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White JD, Stevenson M, Malik R, Snow D, Norris JM. Urinary tract infections in cats with chronic kidney disease. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:459-65. [PMID: 23232285 PMCID: PMC10816307 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x12469522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Routine urine cultures were performed in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) to assess the overall prevalence and clinical signs associated with a positive urine culture (PUC). An occult urinary tract infection (UTI) was defined as a PUC not associated with clinical signs of lower urinary tract disease or pyelonephritis. Multivariate logistic and Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for an occult UTI and its relationship with survival. There were 31 PUCs from 25 cats. Eighty-seven percent of PUCs had active urine sediments. The most common infectious agent was Escherichia coli and most bacteria were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Eighteen of 25 cats had occult UTIs. Among cats with occult UTI, increasing age in female cats was significantly associated with PUC; no significant association between occult UTI and survival was found and serum creatinine was predictive of survival in the short term (200 days) only. In conclusion, among cats with CKD, those with occult UTI were more likely to be older and female, but there was no association with severity of azotaemia. The presence of an occult UTI, when treated, did not influence survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna D White
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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52
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Guo S, Brouwers HJM, Cobbold RN, Platell JL, Chapman TA, Barrs VR, Johnson JR, Trott DJ. Fluoroquinolone-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, including O25b-ST131, isolated from faeces of hospitalized dogs in an Australian veterinary referral centre. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68:1025-31. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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53
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Manges AR, Johnson JR. Food-Borne Origins of Escherichia coli Causing Extraintestinal Infections. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:712-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cis502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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54
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Kinetics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli metapopulation movement during urinary tract infection. mBio 2012; 3:mBio.00303-11. [PMID: 22318320 PMCID: PMC3273315 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00303-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract is one of the most frequent sites of bacterial infection in humans. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains are the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and are responsible for greater than 80% of uncomplicated cases in adults. Infection of the urinary tract occurs in an ascending manner, with colonization of the bladder leading to possible kidney infection and bacteremia. The goal of this study was to examine the population dynamics of UPEC in vivo using a murine model of ascending UTI. To track individual UPEC lineages within a host, we constructed 10 isogenic clones of UPEC strain CFT073 by inserting unique signature tag sequences between the pstS and glmS genes at the attTn7 chromosomal site. Mice were transurethrally inoculated with a mixture containing equal numbers of unique clones. After 4 and 48 h, the tags present in the bladders, kidneys, and spleens of infected mice were enumerated using tag-specific primers and quantitative real-time PCR. The results indicated that kidney infection and bacteremia associated with UTI are most likely the result of multiple rounds of ascension and dissemination from motile UPEC subpopulations, with a distinct bottleneck existing between the kidney and bloodstream. The abundance of tagged lineages became more variable as infection progressed, especially after bacterial ascension to the upper urinary tract. Analysis of the population kinetics of UPEC during UTI revealed metapopulation dynamics, with lineages that constantly increased and decreased in abundance as they migrated from one organ to another. Urinary tract infections are some of the most common infections affecting humans, and Escherichia coli is the primary cause in most uncomplicated cases. These infections occur in an ascending manner, with bacteria traveling from the bladder to the kidneys and potentially the bloodstream. Little is known about the spatiotemporal population dynamics of uropathogenic E. coli within a host. Here we describe a novel approach for tracking lineages of isogenic tagged E. coli strains within a murine host by the use of quantitative real-time PCR. Understanding the in vivo population dynamics and the factors that shape the bacterial population may prove to be of significant value in the development of novel vaccines and drug therapies.
