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Yang P, Huang X, Wang C, Dang X, Wang K. Repair of bone defects using a new biomimetic construction fabricated by adipose-derived stem cells, collagen I, and porous beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:1331-43. [PMID: 24157587 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213505827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) with multilineage differentiation capacities have been demonstrated as an alternative cell candidate for in vitro and in vivo bone regeneration. This suggests that they may be a potential candidate to repair the bone defects. We attempted to demonstrate the use of new biomimetic constructions of undifferentiated rabbit adipose-derived stem cells (rASCs) with fully interconnected porous beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds encapsulated by collagen I hydrogel in the regeneration of a critical-sized defect of rabbit radii. Critical-sized defects in the left radii of rabbits were prepared and inserted with rASCs/collagen I/β-TCP scaffold composites or collagen I/β-TCP scaffold composites. The results were evaluated by histology, radiographs, micro-CT, Emission Computed Tomography (ECT), fluorochrome labeling, western blot, and mechanical testing at 4, 8, and 12 weeks postsurgery. Twelve weeks after implantation, the defects were almost completely repaired as confirmed by the presence of the cortical bone and medullary cavity, which was evaluated through radiologic, histologic, and biomechanical examination. Biodegradation of the biomaterials may be attributed to extracellular liquid dissolution together with cell-mediated phagocytosis. Our study shows that a greater number of rASCs in the porous β-TCP scaffold encapsulated by collagen I gel enhanced osteogenesis in critical-sized defects. We hope to garner new insight into the engineering of rASCs-based bone tissue for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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52
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Chen L, Bai Y, Liao G, Peng E, Wu B, Wang Y, Zeng X, Xie X. Electrospun poly(L-lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend nanofibrous scaffold: characterization and biocompatibility with human adipose-derived stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71265. [PMID: 23990941 PMCID: PMC3753307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The essence of tissue engineering is the fabrication of autologous cells or induced stem cells in naturally derived or synthetic scaffolds to form specific tissues. Polymer is thought as an appealing source of cell-seeded scaffold owing to the diversity of its physicochemical property and can be electrospun into nano-size to mimic natural structure. Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are both excellent aliphatic polyester with almost “opposite” characteristics. The controlling combination of PLLA and PCL provides varying properties and makes diverse applications. Compared with the copolymers of the same components, PLLA/PCL blend demonstrates its potential in regenerative medicine as a simple, efficient and scalable alternative. In this study, we electrospun PLLA/PCL blends of different weight ratios into nanofibrous scaffolds (NFS) and their properties were detected including morphology, porosity, degradation, ATR-FTIR analysis, stress-stain assay, and inflammatory reaction. To explore the biocompatibility of the NFS we synthesized, human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were used to evaluate proliferation, attachment, viability and multi-lineage differentiation. In conclusion, the electrospun PLLA/PCL blend nanofibrous scaffold with the indicated weight ratios all supported hASCs well. However, the NFS of 1/1 weight ratio showed better properties and cellular responses in all assessments, implying it a biocompatible scaffold for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Bai
- Department of Oral Implantology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guiying Liao
- School of Material Science and Chemistry Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ejun Peng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bolin Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zeng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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53
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Benazzo F, Botta L, Scaffino MF, Caliogna L, Marullo M, Fusi S, Gastaldi G. Trabecular titanium can induce in vitro osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells without osteogenic factors. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2061-71. [PMID: 23894030 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trabecular Titanium (TT) is an innovative highly porous structure that imitates the morphology of trabecular bone with good mechanical properties. Adipose-derived stem cells are a multipotent cell population that can be used in regenerative medicine, in particular, for bone therapeutic applications. The ability of TT to induce the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) in the absence of osteogenic factors was evaluated using molecular biological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical methods. At 7 and 21 days from differentiation, the hASCs grown on TT scaffolds showed similar expressions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Runx-2 both in the presence and in the absence of osteogenic factors, as well as at transcript and protein levels. hASCs cultured on monolayer in the presence of the medium obtained from the wells where hASCs/scaffold constructs were cultured in the absence of osteogenic factors differentiated towards the osteogenic phenotype: their gene and protein expression of ALP and Runx-2 was similar to that of the same cells cultured in the presence of osteogenic factors, and significantly higher than that of the ones cultured in growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Benazzo
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, University of Pavia, Italy
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54
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Effects of L-lactic acid and D,L-lactic acid on viability and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5798-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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55
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Shim JH, Moon TS, Yun MJ, Jeon YC, Jeong CM, Cho DW, Huh JB. Stimulation of healing within a rabbit calvarial defect by a PCL/PLGA scaffold blended with TCP using solid freeform fabrication technology. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2993-3002. [PMID: 22960800 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the healing capacity within an 8-mm rabbit calvarial defect using a polycaprolactone (PCL)/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold blended with tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) that was constructed using solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technology. The PCL/PLGA/TCP scaffold showed a 37 % higher compressive strength and rougher surface than the PCL/PLGA scaffold. In animal experiments, new bone formation was analyzed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histological and histometric analyses. The PCL/PLGA/TCP groups had significantly greater neo-tissue areas as compared with the control groups at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.05). The PCL/PLGA/TCP group had significantly greater bone density as compared with the control and PCL/PLGA groups at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.005). The results of this study suggest that the PCL/PLGA/TCP scaffold fabricated using SFF technology is useful for recovering and enhancing new bone formation in bony defects in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Shim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31 Hyoja-dong Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyungbuk, 790-784, South Korea
