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Chen H, Liu X, Zhu W, Chen H, Hu X, Jiang Z, Xu Y, Wang L, Zhou Y, Chen P, Zhang N, Hu D, Zhang L, Wang Y, Xu Q, Wu R, Yu H, Wang J. SIRT1 ameliorates age-related senescence of mesenchymal stem cells via modulating telomere shelterin. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:103. [PMID: 24917814 PMCID: PMC4042159 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) senescence is an age-related process that impairs the capacity for tissue repair and compromises the clinical use of autologous MSCs for tissue regeneration. Here, we describe the effects of SIRT1, a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, on age-related MSCs senescence. Knockdown of SIRT1 in young MSCs induced cellular senescence and inhibited cell proliferation whereas overexpression of SIRT1 in aged MSCs reversed the senescence phenotype and stimulated cell proliferation. These results suggest that SIRT1 plays a key role in modulating age-induced MSCs senescence. Aging-related proteins, P16 and P21 may be downstream effectors of the SIRT1-mediated anti-aging effects. SIRT1 protected MSCs from age-related DNA damage, induced telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) expression and enhanced telomerase activity but did not affect telomere length. SIRT1 positively regulated the expression of tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1), a component of the shelterin pathway that protects chromosome ends from DNA damage. Together, the results demonstrate that SIRT1 quenches age-related MSCs senescence by mechanisms that include enhanced TPP1 expression, increased telomerase activity and reduced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqiang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianbao Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Dexing Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiyuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China ; Key Lab of Cardiovascular Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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Bradamante S, Barenghi L, Maier JAM. Stem Cells toward the Future: The Space Challenge. Life (Basel) 2014; 4:267-80. [PMID: 25370198 PMCID: PMC4187162 DOI: 10.3390/life4020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astronauts experience weightlessness-induced bone loss due to an unbalanced process of bone remodeling that involves bone mesenchymal stem cells (bMSCs), as well as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. The effects of microgravity on osteo-cells have been extensively studied, but it is only recently that consideration has been given to the role of bone MSCs. These live in adult bone marrow niches, are characterized by their self-renewal and multipotent differentiation capacities, and the published data indicate that they may lead to interesting returns in the biomedical/bioengineering fields. This review describes the published findings concerning bMSCs exposed to simulated/real microgravity, mainly concentrating on how mechanosignaling, mechanotransduction and oxygen influence their proliferation, senescence and differentiation. A comprehensive understanding of bMSC behavior in microgravity and their role in preventing bone loss will be essential for entering the future age of long-lasting, manned space exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bradamante
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Livia Barenghi
- CNR-ISTM, Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Jeanette A M Maier
- Department Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, Università di Milano, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy.
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Horibe H, Murakami M, Iohara K, Hayashi Y, Takeuchi N, Takei Y, Kurita K, Nakashima M. Isolation of a stable subpopulation of mobilized dental pulp stem cells (MDPSCs) with high proliferation, migration, and regeneration potential is independent of age. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98553. [PMID: 24870376 PMCID: PMC4037225 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insights into the understanding of the influence of the age of MSCs on their cellular responses and regenerative potential are critical for stem cell therapy in the clinic. We have isolated dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) subsets based on their migratory response to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) (MDPSCs) from young and aged donors. The aged MDPSCs were efficiently enriched in stem cells, expressing high levels of trophic factors with high proliferation, migration and anti-apoptotic effects compared to young MDPSCs. In contrast, significant differences in those properties were detected between aged and young colony-derived DPSCs. Unlike DPSCs, MDPSCs showed a small age-dependent increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) production and senescence markers including p16, p21, Interleukin (IL)-1β, -6, -8, and Groα in long-term culture. There was no difference between aged and young MDPSCs in telomerase activity. The regenerative potential of aged MDPSCs was similar to that of young MDPSCs in an ischemic hindlimb model and an ectopic tooth root model. These results demonstrated that the stem cell properties and the high regenerative potential of MDPSCs are independent of age, demonstrating an immense utility for clinical applications by autologous cell transplantation in dental pulp regeneration and ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Horibe
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Iohara
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Norio Takeuchi
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi-g akuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Takei
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Disease Models, Center for Neurological Diseases and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kurita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi-gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Misako Nakashima
- Department of Dental Regenerative Medicine, Center of Advanced Medicine for Dental and Oral Diseases, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Research Institute, Morioka, Obu, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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54