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55
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Da Silva GJ, Mendonça N. Association between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Escherichia coli. Virulence 2012; 3:18-28. [PMID: 22286707 DOI: 10.4161/viru.3.1.18382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The treatment of E. coli infections is now threatened by the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The dissemination of resistance is associated with genetic mobile elements, such as plasmids, that may also carry virulence determinants. A proficient pathogen should be virulent, resistant to antibiotics, and epidemic. However, the interplay between resistance and virulence is poorly understood. This review aims to critically discuss the association and linked transmission of both resistance and virulence traits in strains from extraintestinal infections in E. coli, and intestinal pathotypes. Despite the numerous controversies on this topic, findings from research published to date indicate that there is a link between resistance and virulence, as illustrated by the successful E. coli ST131 epidemic clone. Perhaps the most commonly accepted view is that resistance to quinolones is linked to a loss of virulence factors. However, the low virulent phylogenetic groups might be more prone to acquire resistance to quinolones. Specific characteristics of the E. coli genome that have yet to be identified may contribute to such genetic linkages. Research based on bacterial populations is sorely needed to help understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the association between resistance and virulence, that, in turn, may help manage the future disseminations of infectious diseases in their entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Jorge Da Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Center of Pharmaceutical Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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56
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Nosseir SB, Lind LR, Winkler HA. Recurrent uncomplicated urinary tract infections in women: a review. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2011; 21:347-54. [PMID: 22136339 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2011.3056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent urinary tract infections most often present with symptoms of irritative voiding. In most cases, they are caused by reinfection with a previously isolated organism. Patients with one or more symptoms of uncomplicated recurrent urinary tract infection should undergo thorough examination and screening for underlying comorbidities that increase susceptibility. When frequent reinfections, empiric treatment relapse, persistent infections, or risk factors for complicated infections are encountered, patients may benefit from urodynamics, cystoscopy, renal ultrasound, intravenous urogram, or voiding cystourethrogram to evaluate for anatomic, functional, or metabolic abnormalities affecting the urinary tract (e.g., stones, stricture, obstruction, vesicoureteral reflux, lesions, detrusor underactivity). These patients may benefit from culture-guided empiric treatment and further evaluation by urology, nephrology, or infectious disease specialists. In patients with a history of uncomplicated urinary tract infections, empiric treatment guided by local antimicrobial resistance may efficiently treat a suspected recurrence. After successful treatment of the acute infection, postcoital prophylaxis, continuous prophylaxis, or self-start empiric treatment may be selected based on frequency of recurrent infections, temporal relation to intercourse, and patient characteristics. Ancillary measures such as probiotics, cranberry products, or local estrogen replacement may also be considered. This article will review the current definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, work-up, treatment, treatment side effects, and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women. A suggested algorithm for evaluation and treatment based on current literature is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandy B Nosseir
- Division of Urogynecology, Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Great Neck, New York 11021, USA.
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57
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Reeves PR, Liu B, Zhou Z, Li D, Guo D, Ren Y, Clabots C, Lan R, Johnson JR, Wang L. Rates of mutation and host transmission for an Escherichia coli clone over 3 years. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26907. [PMID: 22046404 PMCID: PMC3203180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although over 50 complete Escherichia coli/Shigella genome sequences are available, it is only for closely related strains, for example the O55:H7 and O157:H7 clones of E. coli, that we can assign differences to individual evolutionary events along specific lineages. Here we sequence the genomes of 14 isolates of a uropathogenic E. coli clone that persisted for 3 years within a household, including a dog, causing a urinary tract infection (UTI) in the dog after 2 years. The 20 mutations observed fit a single tree that allows us to estimate the mutation rate to be about 1.1 per genome per year, with minimal evidence for adaptive change, including in relation to the UTI episode. The host data also imply at least 6 host transfer events over the 3 years, with 2 lineages present over much of that period. To our knowledge, these are the first direct measurements for a clone in a well-defined host community that includes rates of mutation and host transmission. There is a concentration of non-synonymous mutations associated with 2 transfers to the dog, suggesting some selection pressure from the change of host. However, there are no changes to which we can attribute the UTI event in the dog, which suggests that this occurrence after 2 years of the clone being in the household may have been due to chance, or some unknown change in the host or environment. The ability of a UTI strain to persist for 2 years and also to transfer readily within a household has implications for epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R. Reeves