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56
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Zanetti AS, McCandless GT, Chan JY, Gimble JM, Hayes DJ. Characterization of novel akermanite:poly-ϵ-caprolactone scaffolds for human adipose-derived stem cells bone tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 9:389-404. [PMID: 23166107 DOI: 10.1002/term.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, three different akermanite:poly-ϵ-caprolactone (PCL) composite scaffolds (wt%: 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) were characterized in terms of structure, compression strength, degradation rate and in vitro biocompatibility to human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC). Pure ceramic scaffolds [CellCeram™, custom-made, 40:60 wt%; β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP):hydroxyapatite (HA); and akermanite] and PCL scaffolds served as experimental controls. Compared to ceramic scaffolds, the authors hypothesized that optimal akermanite:PCL composites would have improved compression strength and comparable biocompatibility to hASC. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that PCL-containing scaffolds had the highest porosity but CellCeram™ had the greatest pore size. In general, compression strength in PCL-containing scaffolds was greater than in ceramic scaffolds. PCL-containing scaffolds were also more stable in culture than ceramic scaffolds. Nonetheless, mass losses after 21 days were observed in all scaffold types. Reduced hASC metabolic activity and increased cell detachment were observed after acute exposure to akermanite:PCL extracts (wt%: 75:25, 50:50). Among the PCL-containing scaffolds, hASC cultured for 21 days on akermanite:PCL (wt%: 75:25) discs displayed the highest viability, increased expression of osteogenic markers (alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin) and lowest IL-6 expression. Together, the results indicate that akermanite:PCL composites may have appropriate mechanical and biocompatibility properties for use as bone tissue scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Zanetti
- Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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57
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Shim JH, Huh JB, Park JY, Jeon YC, Kang SS, Kim JY, Rhie JW, Cho DW. Fabrication of blended polycaprolactone/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate thin membrane using solid freeform fabrication technology for guided bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:317-28. [PMID: 22934667 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study developed a bioabsorbable-guided bone regeneration membrane made of blended polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) using solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technology. The chemical and physical properties of the membrane were evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and a tensile test. In vitro cell activity assays revealed that the adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of seeded adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were significantly promoted by the PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes compared with PCL/PLGA membranes. When the PCL/PLGA and PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes were implanted on rabbit calvaria bone defects without ADSCs, microcomputed tomography and histological analyses confirmed that the SFF-based PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes greatly increased bone formation without the need for bone substitute materials. Moreover, tight integration, which helps to prevent exposure of the membrane, between both membranes and the soft tissues was clearly observed histologically. The SFF-based PCL/PLGA and PCL/PLGA/β-TCP membranes retained their mechanical stability for up to 8 weeks without significant collapse. Furthermore, PCL/PLGA/β-TCP underwent adequate degradation without a significant immune response at 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hyung Shim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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58
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Zhan J, Singh A, Zhang Z, Huang L, Elisseeff JH. Multifunctional aliphatic polyester nanofibers for tissue engineering. BIOMATTER 2012; 2:202-12. [PMID: 23507886 PMCID: PMC3568106 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrospun fibers based on aliphatic polyesters, such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), have been widely used in regenerative medicine and drug delivery applications due to their biocompatibility, low cost and ease of fabrication. However, these aliphatic polyester fibers are hydrophobic in nature, resulting in poor wettability, and they lack functional groups for decorating the scaffold with chemical and biological cues. Current strategies employed to overcome these challenges include coating and blending the fibers with bioactive components or chemically modifying the fibers with plasma treatment and reactants. In the present study, we report on designing multifunctional electrospun nanofibers based on the inclusion complex of PCL-α-cyclodextrin (PCL-α-CD), which provides both structural support and multiple functionalities for further conjugation of bioactive components. This strategy is independent of any chemical modification of the PCL main chain, and electrospinning of PCL-α-CD is as easy as electrospinning PCL. Here, we describe synthesis of the PCL-α-CD electrospun nanofibers, elucidate composition and structure, and demonstrate the utility of functional groups on the fibers by conjugating a fluorescent small molecule and a polymeric-nanobead to the nanofibers. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of PCL-α-CD nanofibers for promoting osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs), which induced a higher level of expression of osteogenic markers and enhanced production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins or molecules compared with control PCL fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhan
- Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Anirudha Singh
- Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research; Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Medicine; Tsinghua University; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jennifer H. Elisseeff
- Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD USA
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59
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Zanetti AS, Sabliov C, Gimble JM, Hayes DJ. Human adipose-derived stem cells and three-dimensional scaffold constructs: a review of the biomaterials and models currently used for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2012; 101:187-99. [PMID: 22997152 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, substantial strides have been taken toward the use of human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (hASC) in the regeneration of bone. Since the discovery of the hASC osteogenic potential, many models have combined hASC with biodegradable scaffold materials. In general, rats and immunodeficient (nude) mice models for nonweight bearing bone formation have led the way to assess hASC osteogenic potential in vivo. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the recent literature describing hASC osteogenesis in conjunction with three-dimensional scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Zanetti
