mitochondrial dysfunction induced by these alterations that promote human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Jianjia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Weiqin Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (W.L.)
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92
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Dahia PL, Clifton-Bligh R, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Robledo M, Jimenez C. HEREDITARY ENDOCRINE TUMOURS: CURRENT STATE-OF-THE-ART AND RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES: Metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: proceedings of the MEN2019 workshop. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:T41-T52. [PMID: 32069214 PMCID: PMC7334096 DOI: 10.1530/erc-19-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are adrenal or extra-adrenal autonomous nervous system-derived tumors. Most PPGLs are benign, but approximately 15% progress with metastases (mPPGLs). mPPGLs are more likely to occur in patients with large pheochromocytomas, sympathetic paragangliomas, and norepinephrine-secreting tumors. Older subjects, those with larger tumors and synchronous metastases, advance more rapidly. Germline mutations of SDHB, FH, and possibly SLC25A11, or somatic MAML3 disruptions relate to a higher risk for metastatic disease. However, it is unclear whether these mutations predict outcome. Once diagnosed, there are no well-established predictors of outcome in mPPGLs, and aggressive tumors have few therapeutic options and limited response. High-specific activity (HSA) metaiodine-benzyl-guanidine (MIBG) is the first FDA approved treatment and shows clinical effectiveness for MIBG-avid mPPGLs. Ongoing and future investigations should involve validation of emerging candidate outcome biomarkers, including somatic ATRX, TERT, and microRNA disruptions and identification of novel prognostic indicators. Long-term effect of HSA-MIBG and the role of other radiopharmaceuticals should be investigated. Novel trials targeting molecular events prevalent in SDHB/FH mutant tumors, such as activated hypoxia inducible factor 2 (HIF2), angiogenesis, or other mitochondrial defects that might confer unique vulnerability to these tumors should be developed and initiated. As therapeutic options are anticipated to expand, multi-institutional collaborations and well-defined clinical and molecular endpoints will be critical to achieve higher success rates in improving care for patients with mPPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L.M. Dahia
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Dept Medicine, Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio-TX, 78229
- to whom correspondence should be addressed: Patricia Dahia, MD, PhD, Robert Tucker Hayes Distinguished Chair in Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, MC 7880, San Antonio-TX, 78229-3900, Tel: (210) 567-4866,
| | - Roderick Clifton-Bligh
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Clinical School, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Service de Génétique, Hôpital européen Georges Pompidou, INSERM UMR 970, PARCC@HEGP, 54 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, FRANCE
| | - Mercedes Robledo
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, E-28029, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Camilo Jimenez
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Role of [68Ga]DOTANOC PET/computed tomography and [131I]MIBG scintigraphy in the management of patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a prospective study. Nucl Med Commun 2020; 41:1047-1059. [DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McCrary HC, Babajanian E, Calquin M, Carpenter P, Casazza G, Naumer A, Greenberg S, Kohlmann W, Cannon R, Monroe MM, Hunt JP, Buchmann L. Characterization of Malignant Head and Neck Paragangliomas at a Single Institution Across Multiple Decades. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 145:641-646. [PMID: 31194233 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Importance Malignant head and neck paragangliomas (HNPGLs) are rare entities, and there are limited data regarding optimal treatment recommendations to improve clinical outcomes. Objective To classify succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) germline mutations associated with malignant HNPGLs, evaluate time from diagnosis to identification of malignant tumor, describe locations of metastases and the functional status of malignant HNPGLs, and determine the role of selective neck dissection at the time of initial surgical resection. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study was completed of patients diagnosed with paragangliomas on various sites on the body at an academic tertiary cancer hospital between the years 1963 and 2018. A subanalysis of HNPGLs was also completed. Data regarding diagnosis, gene and mutation, tumor characteristics and location, and treatments used were reviewed between February 2017 and March 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures Mutations of SDH genes associated with benign and malignant HNPGLs, treatments used, time to the discovery of malignancy, and location of metastasis. Results Of the 70 patients included in the study, 40 (57%) were male, and the mean (SD) age was 47 (21.1) years. Of patients with tumors isolated to the head and neck, 38 (54%) had benign HNPGLs, which were associated with mutations in the genes SDH subunit B (SDHB) (n = 18; 47%), SDH subunit C (n = 2; 5%), and SDH subunit D (n = 18; 47%). Among those with malignant HNPGLs, all but 1 patient had mutations in SDHB (n = 5; 83%); 1 patient had no mutation associated with their disease. The average age at diagnosis for malignant HNPGLs was 35 years, while benign tumors were diagnosed at an average age at 36 years. All patients with malignant disease underwent surgery. Four patients were found to have metastasis at the time of selective neck dissection. Among patients with malignant HNPGLs, 5 (83%) were treated with adjuvant radiation, and 1 (17%) was treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions and Relevance Malignant HNPGLs are rare entities that are difficult to diagnose and are typically identified by the presence of regional or distant metastasis. The results of this study found the prevalence of malignant HNPGLs to be 9%. These data suggest that it is beneficial to perform a selective neck dissection at the time of tumor excision. All patients with malignant HNPGLs but 1 had SDHB mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary C McCrary