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bin Liu
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhemin Zhou
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Li
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Dan Guo
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Connie Clabots
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ruiting Lan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James R. Johnson
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail:
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58
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Leonard EK, Pearl DL, Finley RL, Janecko N, Reid-Smith RJ, Peregrine AS, Weese JS. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli recovered from pet dogs from volunteer households in Ontario (2005-06). J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 67:174-81. [PMID: 22016151 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in the faeces of pet dogs from volunteer households in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. METHODS From October 2005 to May 2006, 138 dogs from 84 Ontario households were recruited to participate in a cross-sectional study. Five consecutive daily faecal samples were collected from each dog and cultured for Salmonella spp. and E. coli. A panel of 15 antimicrobials from seven antimicrobial classes was used for susceptibility testing. RESULTS E. coli and Salmonella spp. were recovered from 96.4% and 23.2% of dogs, respectively. In total, 515 bacterial isolates from 136 dogs from 83 households were sent for antimicrobial susceptibility testing with 80.4% of isolates being pan-susceptible. The most common resistance pattern was to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefoxitin, ceftiofur and ceftriaxone, present in 13.3% of Salmonella isolates and 1.3% of E. coli isolates. Fifty-eight of the isolates were resistant to two or more drug classes, with 70.7% and 29.3% being E. coli and Salmonella, respectively. Based on multilevel logistic regression, the odds of resistance were greater in E. coli than Salmonella [odds ratio = 3.2; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22-8.43]. Agreement in resistance between E. coli and Salmonella isolates from the same dog was low [prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.30-0.46]. CONCLUSIONS Pet dogs are a potential household source of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp. and E. coli. However, extrapolating the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens, like Salmonella, from E. coli should be done with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Leonard
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.
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59
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Abdolrasouli A, Amin A, Hemmati Y. Is unprotected insertive anal sex a predisposing factor in causing sexually transmitted urinary tract infection in men? Int J STD AIDS 2011; 22:538. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.010533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Abdolrasouli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Microbiology Unit, Marie-Curie Medical Institute
| | - A Amin
- Microbiology Unit, Marie-Curie Medical Institute
| | - Y Hemmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Tehran, Iran
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60
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Molecular Typing Methods for Analysis of Extraintestinal Pathogenic
Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555816834.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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61
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE to provide an update of the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigation, treatment, and prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections in women. OPTIONS continuous antibiotic prophylaxis, post-coital antibiotic prophylaxis, and acute self-treatment are all efficient alternatives to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection. Vaginal estrogen and cranberry juice can also be effective prophylaxis alternatives. EVIDENCE a search of PubMed and The Cochrane Library for articles published in English identified the most relevant literature. Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies. There were no date restrictions. VALUES this update is the consensus of the Sub-Committee on Urogynaecology of the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada. Recommendations were made according to the guidelines developed by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). OPTIONS recurrent urinary tract infections need careful investigation and can be efficiently treated and prevented. Different prophylaxis options can be selected according to each patient's characteristics.