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Louisiana, USA
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60
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Qureshi AT, Terrell L, Monroe WT, Dasa V, Janes ME, Gimble JM, Hayes DJ. Antimicrobial biocompatible bioscaffolds for orthopaedic implants. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:386-95. [PMID: 22700366 DOI: 10.1002/term.1532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nationally, nearly 1.5 million patients in the USA suffer from ailments requiring bone grafts and hip and other joint replacements. Infections following internal fixation in orthopaedic trauma can cause osteomyelitis in 22-66% of cases and, if uncontrolled, the mortality rate can be as high as 2%. We characterize a procedure for the synthesis of antimicrobial and biocompatible poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) and poly-ethyleneglycol (PEG) bioscaffolds designed to degrade and absorb at a controlled rate. The bioscaffold architecture aims to provide a suitable substrate for the controlled release of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) to reduce bacterial growth and to aid the proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) for tissue-engineering applications. The fabricated bioscaffolds were characterized by scanning transmission microscope (SEM) and it showed that the addition of tncreasing concentrations of SNPs results in the formation of dendritic porous channels perpendicular to the axis of precipitation. The antimicrobial properties of these porous bioscaffolds were tested according to a modified ISO 22196 standard across varying concentrations of biomass-mediated SNPs to determine an efficacious antimicrobial concentration. The bioscaffolds reduced the Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli viable colony-forming units by 98.85% and 99.9%, respectively, at an antimicrobial SNPs concentration of 2000 ppm. Human ASCs were seeded on bioscaffolds and cultured in vitro for 20 days to study the effect of SNPs concentration on the viability of cells. SEM analysis and the metabolic activity-based fluorescent dye, AlamarBlue®, demonstrated the growth of cells on the efficacious antimicrobial bioscaffolds. The biocompatibility of in vitro leached silver, quantified by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), proved non-cytotoxic when tested against hASCs, as evaluated by MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar T Qureshi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University and Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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61
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Jaiswal AK, Chandra V, Bhonde RR, Soni VP, Bellare JR. Mineralization of nanohydroxyapatite on electrospun poly(l-lactic acid)/gelatin by an alternate soaking process: A biomimetic scaffold for bone regeneration. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911512447211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetic nanocomposite scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning poly(l-lactic acid) and a blend of poly(L-lactic acid)/gelatin to eliminate the use of collagen. The scaffolds were mineralized via alternate soaking in calcium and phosphate solutions, whereby 66.8% nanohydroxyapatite formation was successfully induced which is similar to that of native human bone (60%). The poly(L-lactic acid)/gelatin scaffolds had uniform nanohydroxyapatite formation throughout the scaffold. The mineralization enhanced the tensile modulus and tensile strength without increasing the brittleness. The in vitro biocompatibility of scaffolds was evaluated with murine adipose tissue–derived stem cells. The scaffolds with nanohydroxyapatite aided cell attachment and promoted cell–cell interaction. The mineralization and osteocalcin expression of the murine adipose tissue–derived stem cells were maximum in the poly(L-lactic acid)/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite scaffold. Therefore, the gelatin and nanohydroxyapatite in poly(L-lactic acid)/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite scaffolds provided cues for the differentiation of murine adipose tissue–derived stem cells. The biochemical nature of poly(L-lactic acid)/gelatin/nanohydroxyapatite scaffold accelerated osteogenic differentiation and could be a potential candidate for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikash Chandra
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Vivek Prithviraj Soni
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jayesh Ramesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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62
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Asli MM, Pourdeyhimi B, Loboa EG. Release profiles of tricalcium phosphate nanoparticles from poly(L-lactic acid) electrospun scaffolds with single component, core-sheath, or porous fiber morphologies: effects on hASC viability and osteogenic differentiation. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:893-900. [PMID: 22648935 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Functional PLA scaffolds are created with single component, core-sheath, or porous fiber morphology and doped with TCP nanoparticles to study the release profiles for use in bone tissue engineering applications. Pharmacokinetic analyses are performed for the three different nanofibrous structures after doping with TCP. Results indicate that single component and porous fiber scaffolds exhibit an initial-burst release profile whereas core-sheath fibers show a steady release. All scaffolds are then seeded with human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC), which remain viable and continue proliferation on all nanofibrous morphologies for up to 21 d. Osteogenic differentiation of hASC and cell-mediated calcium accretion are largest on porous fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mohiti Asli
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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63
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Samberg ME, Loboa EG, Oldenburg SJ, Monteiro-Riviere NA. Silver nanoparticles do not influence stem cell differentiation but cause minimal toxicity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1197-209. [PMID: 22583572 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the toxicity and cellular uptake of both undifferentiated and differentiated human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) exposed to silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and to assess their effect on hASC differentiation. MATERIALS & METHODS hASC were exposed to 10- or 20-nm Ag-NPs at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, 50.0 and 100.0 µg/ml either before or after differentiation down the adipogenic or osteogenic pathways. RESULTS Exposure of hASC to either 10- or 20-nm Ag-NPs resulted in no significant cytotoxicity to hASC, and minimal dose-dependent toxicity to adipogenic and osteogenic cells at 10 µg/ml. Each of the hASC, adipogenic and osteogenic cells showed cellular uptake of both 10- and 20-nm Ag-NPs, without causing significant ultrastructural alterations. Exposure to 10- or 20-nm Ag-NPs did not influence the differentiation of the cells, and at antimicrobial concentrations of Ag-NPs resulted in a minimal decrease in viability. CONCLUSION The biocompatibility of Ag-NPs with both undifferentiated and differentiated hASC establishes their suitability for incorporation into tissue-engineered graft scaffolds, for the prevention of bacterial contamination upon implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan E Samberg