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Eric Babajanian
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | | | - Patrick Carpenter
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Geoffrey Casazza
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Anne Naumer
- Genetic Counseling Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Samantha Greenberg
- Genetic Counseling Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Wendy Kohlmann
- Genetic Counseling Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Richard Cannon
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Marcus M Monroe
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Jason P Hunt
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
| | - Luke Buchmann
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City
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Martins RG, Cunha N, Simões H, Matos MJ, Silva J, Torres I, Rodrigues F, Leite V, Teixeira MR, Bugalho MJ. Surveillance of succinate dehydrogenase gene mutation carriers: Insights from a nationwide cohort. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:545-553. [PMID: 32181896 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in the genes coding for succinate dehydrogenase (SDHx) are the most frequent germline alterations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Evidence for the advantages associated with presymptomatic screening for SDHx mutation carriers is scarce. This study describes a nationwide cohort of these mutation carriers and aims to compare patients with clinical manifestations of the disease and those diagnosed through genetic screening. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PATIENTS SDHx mutation carriers (n = 118) followed through the Portuguese Oncology referral centres: 41 probands and 77 nonprobands. MEASUREMENTS All participants were subjected to biochemical and body imaging examinations for a complete assessment of the extent and spread of disease. Clinical data obtained this way were further analysed. RESULTS The mean age of this cohort was 44.5 ± 17.4 years, and more than half carried the same founder SDHB mutation. About 50.8% of the mutation carriers developed pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. Compared to patients diagnosed through genetic screening, those diagnosed clinically were characterized by larger tumours (P < .001), more frequent metastases (P = .024), were more frequently subjected to surgery (P = .011) and radiotherapy (P = .013), and had worse outcomes, such as macroscopic positive margins (P = .034). Persistent and/or unresectable disease and disease-related mortality were also more frequent in symptomatic patients compared to those diagnosed through genetic screening (P = .014). CONCLUSIONS In this nationwide cohort study, a large proportion of mutation carriers were found to develop SDHx-related neoplasia. Genetic testing and subsequent follow-up resulted in the diagnosis of smaller and nonmetastatic tumours, fewer treatment procedures, fewer complications and greater number of disease-free patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel G Martins
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cunha
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helder Simões
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Nova Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Matos
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Silva
- Genetics Department and Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Torres
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Valeriano Leite
- Endocrinology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Nova Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel R Teixeira
- Genetics Department and Research Centre, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, CHULN-Hospital Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Withey SJ, Perrio S, Christodoulou D, Izatt L, Carroll P, Velusamy A, Obholzer R, Lewington V, Jacques AET. Imaging Features of Succinate Dehydrogenase-deficient Pheochromocytoma-Paraganglioma Syndromes. Radiographics 2020; 39:1393-1410. [PMID: 31498738 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019180151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PC) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors that occur throughout the body from the base of the skull to the pelvis. Sympathetic catecholamine-secreting tumors may be associated with hyperadrenergic symptoms and long-term morbidity if they are untreated. Typically biochemically silent, head and neck PGLs may result in cranial nerve palsies and symptoms due to localized mass effect. Tumors can arise sporadically or as part of an inheritable PC-PGL syndrome. Up to 40% of tumors are recognized to be associated with germline mutations in an increasing array of susceptibility genes, including those that appear to arise sporadically. Most commonly, up to 25% of all PC-PGLs are associated with mutations in one of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme subunit genes. The resulting familial PC-PGL syndrome varies according to the affected enzyme subunit (most commonly SDHB and SDHD mutations) with respect to tumor prevalence, location, age of onset, and risk of malignancy. Patients with SDH enzyme mutations have increased lifetime risk of developing multifocal tumors and malignancy. Early recognition of individuals at high risk, genetic testing, screening of family members, and lifelong surveillance programs are recommended, but not without health, economic, and psychologic implications. Anatomic and functional imaging is key to diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and lifelong surveillance of these individuals. Radiologists must be aware of the imaging appearance of these varied tumors.©RSNA, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Joseph Withey