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62
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Thompson MF, Litster AL, Platell JL, Trott DJ. Canine bacterial urinary tract infections: new developments in old pathogens. Vet J 2011; 190:22-7. [PMID: 21239193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Uncomplicated bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur commonly in dogs. Persistent or recurrent infections are reported less frequently. They typically occur in dogs with an underlying disease and are sometimes asymptomatic, especially in dogs with predisposing chronic disease. Escherichia coli is the organism most frequently cultured in both simple and complicated UTIs. Organisms such as Enterococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are less common in uncomplicated UTI, but become increasingly prominent in dogs with recurrent UTI. The ability of bacteria to acquire resistance to antimicrobials and/or to evade host immune defence mechanisms is vital for persistence in the urinary tract. Antimicrobial therapy limitations and bacterial strains with such abilities require novel control strategies. Sharing of resistant bacteria between humans and dogs has been recently documented and is of particular concern for E. coli O25b:H4-ST131 strains that are both virulent and multi-drug resistant. The epidemiology of complicated UTIs, pathogenic traits of uropathogens and new therapeutic concepts are outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Thompson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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63
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Community-Acquired Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia coli in a Patient Presenting With Pyelonephritis. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0b013e3181e928bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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64
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van der Starre WE, van Nieuwkoop C, Paltansing S, van't Wout JW, Groeneveld GH, Becker MJ, Koster T, Wattel-Louis GH, Delfos NM, Ablij HC, Leyten EMS, Blom JW, van Dissel JT. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in adults with community-onset febrile urinary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 66:650-6. [PMID: 21123286 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in community-onset febrile Escherichia coli urinary tract infection (UTI). METHODS A nested case-control study within a cohort of consecutive adults with febrile UTI presenting at primary healthcare centres or emergency departments during January 2004 through December 2009. Resistance was defined using EUCAST criteria (ciprofloxacin MIC >1.0 mg/L). Cases were subjects with fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli, and controls those with fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify potential risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance. RESULTS Of 787 consecutive patients, 420 had E. coli-positive urine cultures. Of these, 51 (12%) were fluoroquinolone resistant. Independent risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance were urinary catheter [odds ratio (OR) 3.1; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9-11.6], recent hospitalization (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.0-4.3) and fluoroquinolone use in the past 6 months (OR 17.5; 95% CI 6.0-50.7). Environmental factors (e.g. contact with animals or hospitalized household members) were not associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains, 33% were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanate and 65% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; 14% were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) positive compared with <1% of fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates. CONCLUSIONS Recent hospitalization, urinary catheter and fluoroquinolone use in the past 6 months were independent risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in community-onset febrile E. coli UTI. Contact with animals or hospitalized household members was not associated with fluoroquinolone resistance. Fluoroquinolone resistance may be a marker of broader resistance, including ESBL positivity.
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65
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Infection récurrente des voies urinaires. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1701-2163(16)34718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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66
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Ashby J, Smith A. A case of sexual transmission of Escherichia coli leading to urine infections in a male homosexual couple? Int J STD AIDS 2010; 21:660-1. [DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2010.010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of simultaneous identical Escherichia coli urinary tract infections in a male homosexual couple practising unprotected insertive anal intercourse, and propose sexual transmission between the couple.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashby
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - A Smith
- St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
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67
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Stenske KA, Bemis DA, Gillespie BE, D'Souza DH, Oliver SP, Draughon FA, Matteson KJ, Bartges JW. Comparison of clonal relatedness and antimicrobial susceptibility of fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners. Am J Vet Res 2010; 70:1108-16. [PMID: 19719426 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.9.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine prevalence of within-household sharing of fecal Escherichia coli between dogs and their owners on the basis of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), compare antimicrobial susceptibility between isolates from dogs and their owners, and evaluate epidemiologic features of cross-species sharing by use of a questionnaire. SAMPLE POPULATION 61 healthy dog-owner pairs and 30 healthy control humans. PROCEDURES 3 fecal E coli colonies were isolated from each participant; PFGE profiles were used to establish relatedness among bacterial isolates. Susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials was determined via disk diffusion. A questionnaire was used to evaluate signalment, previous antimicrobial therapy, hygiene, and relationship with dog. RESULTS A wide array of PFGE profiles was observed in E coli isolates from all participants. Within-household sharing occurred with 9.8% prevalence, and across-household sharing occurred with 0.3% prevalence. No behaviors were associated with increased clonal sharing between dog and owner. No differences were found in susceptibility results between dog-owner pairs. Control isolates were more likely than canine isolates to be resistant to ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Owners and control humans carried more multdrug-resistant E coli than did dogs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Within-household sharing of E coli was detected more commonly than across-household sharing, but both direct contact and environmental reservoirs may be routes of cross-species sharing of bacteria and genes for resistance. Cross-species bacterial sharing is a potential public health concern, and good hygiene is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Stenske