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research & Pharmacokinetics, North Carolina State University, NC, USA
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64
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Szpalski C, Wetterau M, Barr J, Warren SM. Bone tissue engineering: current strategies and techniques--part I: Scaffolds. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2012; 18:246-57. [PMID: 22029448 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone repair and regeneration is a dynamic process that involves a complex interplay between the (1) ground substance, (2) cells, and (3) milieu. While each constituent is integral to the final product, it is often helpful to consider each component individually. Therefore, we created a two-part review to examine scaffolds and cells' roles in bone tissue engineering. In Part I, we review the myriad of materials use for in vivo bone engineering. In Part II, we discuss the variety cell types (e.g., osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, and vasculogenic cells) that are seeded upon or recruited to these scaffolds. In Part III, we discuss the optimization of the microenvironment. The biochemical processes and sequence of events that guide matrix production, cellular activation, and ossification are vital to developing successful bone tissue engineering strategies and are thus succinctly reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Szpalski
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Laboratory, New York, New York, USA
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65
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Oseni A, Seifalian A. Nanotechnology and tissue-engineered organ regeneration. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012. [DOI: 10.1533/9780857096449.3.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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66
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Smith L, Xia Y, Galatz LM, Genin GM, Thomopoulos S. Tissue-engineering strategies for the tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion. Connect Tissue Res 2012; 53:95-105. [PMID: 22185608 PMCID: PMC3499106 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.650804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to connective tissues are painful and disabling and result in costly medical expenses. These injuries often require reattachment of an unmineralized connective tissue to bone. The uninjured tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion (enthesis) is a functionally graded material that exhibits a gradual transition from soft tissue (i.e., tendon or ligament) to hard tissue (i.e., mineralized bone) through a fibrocartilaginous transition region. This transition is believed to facilitate force transmission between the two dissimilar tissues by ameliorating potentially damaging interfacial stress concentrations. The transition region is impaired or lost upon tendon/ligament injury and is not regenerated following surgical repair or natural healing, exposing the tissue to risk of reinjury. The need to regenerate a robust tendon-to-bone insertion has led a number of tissue engineering repair strategies. This review treats the tendon-to-bone insertion site as a tissue structure whose primary role is mechanical and discusses current and emerging strategies for engineering the tendon/ligament-to-bone insertion in this context. The focus lies on strategies for producing mechanical structures that can guide and subsequently sustain a graded tissue structure and the associated cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Younan Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Leesa M. Galatz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Guy M. Genin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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67
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Rim NG, Kim SJ, Shin YM, Jun I, Lim DW, Park JH, Shin H. Mussel-inspired surface modification of poly(L-lactide) electrospun fibers for modulation of osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 91:189-97. [PMID: 22118890 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Development of biomaterials to control the fate of stem cells is important for stem cell based regeneration of bone tissue. The objective of this study is to develop functionalized electrospun fibers using a mussel-inspired surface coating to regulate adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We prepared poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) fibers coated with polydopamine (PD-PLLA). The morphology, chemical composition, and surface properties of fiber were characterized by SEM, AFM, XPS, Raman spectra and water contact angle measurements. Incubation of fibers in dopamine solution for 1h resulted in formation of polydopamine with only negligible effects on the roughness and hydrophobicity of the fibers. However, PD-PLLA fibers modulated hMSC responses in several aspects. Firstly, adhesion and proliferation of hMSCs cultured on PD-PLLA were significantly enhanced relative to those on PLLA. In addition, the ALP activity of hMSCs cultured on PD-PLLA (1.74±0.14 nmole/DNA/30 min) was significantly higher than on PLLA (0.97±0.07 nmole/DNA/30 min). hMSCs cultured on PD-PLLA showed up-regulation of genes associated with osteogenic differentiation as well as angiogenesis. Furthermore, the calcium deposition from hMSCs cultured on PD-PLLA (41.60±1.74 μg) was significantly greater than that on PLLA (30.15±1.21 μg), which was double-confirmed by alizarin red S staining. Our results suggest that the bio-inspired coating synthetic degradable polymer can be used as a simple technique to render the surface of synthetic biodegradable fibers to be active for directing the specific responses of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nae Gyune Rim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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68