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Mediano DR, Sanz-Rubio D, Ranera B, Bolea R, Martín-Burriel I. The potential of mesenchymal stem cell in prion research. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 62:165-78. [PMID: 24854140 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the accumulation of a misfolded protein (PrP(res)), the pathological form of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C)). For the last decades, prion research has greatly progressed, but many questions need to be solved about prion replication mechanisms, cell toxicity, differences in genetic susceptibility, species barrier or the nature of prion strains. These studies can be developed in murine models of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, although development of cell models for prion replication and sample titration could reduce economic and timing costs and also serve for basic research and treatment testing. Some murine cell lines can replicate scrapie strains previously adapted in mice and very few show the toxic effects of prion accumulation. Brain cell primary cultures can be more accurate models but are difficult to develop in naturally susceptible species like humans or domestic ruminants. Stem cells can be differentiated into neuron-like cells and be infected by prions. However, the use of embryo stem cells causes ethical problems in humans. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from many adult tissues, including bone marrow, adipose tissue or even peripheral blood. These cells differentiate into neuronal cells, express PrP(C) and can be infected by prions in vitro. In addition, in the last years, these cells are being used to develop therapies for many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. We review here the use of cell models in prion research with a special interest in the potential use of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Mediano
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Laboratorio de Genética Bioquímica, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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55
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Schäfer R. Does the adult stroma contain stem cells? ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 129:177-89. [PMID: 23117643 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well accepted that adult mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) comprise subpopulations of cells sharing common phenotypical and functional properties. However, there is emerging evidence that MSC subpopulations may also feature distinct characteristics. This chapter focuses on MSC subpopulations reflecting their possible stem cell properties relative to defined pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This attempt at an ontogenetic reflection on MSCs can be useful for both basic and translational research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA,
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56
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Park MS, Kim YH, Jung Y, Kim SH, Park JC, Yoon DS, Kim SH, Lee JW. In Situ Recruitment of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Chemokines for Articular Cartilage Regeneration. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1067-83. [PMID: 24759682 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x681018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a good cell source for regeneration of cartilage as they can migrate directly to the site of cartilage injury and differentiate into articular chondrocytes. Articular cartilage defects do not heal completely due to the lack of chondrocytes or BMSCs at the site of injury. In this study, the chemotaxis of BMSCs toward chemokines, which may give rise to a complete regeneration of the articular cartilage, was investigated. CCR2, CCR4, CCR6, CXCR1, and CXCR2 were expressed in normal BMSCs and were increased significantly upon treatment with proinflammatory cytokines. BMSC migration was increased by MIP-3α and IL-8 more than by MCP-1 or SDF-1α. IL-8 and MIP-3α significantly enhanced the chemotaxis of BMSCs compared with MCP-1, SDF-1α, or PBS. Human BMSC recruitment to transplanted scaffolds containing either IL-8 or MIP-3α significantly increased in vivo compared to scaffolds containing PBS. Furthermore, IL-8- and MIP-3α-containing scaffolds enhanced tissue regeneration of an osteochondral defect site in beagle knee articular cartilage. Therefore, this study suggests that IL-8 and MIP-3α are the candidates that induce the regeneration of damaged articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Park
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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57
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Yoon DS, Kim YH, Lee S, Lee K, Park KH, Jang Y, Lee JW. Interleukin‐6 induces the lineage commitment of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal multipotent cells through down‐regulation of Sox2 by osteogenic transcription factors. FASEB J 2014; 28:3273-86. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-248567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Suk Yoon
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yun Hee Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Seulgi Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kyoung‐Mi Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Yeonsue Jang
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryYonsei University College of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical ScienceYonsei UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
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58
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Ni NC, Li RK, Weisel RD. The promise and challenges of cardiac stem cell therapy. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 26:44-52. [PMID: 24952757 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
After an extensive myocardial infarction, restoration of heart function depends on the ability of the heart to promote regeneration and prevent adverse ventricular remodeling. Preclinical research demonstrated that the transplantation of healthy stem cells restored heart function, but the stem cells obtained from older animals or patients were not as efficacious as those from younger individuals. In this paper, we review the successes and limitations discovered in preclinical studies and clinical trials examining cell therapy for damaged hearts. After the modest successes of the early clinical trials, research is now exploring the benefits of enhanced stem cell therapy. Cell based gene therapy markedly improves the angiogenesis achieved. Rejuvenating aged stems cells prior to transplantation restores the functional benefits attained. Transplanting healthy allogeneic stem cells from young donors into aged individuals can restore function if rejection can be prevented. Finally, modulating the cellular environment in aged individuals permits the full functional benefits of stem cell therapy to be realized. Significant challenges remain, but these approaches show promise that cell therapy may become routine therapy to improve functional recovery of older patients after an extensive myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Ni
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard D Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada..