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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Stenske KA, Bemis DA, Gillespie BE, Oliver SP, Draughon FA, Matteson KJ, Bartges JW. Prevalence of urovirulence genes cnf, hlyD, sfa/foc, and papGIII in fecal Escherichia coli from healthy dogs and their owners. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1401-6. [PMID: 19878023 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.11.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of 4 urovirulence genes in fecal Escherichia coli isolates from healthy dogs and their owners and to determine whether detection of E coli strains with these genes was associated with a history of urinary tract infection (UTI). SAMPLE POPULATION 61 healthy dog-owner pairs and 30 healthy non-dog owners. PROCEDURES A fecal specimen was obtained from each participant, and 3 colonies of E coli were isolated from each specimen. A multiplex PCR assay was used to detect 4 genes encoding virulence factors: cytotoxic necrotizing factor (cnf), hemolysin (hlyD), s-fimbrial and F1C fimbriae adhesin (sfa/foc), and pilus associated with pyelonephritis G allele III (papGIII). Human participants completed a questionnaire to provide general information and any history of UTI for themselves and, when applicable, their dog. RESULTS 26% (16/61) of dogs, 18% (11/61) of owners, and 20% (6/30) of non-dog owners had positive test results for >or= 1 E coli virulence gene. One or more genes were identified in fecal E coli isolates of both dog and owner in 2% (1/61) of households. There was no difference in the detection of any virulence factor between dog-owner pairs. Female owner history of UTI was associated with detection of each virulence factor in E coli strains isolated from their dogs' feces. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs and humans harbored fecal E coli strains possessing the genes cnf, hlyD, sfa/foc, and papGIII that encode urovirulence factors. It was rare for both dog and owner to have fecal E coli strains with these virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Stenske
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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69
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Transmission of an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (sequence type ST131) strain between a father and daughter resulting in septic shock and Emphysematous pyelonephritis. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3780-2. [PMID: 19741070 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01361-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Probable transmission of an extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli strain (sequence type ST131) between a father and daughter was documented. The father developed severe, recurrent pyelonephritis with multiple small abscesses; the daughter later developed septic shock, bacteremia, and extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis. This multidrug-resistant E. coli clone appears to be highly pathogenic and transmissible.
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70
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Sharing of Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 and other multidrug-resistant and Urovirulent E. coli strains among dogs and cats within a household. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3721-5. [PMID: 19710261 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01581-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli strain from a human-associated pulsotype within sequence type ST131 (O25:H4) colonized three of five dogs and cats within a household. Of the four other colonizing strains identified, two were MDR and two colonized multiple hosts. The ST131 strain uniquely exhibited high resistance and virulence scores.
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71
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Hannah EL, Johnson JR, Angulo F, Haddadin B, Williamson J, Samore MH. Molecular analysis of antimicrobial-susceptible and -resistant Escherichia coli from retail meats and human stool and clinical specimens in a rural community setting. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2009; 6:285-95. [PMID: 19272007 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2008.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli may colonize and cause infections in humans, but definitive proof is elusive and supportive evidence is limited. METHODS Approximately contemporaneous antimicrobial-resistant (n = 181) and antimicrobial-susceptible (n = 159) E. coli isolates from retail meats and from human stool and clinical specimens from a single rural U.S. community were compared for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-defined phylogenetic group (A, B1, B2, or D) and virulence genotype. Meat and human isolates from the same phylogenetic group with similar virulence profiles underwent sequential two-locus sequence analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. RESULTS According to phylogenetic distribution, resistant stool isolates were more similar to resistant meat isolates than to susceptible stool isolates. Overall, 19% of meat isolates satisfied molecular criteria for extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Nine sequence groups included meat and human isolates, and 17 of these 64 isolates demonstrated >80% RAPD profile similarity to an isolate from the alternate source group (meat vs. human). However, PFGE profiles of the 17 isolates were unique, excepting two stool isolates from the same household. CONCLUSION Nearly 20% of meat-source resistant E. coli represented ExPEC. The observed molecular similarity of certain meat and human-source E. coli isolates, including antimicrobial-resistant and potentially pathogenic strains, supports possible foodborne transmission.