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Stephen Perrio
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Dimitra Christodoulou
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Louise Izatt
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Paul Carroll
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Anand Velusamy
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Rupert Obholzer
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Valerie Lewington
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
| | - Audrey Eleanor Therese Jacques
- From the Departments of Radiology (S.J.W., S.P., D.C., A.E.T.J.), Genetics (L.I.), Endocrinology (P.C., A.V.), Ear, Nose, and Throat Surgery (R.O.), and Nuclear Medicine (V.L.), Guy's and St Thomas' National Health Service Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, Level 1, Lambeth Wing, London SE1 7EH, England; and Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London, England (V.L.)
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Dai W, Xu L, Yu X, Zhang G, Guo H, Liu H, Song G, Weng S, Dong L, Zhu J, Liu T, Guo C, Shen X. OGDHL silencing promotes hepatocellular carcinoma by reprogramming glutamine metabolism. J Hepatol 2020; 72:909-923. [PMID: 31899205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent metabolic deregulation are commonly observed in cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). When mitochondrial function is impaired, reductive glutamine metabolism is a major cellular carbon source for de novo lipogenesis to support cancer cell growth. The underlying regulators of reductively metabolized glutamine in mitochondrial dysfunction are not completely understood in tumorigenesis. METHODS We systematically investigated the role of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase-like (OGDHL), one of the rate-limiting components of the key mitochondrial multi-enzyme OGDH complex (OGDHC), in the regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatoma cells and mouse xenograft models. RESULTS Lower expression of OGDHL was associated with advanced tumor stage, significantly worse survival and more frequent tumor recurrence in 3 independent cohorts totaling 681 postoperative HCC patients. Promoter hypermethylation and DNA copy deletion of OGDHL were independently correlated with reduced OGDHL expression in HCC specimens. Additionally, OGDHL overexpression significantly inhibited the growth of hepatoma cells in mouse xenografts, while knockdown of OGDHL promoted proliferation of hepatoma cells. Mechanistically, OGDHL downregulation upregulated the α-ketoglutarate (αKG):citrate ratio by reducing OGDHC activity, which subsequently drove reductive carboxylation of glutamine-derived αKG via retrograde tricarboxylic acid cycling in hepatoma cells. Notably, silencing of OGDHL activated the mTORC1 signaling pathway in an αKG-dependent manner, inducing transcription of enzymes with key roles in de novo lipogenesis. Meanwhile, metabolic reprogramming in OGDHL-negative hepatoma cells provided an abundant supply of NADPH and glutathione to support the cellular antioxidant system. The reduction of reductive glutamine metabolism through OGDHL overexpression or glutaminase inhibitors sensitized tumor cells to sorafenib, a molecular-targeted therapy for HCC. CONCLUSION Our findings established that silencing of OGDHL contributed to HCC development and survival by regulating glutamine metabolic pathways. OGDHL is a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC. LAY SUMMARY Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent tumors worldwide and is correlated with a high mortality rate. In patients with HCC, lower expression of the enzyme OGDHL is significantly associated with worse survival. Herein, we show that silencing of OGDHL induces lipogenesis and influences the chemosensitization effect of sorafenib in liver cancer cells by reprogramming glutamine metabolism. OGDHL is a promising prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in OGDHL-negative liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tongren Hospital, Jiaotong University of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiangnan Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guangcong Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongying Guo
- Department of Severe Hepatitis, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hailin Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guangqi Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shuqiang Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ling Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jimin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Taotao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Xizhong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Shanghai Institute of Liver Diseases, Shanghai, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Ministry of Education and Health, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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98