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59
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Emmert MY, Hitchcock RW, Hoerstrup SP. Cell therapy, 3D culture systems and tissue engineering for cardiac regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 69-70:254-69. [PMID: 24378579 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) still represents the "Number One Killer" worldwide accounting for the death of numerous patients. However the capacity for self-regeneration of the adult heart is very limited and the loss of cardiomyocytes in the infarcted heart leads to continuous adverse cardiac-remodeling which often leads to heart-failure (HF). The concept of regenerative medicine comprising cell-based therapies, bio-engineering technologies and hybrid solutions has been proposed as a promising next-generation approach to address IHD and HF. Numerous strategies are under investigation evaluating the potential of regenerative medicine on the failing myocardium including classical cell-therapy concepts, three-dimensional culture techniques and tissue-engineering approaches. While most of these regenerative strategies have shown great potential in experimental studies, the translation into a clinical setting has either been limited or too rapid leaving many key questions unanswered. This review summarizes the current state-of-the-art, important challenges and future research directions as to regenerative approaches addressing IHD and resulting HF.
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60
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Feng X, Feng G, Xing J, Shen B, Tan W, Huang D, Lu X, Tao T, Zhang J, Li L, Gu Z. Repeated lipopolysaccharide stimulation promotes cellular senescence in human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Cell Tissue Res 2014; 356:369-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Crisan M, Corselli M, Chen WCW, Péault B. Perivascular cells for regenerative medicine. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2851-60. [PMID: 22882758 PMCID: PMC4393715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are currently the best candidate therapeutic cells for regenerative medicine related to osteoarticular, muscular, vascular and inflammatory diseases, although these cells remain heterogeneous and necessitate a better biological characterization. We and others recently described that MSC originate from two types of perivascular cells, namely pericytes and adventitial cells and contain the in situ counterpart of MSC in developing and adult human organs, which can be prospectively purified using well defined cell surface markers. Pericytes encircle endothelial cells of capillaries and microvessels and express the adhesion molecule CD146 and the PDGFRβ, but lack endothelial and haematopoietic markers such as CD34, CD31, vWF (von Willebrand factor), the ligand for Ulex europaeus 1 (UEA1) and CD45 respectively. The proteoglycan NG2 is a pericyte marker exclusively associated with the arterial system. Besides its expression in smooth muscle cells, smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is also detected in subsets of pericytes. Adventitial cells surround the largest vessels and, opposite to pericytes, are not closely associated to endothelial cells. Adventitial cells express CD34 and lack αSMA and all endothelial and haematopoietic cell markers, as for pericytes. Altogether, pericytes and adventitial perivascular cells express in situ and in culture markers of MSC and display capacities to differentiate towards osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic cell lineages. Importantly, adventitial cells can differentiate into pericyte-like cells under inductive conditions in vitro. Altogether, using purified perivascular cells instead of MSC may bring higher benefits to regenerative medicine, including the possibility, for the first time, to use these cells uncultured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Crisan
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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62
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Stroncek DF, Sabatino M, Ren J, England L, Kuznetsov SA, Klein HG, Robey PG. Establishing a bone marrow stromal cell transplant program at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:200-5. [PMID: 24368014 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A repository of cryopreserved bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) products prepared from marrow aspirates of healthy subjects has been created and is being used to treat patients with inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, and acute graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. New methods of manufacturing BMSCs are being investigated including the use of an automated bioreactor for BMSC expansion and the replacement of fetal bovine serum with human platelet lysate as a media supplement. Efforts are also being made to identify markers that can be used to assess the potency of BMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Stroncek
- 1 Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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63