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72
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Escherichia coli shedding patterns in humans and dogs: insights into within-household transmission of phylotypes associated with urinary tract infections. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 137:1457-64. [PMID: 19272200 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880900226x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Within-household transmission of Escherichia coli may contribute to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection but understanding of transmission is limited by the lack of longitudinal data on individual shedding patterns. In this study, faecal E. coli was isolated over 6 months from 18 humans and 13 dogs in eight households. Typing 322 E. coli isolates by amplified fragment length polymorphism showed high overall diversity as indicated by the average diversity index (0.66). However, individual shedding patterns varied considerably: two persons carried a single resident E. coli clone throughout the study whereas distinct clones were isolated from other individuals on each sampling time. Nineteen clones were shared within six of the eight households and seven of these clones were shared between humans and dogs. The frequent sharing of clones belonging to phylotypes B2 (n=7) or D (n=4) supports the hypothesis that urovirulent E. coli are transmitted between household members, including dogs, or may be acquired by a common source such as food.
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73
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Manges AR, Tabor H, Tellis P, Vincent C, Tellier PP. Endemic and epidemic lineages of Escherichia coli that cause urinary tract infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1575-83. [PMID: 18826822 PMCID: PMC2609861 DOI: 10.3201/eid1410.080102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
These organisms caused community-acquired UTI-causing Escherichia coli Women with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in California, USA (1999–2001), were infected with closely related or indistinguishable strains of Escherichia coli (clonal groups), which suggests point source dissemination. We compared strains of UTI-causing E. coli in California with strains causing such infections in Montréal, Québec, Canada. Urine specimens from women with community-acquired UTIs in Montréal (2006) were cultured for E. coli. Isolates that caused 256 consecutive episodes of UTI were characterized by antimicrobial drug susceptibility profile, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus 2 PCR, serotyping, XbaI and NotI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus sequence typing, and phylogenetic typing. We confirmed the presence of drug-resistant, genetically related, and temporally clustered E. coli clonal groups that caused community-acquired UTIs in unrelated women in 2 locations and 2 different times. Two clonal groups were identified in both locations. Epidemic transmission followed by endemic transmission of UTI-causing clonal groups may explain these clusters of UTI cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee R Manges
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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74
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Multiple-host sharing, long-term persistence, and virulence of Escherichia coli clones from human and animal household members. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:4078-82. [PMID: 18945846 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00980-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During a 3-year surveillance, six household members (five humans and the family dog) yielded 14 Escherichia coli clones. Virulence genes, group B2, and having caused cystitis (in the mother or dog) corresponded to colonization endpoints (number of samples, colonies, hosts, and dates). The dog's cystitis clone was the most extensively recovered clone.
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75
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Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic distribution of the Escherichia coli pks genomic island. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:3906-11. [PMID: 18945841 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00949-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and phylogenetic associations of the pks genomic island of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC), which encodes the genotoxin colibactin, are incompletely defined. clbB and clbN (as markers for the 5' and 3' regions of the pks island, respectively), clbA and clbQ (as supplemental pks island markers), and 12 other putative ExPEC virulence genes were newly sought by PCR among 131 published E. coli isolates from hospitalized veterans (62 blood isolates and 69 fecal isolates). Blood and fecal isolates and clbB-positive and -negative isolates were compared for 66 newly and previously assessed traits. Among the 14 newly sought traits, clbB and clbN (colibactin polyketide synthesis system), hra (heat-resistant agglutinin), and vat (vacuolating toxin) were significantly associated with bacteremia. clbB and clbN identified a subset within phylogenetic group B2 with extremely high virulence scores and a high proportion of blood isolates. However, by multivariable analysis, other traits were more predictive of blood source than clbB and clbN were; indeed, among the newly sought traits, only pic significantly predicted bacteremia (negative association). By correspondence analysis, clbB and clbN were closely associated with group B2 and multiple B2-associated traits; by principal coordinate analysis, clbB and clbN partitioned the data set better than did blood versus fecal source. Thus, the pks island was significantly associated with bacteremia, multiple ExPEC-associated virulence genes, and group B2, and within group B2, it identified an especially high-virulence subset. This extends previous work regarding the pks island and supports investigation of the colibactin system as a potential therapeutic target.