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Scagliola A, Mainini F, Cardaci S. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle at the Crossroad Between Cancer and Immunity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:834-852. [PMID: 31847530 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is a housekeeping metabolic pathway essential for generation of energy and biosynthetic intermediates. Alterations of the TCA cycle play a pivotal role in oncogenesis and inflammation. As such, some metabolic vulnerabilities, imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, have been identified. Similarly, the TCA cycle appeared as an actionable pathway in immunopathologies. Recent Advances: Metabolic changes accompanying cell transformation have been usually considered as adaptive mechanisms to malignant transformation. The identification of oncogenic mutations in some TCA cycle enzymes changed this view, indicating altered mitochondrial metabolism as an instrumental mechanism for cancer initiation. Similarly, the observation that TCA cycle-derived metabolites have multiple signaling roles in immune cells supports the idea of this pathway as a metabolic rheostat of immune responses. Critical Issues: This review summarizes the crucial role of the TCA cycle in pathophysiology describing the post-translational and epigenetic impact of oncometabolites accumulation in cancer and immune cells. Future Directions: Additional studies will be necessary to further explore the role of oncometabolites in paracrine signaling and to identify genuine metabolic and nutritional liabilities imposed by TCA cycle dysfunction in cancer, hardly to be escaped by resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scagliola
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Mainini
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Cardaci
- Cancer Metabolism Unit, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Lan L, Liu P, Tian Y, Zhu B, Shen L, Huang Y. Anaesthetic management of a large paraganglioma resection in a woman with isolated L-looped transposition of the great arteries: a case report. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:79. [PMID: 32252631 PMCID: PMC7132883 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-00998-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reports of anaesthetic management of paraganglioma resection in patients with isolated L-transposition of the great arteries (L-TGA) are rare. We focus on the preoperative evaluation, intraoperative management, and postoperative care of a frail patient with “physiologically corrected” L-TGA for paraganglioma resection. Case presentation We performed general anaesthesia for a 46-year-old patient with “physiologically corrected” L-TGA undergoing open large retroperitoneal paraganglioma resection. Although the preoperative medical therapy had attained its goals, the patient went through three periods of severe episodic hypertension and tachycardia as tumour manipulation released catecholamines. Goal-directed fluid therapy based on pulse pressure variation (PPV) and point-of-care transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging enabled anaesthesiologists to make rapid judgments and to regulate blood pressure in a timely manner, thereby reducing the risk of heart failure caused by massive rapid fluid bolus therapy. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit because of intraoperative hemodynamic changes and significant blood loss. Despite transient myocardial injury (elevated troponin I), no lethal arrhythmia or complications occurred perioperatively, and the patient recovered well and was discharged 1 week later. Conclusions Goal-directed fluid therapy combined with the adoption of TEE could effectively guide fluid administration, which is helpful for anaesthesia management during operation. We recommend the routine use of TEE in such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lan
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Penghao Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China.
| | - Yuguang Huang
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100730, Beijing, P.R. China
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100
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Innate and Adaptive Immunity Linked to Recognition of Antigens Shared by Neural Crest-Derived Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12040840. [PMID: 32244473 PMCID: PMC7226441 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult, many embryologic processes can be co-opted by during cancer progression. The mechanisms of divisions, migration, and the ability to escape immunity recognition linked to specific embryo antigens are also expressed by malignant cells. In particular, cells derived from neural crests (NC) contribute to the development of multiple cell types including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage, glia, neurons, peripheral and enteric nervous systems, and the adrenal medulla. This plastic performance is due to an accurate program of gene expression orchestrated with cellular/extracellular signals finalized to regulate long-distance migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival. During neurulation, prior to initiating their migration, NC cells must undergo an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in which they alter their actin cytoskeleton, lose their cell–cell junctions, apicobasal polarity, and acquire a motile phenotype. Similarly, during the development of the tumors derived from neural crests, comprising a heterogeneous group of neoplasms (Neural crest-derived tumors (NCDTs)), a group of genes responsible for the EMT pathway is activated. Here, retracing the molecular pathways performed by pluripotent cells at the boundary between neural and non-neural ectoderm in relation to the natural history of NCDT, points of contact or interposition are highlighted to better explain the intricate interplay between cancer cells and the innate and adaptive immune response.
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