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Boyette LB, Tuan RS. Adult Stem Cells and Diseases of Aging. J Clin Med 2014; 3:88-134. [PMID: 24757526 PMCID: PMC3992297 DOI: 10.3390/jcm3010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Preservation of adult stem cells pools is critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis into old age. Exhaustion of adult stem cell pools as a result of deranged metabolic signaling, premature senescence as a response to oncogenic insults to the somatic genome, and other causes contribute to tissue degeneration with age. Both progeria, an extreme example of early-onset aging, and heritable longevity have provided avenues to study regulation of the aging program and its impact on adult stem cell compartments. In this review, we discuss recent findings concerning the effects of aging on stem cells, contributions of stem cells to age-related pathologies, examples of signaling pathways at work in these processes, and lessons about cellular aging gleaned from the development and refinement of cellular reprogramming technologies. We highlight emerging therapeutic approaches to manipulation of key signaling pathways corrupting or exhausting adult stem cells, as well as other approaches targeted at maintaining robust stem cell pools to extend not only lifespan but healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Boyette
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; ; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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64
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Ren J, Stroncek DF, Zhao Y, Jin P, Castiello L, Civini S, Wang H, Feng J, Tran K, Kuznetsov SA, Robey PG, Sabatino M. Intra-subject variability in human bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) replicative senescence: molecular changes associated with BMSC senescence. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1060-73. [PMID: 23959330 PMCID: PMC3818332 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcomes of clinical trials using bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) are variable; the degree of the expansion of BMSCs during clinical manufacturing may contribute to this variability since cell expansion is limited by senescence. Human BMSCs from aspirates of healthy subjects were subcultured serially until cell growth stopped. Phenotype and functional measurements of BMSCs from two subjects including senescence-associated beta-galactosidase staining and colony formation efficiency changed from an early to a senescence pattern at passage 6 or 7. Transcriptome analysis of 10 early and 15 late passage BMSC samples from 5 subjects revealed 2122 differentially expressed genes, which were associated with immune response, development, and cell proliferation pathways. Analysis of 57 serial BMSC samples from 7 donors revealed that the change from an early to senescent profile was variable among subjects and occurred prior to changes in phenotypes. BMSC age expressed as a percentage of maximum population doublings (PDs) was a good indicator for an early or senescence transcription signature but this measure of BMSC life span can only be calculated after expanding BMSCs to senescence. In order to find a more useful surrogate measure of BMSC age, we used a computational biology approach to identify a set of genes whose expression at each passage would predict elapsed age of BMSCs. A total of 155 genes were highly correlated with BMSC age. A least angle regression algorithm identified a set of 24 BMSC age-predictive genes. In conclusion, the onset of senescence-associated molecular changes was variable and preceded changes in other indicators of BMSC quality and senescence. The 24 BMSC age predictive genes will be useful in assessing the quality of clinical BMSC products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiang Ren
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David F. Stroncek
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Biometric Research Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Blvd, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Luciano Castiello
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sara Civini
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ji Feng
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine Tran
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei A. Kuznetsov
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marianna Sabatino
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center, Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex neurodevelopmental disorders. ASDs are clinically defined by deficits in communication, social skills, and repetitive and/or restrictive interests and behaviours. With the prevalence rates for ASDs rapidly increasing, the need for effective therapies for autism is a priority for biomedical research. Currently available medications do not target the core symptoms, can have markedly adverse side-effects, and are mainly palliative for negative behaviours. The development of molecular and regenerative interventions is progressing rapidly, and medicine holds great expectations for stem cell therapies. Cells could be designed to target the observed molecular mechanisms of ASDs, that is, abnormal neurotransmitter regulation, activated microglia, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruptions, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Presently, the paracrine, secretome, and immunomodulatory effects of stem cells would appear to be the likely mechanisms of application for ASD therapeutics. This review will focus on the potential use of the various types of stem cells: embryonic, induced pluripotential, fetal, and adult stem cells as targets for ASD therapeutics.