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76
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Abstract
Urinary tract infection (UTI), with its diverse clinical syndromes and affected host groups, remains one of the most common but widely misunderstood and challenging infectious diseases encountered in clinical practice. Antimicrobial resistance is a leading concern, with few oral options available to treat infections caused by Gram-negative organisms resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, especially for patients with upper tract disease. Efforts should be made not to detect or treat asymptomatic bacteriuria and funguria; to ensure an appropriate duration of therapy for symptomatic infections; and to limit the use of broad-spectrum agents, especially fluoroquinolones, if narrower spectrum agents are available. Further research is needed regarding rapid diagnosis of UTI, accurate presumptive identification of patients with resistant pathogens, and development of new antimicrobials for drug-resistant UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri M Drekonja
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Infectious Diseases (111F), 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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77
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Gibson J, Morton J, Cobbold R, Sidjabat H, Filippich L, Trott D. Multidrug-ResistantE. coliandEnterobacterExtraintestinal Infection in 37 Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2008; 22:844-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2008.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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78
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Johnson JR, Owens K, Gajewski A, Clabots C. Escherichia coli colonization patterns among human household members and pets, with attention to acute urinary tract infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:218-24. [PMID: 18179385 DOI: 10.1086/524844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within-household transmission of Escherichia coli may promote urinary tract infection (UTI) but is poorly understood. METHODS Fecal samples from 228 individuals (152 humans [5 with acute UTI] and 76 pets) in 63 households were extensively processed for unique E. coli clones, as defined by random-amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Patterns of strain sharing (presence of a clone in multiple individuals) were assessed. RESULTS Of 335 E. coli clones, 90 (27%) were recovered from multiple hosts (up to 11 per clone). Within-household strain sharing (1) involved 68% of households, including 3 of 5 households in which a member had a UTI; (2) was more frequent than across-household strain sharing (27% vs. 0.8% of potential sharing pairs; P< .001); (3) increased with household size (r2=0.93; P< .001); and (4) varied by host-pair type (pet-pet, 58%; human-human, 31%; human-pet, 17%). Sex partners shared strains more commonly than did other adults (31% vs. 7% of pairs; P= .08) but accounted for only 12% of within-household strain sharing. CONCLUSIONS Within-household sharing of E. coli, including in households in which a member has a UTI, is common and can involve any combination of humans and pets. Identification of the underlying mechanism(s) could lead to novel preventive measures against UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Johnson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minnesota, Minneapolis 55417, USA.