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Charoenpanich A, Wall ME, Tucker CJ, Andrews DMK, Lalush DS, Loboa EG. Microarray analysis of human adipose-derived stem cells in three-dimensional collagen culture: osteogenesis inhibits bone morphogenic protein and Wnt signaling pathways, and cyclic tensile strain causes upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine regulators and angiogenic factors. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2615-27. [PMID: 21767168 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) have shown great potential for bone tissue engineering. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this potential are not yet known, in particular the separate and combined effects of three-dimensional (3D) culture and mechanical loading on hASC osteogenesis. Mechanical stimuli play a pivotal role in bone formation, remodeling, and fracture repair. To further understand hASC osteogenic differentiation and response to mechanical stimuli, gene expression profiles of proliferating or osteogenically induced hASC in 3D collagen I culture in the presence and absence of 10% uniaxial cyclic tensile strain were examined using microarray analysis. About 847 genes and 95 canonical pathways were affected during osteogenesis of hASC in 3D culture. Pathway analysis indicated the potential roles of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling in hASC during osteogenic differentiation. Application of 10% uniaxial cyclic tensile strain suggested synergistic effects of strain with osteogenic differentiation media on hASC osteogenesis as indicated by significantly increased calcium accretion of hASC. There was no significant further alteration in the four major pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, PDGF, and IGF-1). However, 184 transcripts were affected by 10% cyclic tensile strain. Function and network analysis of these transcripts suggested that 10% cyclic tensile strain may play a role during hASC osteogenic differentiation by upregulating two crucial factors in bone regeneration: (1) proinflammatory cytokine regulators interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3; (2) known angiogenic inductors fibroblast growth factor 2, matrix metalloproteinase 2, and vascular endothelial growth factor A. This is the first study to investigate the effects of both 3D culture and mechanical load on hASC osteogenic differentiation. A complete microarray analysis investigating both the separate effect of soluble osteogenic inductive factors and the combined effects of chemical and mechanical stimulation was performed on hASC undergoing osteogenic differentiation. We have identified specific genes and pathways associated with mechanical response and osteogenic potential of hASC, thus providing significant information toward improved understanding of our use of hASC for functional bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisri Charoenpanich
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
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69
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Shapovalov SA. Ionic association with anions of alizarin red S in aqueous solutions with surfactants. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024411080309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Stem cell-biomaterial interactions for regenerative medicine. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:338-51. [PMID: 21740963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The synergism of stem cell biology and biomaterial technology promises to have a profound impact on stem-cell-based clinical applications for tissue regeneration. Biomaterials development is rapidly advancing to display properties that, in a precise and physiological fashion, could drive stem-cell fate both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the design of novel materials is trying to recapitulate the molecular events involved in the production, clearance and interaction of molecules within tissue in pathologic conditions and regeneration of tissue/organs. In this review we will report on the challenges behind translating stem cell biology and biomaterial innovations into novel clinical therapeutic applications for tissue and organ replacements (graphical abstract).
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71
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Zhou H, Touny AH, Bhaduri SB. Fabrication of novel PLA/CDHA bionanocomposite fibers for tissue engineering applications via electrospinning. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:1183-1193. [PMID: 21431905 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4295-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The main theme here is to fabricate PLA (poly lactic-acid)/CDHA (carbonated calcium deficient hydroxyapatite) bionanocomposites, where both the constituents are biocompatible and biodegradable with one dimension in nanometer scale. Such materials are important in tissue engineering applications. The bionanocomposite fibers were fabricated via electrospinning. There are two important signatures of this paper. First, CDHA, rather than HA, is added to PLA as the second phase. As opposed to HA, CDHA mimics the bone mineral composition better and is biodegradable. Therefore, PLA/CDHA fibers should have better biodegradability while maintaining a physiological pH during degradation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt of electrospinning of such a composite. Second, the CDHA nanoparticles were synthesized using the benign low temperature biomimetic technique, the only route available for the retention of carbonate ions in the HA lattice. The structural properties, degradation behavior, bioactivity, cell adhesion, and growth capability of as-fabricated PLA/CDHA bionanocomposites were investigated. The results show that the incorporation of CDHA decreased PLA fiber diameters, accelerated PLA degradation, buffered pH decrease caused by PLA degradation, improved the bioactivity and biocompatibility of the scaffold. These results prove that PLA/CDHA bionanocomposites have the potential in tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
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72
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Bodle JC, Hanson AD, Loboa EG. Adipose-derived stem cells in functional bone tissue engineering: lessons from bone mechanobiology. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 17:195-211. [PMID: 21338267 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to highlight the current and significant work in the use of adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) in functional bone tissue engineering framed through the bone mechanobiology perspective. Over a century of work on the principles of bone mechanosensitivity is now being applied to our understanding of bone development. We are just beginning to harness that potential using stem cells in bone tissue engineering. ASC are the primary focus of this review due to their abundance and relative ease of accessibility for autologous procedures. This article outlines the current knowledge base in bone mechanobiology to investigate how the knowledge from this area has been applied to the various stem cell-based approaches to engineering bone tissue constructs. Specific emphasis is placed on the use of human ASC for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine C Bodle
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7115, USA
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73
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Abstract
This is a review of the growing scientific interest in the developmental plasticity and therapeutic potential of stromal cells isolated from adipose tissue. Adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) are multipotent somatic stem cells that are abundant in fat tissue. It has been shown that ASCs can differentiate into several lineages, including adipose cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, neuronal cells, endothelial cells, and cardiomyocytes. At the same time, adipose tissue can be harvested by a minimally invasive procedure, which makes it a promising source of adult stem cells. Therefore, it is believed that ASCs may become an alternative to the currently available adult stem cells (e.g. bone marrow stromal cells) for potential use in regenerative medicine. In this review, we present the basic information about the field of adipose-derived stem cells and their potential use in various applications.
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74
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Pre-osteoblast infiltration and differentiation in highly porous apatite-coated PLLA electrospun scaffolds. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2294-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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75
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Lee JH, Lee YB, Rim NG, Jo SY, Lim YM, Shin H. Development and characterization of nanofibrous poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/biphasic calcium phosphate composite scaffolds for enhanced osteogenic differentiation. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-0206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Coneski PN, Nash JA, Schoenfisch MH. Nitric oxide-releasing electrospun polymer microfibers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:426-432. [PMID: 21250642 PMCID: PMC3045468 DOI: 10.1021/am101010e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of electrospun polymer microfibers with nitric oxide (NO)-release capabilities is described. Polymer solutions containing disodium 1-[2-(carboxylato)pyrrolidin-1-yl]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (PROLI/NO), a low-molecular-weight NO donor, were electrospun to generate fibers ranging from 100-3000 nm in diameter capable of releasing NO upon immersion in aqueous solutions under physiological conditions (pH 7.4, 37 °C), with kinetics depending on polymer composition and fiber diameter. The NO release half-life for PROLI/NO-doped electrospun fibers was 2-200 times longer than that of PROLI/NO alone. The influence of polymer concentration, applied voltage, capillary diameter, solution conductivity, flow rate, and additives on fiber properties are reported and discussed with respect to potential applications.
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77
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Kim K, Yeatts A, Dean D, Fisher JP. Stereolithographic bone scaffold design parameters: osteogenic differentiation and signal expression. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2011; 16:523-39. [PMID: 20504065 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold design parameters including porosity, pore size, interconnectivity, and mechanical properties have a significant influence on osteogenic signal expression and differentiation. This review evaluates the influence of each of these parameters and then discusses the ability of stereolithography (SLA) to be used to tailor scaffold design to optimize these parameters. Scaffold porosity and pore size affect osteogenic cell signaling and ultimately in vivo bone tissue growth. Alternatively, scaffold interconnectivity has a great influence on in vivo bone growth but little work has been done to determine if interconnectivity causes changes in signaling levels. Osteogenic cell signaling could be also influenced by scaffold mechanical properties such as scaffold rigidity and dynamic relationships between the cells and their extracellular matrix. With knowledge of the effects of these parameters on cellular functions, an optimal tissue engineering scaffold can be designed, but a proper technology must exist to produce this design to specification in a repeatable manner. SLA has been shown to be capable of fabricating scaffolds with controlled architecture and micrometer-level resolution. Surgical implantation of these scaffolds is a promising clinical treatment for successful bone regeneration. By applying knowledge of how scaffold parameters influence osteogenic cell signaling to scaffold manufacturing using SLA, tissue engineers may move closer to creating the optimal tissue engineering scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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78
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Fabrication and characterization of hierarchically organized nanoparticle-reinforced nanofibrous composite scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:193-202. [PMID: 20691289 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two different techniques were used to fabricate nanoparticle-reinforced nanofibrous scaffolds with different organizations of the minerals. First, a three-dimensional (3D) cylindrical nanofibrous scaffold made of poly-L-lactide and poly(L-lactide)/collagen (1:1) was fabricated using a modified electrospinning method. An alternating dipping method and a flow version of it were used to mineralize the 3D scaffolds. Flow mineralization was found to significantly improve the distribution of the mineral nanoparticles throughout the 3D nanofibrous scaffold, while mineral nanoparticles were found only on the periphery of the static mineralized scaffold. As a result of the mineral nanoparticle distribution, the compressive strength and modulus of the flow mineralized scaffold was found to be significantly greater than that of the static mineralized scaffold, despite having a lower mineral content. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and X-ray diffraction studies suggest that the mineral was composed of heterogeneous phases of calcium phosphates. This study demonstrates the importance of hierarchical and deliberate organization of the nanocomponents to optimize the mechanical properties, as is often found in nature.