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79
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Sannes M, Belongia E, Kieke B, Smith K, Kieke A, Vandermause M, Bender J, Clabots C, Winokur P, Johnson J. Predictors of Antimicrobial‐ResistantEscherichia coliin the Feces of Vegetarians and Newly Hospitalized Adults in Minnesota and Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:430-4. [DOI: 10.1086/525530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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80
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Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection in Adults Including Uncomplicated Pyelonephritis. Urol Clin North Am 2008; 35:1-12, v. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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81
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Sura R, Van Kruiningen HJ, DebRoy C, Hinckley LS, Greenberg KJ, Gordon Z, French RA. Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli-induced acute necrotizing pneumonia in cats. Zoonoses Public Health 2007; 54:307-13. [PMID: 17894641 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2007.01067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) are pathogens involved in several disease conditions, ranging from urinary tract infection to meningitis in humans and animals. They comprise epidemiologically and phylogenetically distinct strains, affecting most species and involving any organ or anatomical site. Here, we report fatal cases of necrotizing pneumonia in cats. Over a 1-week period, 13 cats from an animal shelter in Stamford, Connecticut were presented for necropsy. All had a clinical history of acute respiratory disease. The gross and microscopic findings for all the cats were consistent. Escherichia coli was uniformly isolated from the lungs of all the tested cats. All the isolates were haemolytic, genetically related as determined by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR, and harboured genes encoding for cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 and fimbriae and adhesions that are characteristic of ExPEC, implying a point source clonal outbreak. As cats are common household pets, this report raises concerns regarding zoonotic potential (in either direction) for these ExPEC strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sura
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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82
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Virulence genotypes and phylogenetic background of Escherichia coli serogroup O6 isolates from humans, dogs, and cats. J Clin Microbiol 2007; 46:417-22. [PMID: 18003805 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00674-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular evidence is limited for the hypothesis that humans, dogs, and cats can become colonized and infected with similar virulent Escherichia coli strains. To further assess this possibility, archived E. coli O6 isolates (n = 130) from humans (n = 55), dogs (n = 59), and cats (n = 16), representing the three main H (flagellar) types within serogroup O6 (H1, H7, and H31), were analyzed, along with selected reference strains. Isolates underwent PCR-based phylotyping, multilocus sequence typing, PCR-based detection of 55 virulence-associated genes, and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiling. Three major sequence types (STs), which corresponded closely with H types, accounted for 99% of the 130 O6 isolates. Each ST included human, dog, and cat isolates; two included reference pyelonephritis isolates CFT073 (O6:K2:H1) and 536 (O6:K15:H31). Virulence genotypes overlapped considerably among host species, despite statistically significant differences between human and pet isolates. Several human and dog isolates from ST127 (O6:H31) exhibited identical virulence genotypes and highly similar PFGE profiles, consistent with cross-species exchange of specific E. coli clones. In conclusion, the close similarity in the genomic backbone and virulence genotype between certain human- and animal-source E. coli isolates within serogroup O6 supports the hypothesis of zoonotic potential.
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83
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Johnson TJ, Kariyawasam S, Wannemuehler Y, Mangiamele P, Johnson SJ, Doetkott C, Skyberg JA, Lynne AM, Johnson JR, Nolan LK. The genome sequence of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain O1:K1:H7 shares strong similarities with human extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli genomes. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:3228-36. [PMID: 17293413 PMCID: PMC1855855 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01726-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli strains that cause disease outside the intestine are known as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) and include human uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC). Regardless of host of origin, ExPEC strains share many traits. It has been suggested that these commonalities may enable APEC to cause disease in humans. Here, we begin to test the hypothesis that certain APEC strains possess potential to cause human urinary tract infection through virulence genotyping of 1,000 APEC and UPEC strains, generation of the first complete genomic sequence of an APEC (APEC O1:K1:H7) strain, and comparison of this genome to all available human ExPEC genomic sequences. The genomes of APEC O1 and three human UPEC strains were found to be remarkably similar, with only 4.5% of APEC O1's genome not found in other sequenced ExPEC genomes. Also, use of multilocus sequence typing showed that some of the sequenced human ExPEC strains were more like APEC O1 than other human ExPEC strains. This work provides evidence that at least some human and avian ExPEC strains are highly similar to one another, and it supports the possibility that a food-borne link between some APEC and UPEC strains exists. Future studies are necessary to assess the ability of APEC to overcome the hurdles necessary for such a food-borne transmission, and epidemiological studies are required to confirm that such a phenomenon actually occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1802 Elwood Drive, VMRI #2, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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