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79
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Seyedjafari E, Soleimani M, Ghaemi N, Shabani I. Nanohydroxyapatite-coated electrospun poly(l-lactide) nanofibers enhance osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and induce ectopic bone formation. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:3118-25. [PMID: 20925348 DOI: 10.1021/bm1009238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A combination of calcium phosphates with nanofibrous scaffolds holds promising potential for bone tissue engineering applications. In this study, nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA) was coated on the plasma-treated surface of electrospun poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) nanofibers and the capacity of fabricated scaffolds for bone formation was investigated in vitro using human cord blood derived unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC) under osteogenic induction and in vivo after subcutaneous implantation. PLLA and n-HA-coated PLLA (n-HA/PLLA) scaffolds exhibited a nanofibrous structure with interconnected pores and suitable mechanical properties. These scaffolds were also shown to support attachment, spreading, and proliferation of USSC, as shown by their flattened normal morphology and MTT assay. During osteogenic differentiation, significantly higher values of ALP activity, biomineralization, and bone-related gene expression were observed on n-HA/PLLA compared to PLLA scaffolds. Subsequently, these markers were measured in higher amounts in USSC on PLLA nanofibers compared to TCPS. According to the in vivo results, ossification and formation of trabeculi was observed in the n-HA/PLLA scaffold compared to PLLA. Taking together, it was shown that nanofibrous structure enhanced osteogenic differentiation of USSC. Furthermore, surface-coated n-HA stimulated the effect of nanofibers on the orientation of USSC toward osteolineage. In addition, the n-HA/PLLA electrospun scaffold showed the capacity for ectopic bone formation in the absence of exogenous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Seyedjafari
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, Stem Cell Biology Department, Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, and Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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80
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Seong JM, Kim BC, Park JH, Kwon IK, Mantalaris A, Hwang YS. Stem cells in bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2010; 5:062001. [PMID: 20924139 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/5/6/062001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has been one of the most promising areas of research, providing a potential clinical application to cure bone defects. Recently, various stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs), adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs), muscle-derived stem cells (MDSCs) and dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have received extensive attention in the field of bone tissue engineering due to their distinct biological capability to differentiate into osteogenic lineages. The application of these stem cells to bone tissue engineering requires inducing in vitro differentiation of these cells into bone forming cells, osteoblasts. For this purpose, efficient in vitro differentiation towards osteogenic lineage requires the development of well-defined and proficient protocols. This would reduce the likelihood of spontaneous differentiation into divergent lineages and increase the available cell source for application to bone tissue engineering therapies. This review provides a critical examination of the various experimental strategies that could be used to direct the differentiation of ESC, BM-MSC, UCB-MSC, ADSC, MDSC and DPSC towards osteogenic lineages and their potential applications in tissue engineering, particularly in the regeneration of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Min Seong
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry & Institute of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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81
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Marvel S, Okrasinski S, Bernacki SH, Loboa E, Dayton PA. The development and validation of a LIPUS system with preliminary observations of ultrasonic effects on human adult stem cells. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2010; 57:1977-1984. [PMID: 20875987 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2010.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To study the potential effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on cell response in vitro, the ability to alter LIPUS parameters is required. However, commercial LIPUS systems have very little control over parameter selection. In this study, a custom LIPUS system was designed and validated by exploring the effects of using different pulse repetition frequency (PRF) parameters on human adipose derived adult stem cells (hASCs) and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), two common stem cell sources for creating bone constructs in vitro. Changing the PRF was found to affect cellular response to LIPUS stimulation for both cell types. Proliferation of LIPUS-stimulated cells was found to decrease for hASCs by d 7 for all three groups compared with unstimulated control cells (P = 0.008, 0.011, 0.014 for 1 Hz, 100 Hz and 1 kHz PRF, respectively) and for hMSCs by d 14 (donor 1: P = 0.0005, 0.0002, 0.0003; donor 2: P = 0.0003, 0.0002, 0.0001; for PRFs of 1 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1 kHz, respectively). Additionally, LIPUS was shown to strongly accelerate osteogenic differentiation of hASCs based on amount of calcium accretion normalized by total DNA (P = 0.003, 0.001, 0.003, and 0.032 between control/100 Hz, control/1 kHz, 1 Hz/1 kHz, and 100 Hz/1 kHz pulse repetition frequencies, respectively). These findings promote the study of using LIPUS to induce osteogenic differentiation and further encourage the exploration of LIPUS parameter optimization. The custom LIPUS system was successfully designed to allow extreme parameter variation, specifically PRF, and encourages further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Skylar Marvel
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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82
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McCullen SD, Zhan J, Onorato ML, Bernacki SH, Loboa EG. Effect of Varied Ionic Calcium on Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Mineralization. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:1971-81. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seth D. McCullen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jackie Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Maureen L. Onorato
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Susan H. Bernacki
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth G. Loboa
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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83
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Abstract
Treatment of extensive bone defects requires autologous bone grafting or implantation of bone substitute materials. An attractive alternative has been to engineer fully viable, biological bone grafts in vitro by culturing osteogenic cells within three-dimensional scaffolds, under conditions supporting bone formation. Such grafts could be used for implantation, but also as physiologically relevant models in basic and translational studies of bone development, disease and drug discovery. A source of human cells that can be derived in large numbers from a small initial harvest and predictably differentiated into bone forming cells is critically important for engineering human bone grafts. We discuss the characteristics and limitations of various types of human embryonic and adult stem cells, and their utility for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Marot
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Miomir Knezevic
- Bloood Transfusion Centre of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Vunjak Novakovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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84
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Mao HQ, Lim SH, Zhang S, Christopherson G, Kam K, Fischer S. The Nanofiber Matrix as an Artificial Stem Cell Niche. STUDIES IN MECHANOBIOLOGY, TISSUE ENGINEERING AND BIOMATERIALS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/8415_2010_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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85
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Garrigues NW, Little D, O'Conor CJ, Guilak F. Use of an insulating mask for controlling anisotropy in multilayer electrospun scaffolds for tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 20:8962-8968. [PMID: 21072247 DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01880e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of various musculoskeletal or cardiovascular tissues requires scaffolds with controllable mechanical anisotropy. However, native tissues also exhibit significant inhomogeneity in their mechanical properties, and the principal axes of anisotropy may vary with site or depth from the tissue surface. Thus, techniques to produce multilayered biomaterial scaffolds with controllable anisotropy may provide improved biomimetic properties for functional tissue replacements. In this study, poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were electrospun onto a collecting electrode that was partially covered by rectangular or square shaped insulating masks. The use of a rectangular mask resulted in aligned scaffolds that were significantly stiffer in tension in the axial direction than the transverse direction at 0 strain (22.9 ± 1.3 MPa axial, 16.1 ± 0.9 MPa transverse), and at 0.1 strain (4.8 ± 0.3 MPa axial, 3.5 ± 0.2 MPa transverse). The unaligned scaffolds, produced using a square mask, did not show this anisotropy, with similar stiffness in the axial and transverse directions at 0 strain (19.7 ± 1.4 MPa axial, 20.8 ± 1.3 MPa transverse) and 0.1 strain (4.4 ± 0.2 MPa axial, 4.6 ± 0.3 MPa, transverse). Aligned scaffolds also induced alignment of adipose stem cells near the expected axis on aligned scaffolds (0.015 ± 0.056 rad), while on the unaligned scaffolds, their orientation showed more variation and was not along the expected axis (1.005 ± 0.225 rad). This method provides a novel means of creating multilayered electrospun scaffolds with controlled anisotropy for each layer, potentially providing a means to mimic the complex mechanical properties of various native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N William Garrigues
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratories, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 375 MSRB, Box 3093, Durham, North Carolina, 27710
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86
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Marino G, Rosso F, Cafiero G, Tortora C, Moraci M, Barbarisi M, Barbarisi A. Beta-tricalcium phosphate 3D scaffold promote alone osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells: in vitro study. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:353-363. [PMID: 19655233 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3840-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose tissues surgically resected from the subcutaneous abdominal region were enzymatically processed to obtain Human Adipose Stem cells (fibroblast-like adipose tissue-derived stromal cells-ADSC-FL) that were immunophenotypically characterized using a panel of mesenchymal markers by flow cytometry. The formation of new hydroxyapatite crystals in culture dishes, by differentiating cells, further demonstrate the osteogenic potential of purified cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation potential of ADSC-FL seeded onto a porous beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) matrix. ADSC-FL was cultured on the beta-TCP matrix in medium with or without osteogenic differentiation additives. Time-dependent cell differentiation was monitored using osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (activity assay), osteocalcin and ostopontin (ELISA method) expression. Our results reveal that beta-TCP triggers the differentiation of ADSC-FL toward an osteoblastic phenotype irrespective of whether the cells are grown in a proliferative or a differentiative medium. Hence, a beta-TCP matrix is sufficient to promote osteoblastic differentiation of ADSC-FL. However, in proliferative medium, alkaline phosphatase activity was detected at lower level respect to differentiative medium and osteocalcin and osteopontin showed an expression delay in cells cultured in proliferative medium respect to differentiative one. Moreover, we observed an increase in FAK phosphorylation at level of tyrosine residue in position 397 (Western-blot) that indicates a good cell adhesion to beta-TCP scaffold. In conclusion, our paper demonstrates that a three-dimensional beta-TCP scaffold in vitro triggers on its own the differentiation of ADSC-FL toward an osteoblastic phenotype without the need to use differentiative media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Marino
- Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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87
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McCullen SD, Haslauer CM, Loboa EG. Fiber-reinforced scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: use of traditional textile substrates to nanofibrous arrays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01443e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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