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66
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Perspectives on the use of stem cells for autism treatment. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:262438. [PMID: 24222772 PMCID: PMC3810518 DOI: 10.1155/2013/262438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are complex neurodevelopmental disorders. ASDs are clinically defined by deficits in communication, social skills, and repetitive and/or restrictive interests and behaviours. With the prevalence rates for ASDs rapidly increasing, the need for effective therapies for autism is a priority for biomedical research. Currently available medications do not target the core symptoms, can have markedly adverse side-effects, and are mainly palliative for negative behaviours. The development of molecular and regenerative interventions is progressing rapidly, and medicine holds great expectations for stem cell therapies. Cells could be designed to target the observed molecular mechanisms of ASDs, that is, abnormal neurotransmitter regulation, activated microglia, mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disruptions, and chronic intestinal inflammation. Presently, the paracrine, secretome, and immunomodulatory effects of stem cells would appear to be the likely mechanisms of application for ASD therapeutics. This review will focus on the potential use of the various types of stem cells: embryonic, induced pluripotential, fetal, and adult stem cells as targets for ASD therapeutics.
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67
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Hu F, Wang X, Liang G, Lv L, Zhu Y, Sun B, Xiao Z. Effects of epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor on the proliferation and osteogenic and neural differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:224-32. [PMID: 23713433 PMCID: PMC3666248 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2012.0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells used for clinical tissue regeneration therapy should have the capacity of self-renewal, high proliferation, and differentiation and be able to be transplanted in large numbers. Although high concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) may induce the differentiation of stem cells, these factors have been widely used to enhance the propagation of stem cells, including adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). However, the effects of low concentrations of EGF and bFGF on stem cells need to be evaluated carefully. This study illustrates that low concentrations of EGF (5 ng/mL) and bFGF (10 ng/mL) increase the proliferative ability of ASCs and induce the typical spindle-shaped cell morphology. EGF and bFGF added to medium promoted neural lineage differentiation and impaired the mesodermal differentiation ability of ASCs. This study demonstrates that even low concentrations of EGF and bFGF may limit the differentiation ability of stem cells during stem cell expansion in vitro. EGF and bFGF supplementation should be carefully considered in stem cells for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, People's Republic of China
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68
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Zhang D, Kilian KA. The effect of mesenchymal stem cell shape on the maintenance of multipotency. Biomaterials 2013; 34:3962-3969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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69
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Bertolo A, Mehr M, Janner-Jametti T, Graumann U, Aebli N, Baur M, Ferguson SJ, Stoyanov JV. An in vitro expansion score for tissue-engineering applications with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:149-61. [PMID: 23576360 DOI: 10.1002/term.1734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have limited growth potential in vitro and cease to divide due to replicative senescence, which from a tissue-engineering perspective has practical implications, such as defining the correct starting points for differentiation and transplantation. Time spent in culture before the loss of required differentiation potential is different and reflects patient variability, which is a problem for cell expansion. This study aimed to develop a score set which can be used to quantify the senescent state of MSCs and predict whether cells preserve their ability to differentiate to osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes, based on colony-forming unit (CFU) assay, population doubling time (PDT), senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, cell size, telomere length and gene expression of MSCs cultured in vitro over 11 passages. This set of morphological, physiological and genetic senescence markers was correlated to the ability of MSCs to differentiate. Differentiation efficiency was assessed by marker genes and protein expression. CFUs decreased with increasing passage number, whereas SA-β-Gal activity and PDT increased; however, the correlation with MSCs' differentiation potential was sometimes unexpected. The expression of genes related to senescence was higher in late-passage cells than in early-passage cells. Early-passage cells underwent efficient osteogenic differentiation, with mid-passage cells performing best in chondrogenic differentiation. Late-passage cells preserve only adipogenic differentiation potential. Based on this marker set, we propose a senescence score in which combined markers give a reliable quality control of MSCs, not depending only on mechanistic passage number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bertolo
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.,Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Mehr
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Niklaus Aebli
- Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland.,School of Medicine, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Baur
- Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jivko V Stoyanov
- Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland.,Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Switzerland
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70
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Hao H, Chen G, Liu J, Ti D, Zhao Y, Xu S, Fu X, Han W. Culturing on Wharton's jelly extract delays mesenchymal stem cell senescence through p53 and p16INK4a/pRb pathways. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58314. [PMID: 23516461 PMCID: PMC3596399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great therapeutic potential. However, MSCs undergo replication senescence during the in vitro expansion process. Wharton's jelly from the human umbilical cord harbors a large number of MSCs. In this study, we hypothesized that Wharton's jelly would be beneficial for in vitro expansion of MSCs. Wharton's jelly extract (WJEs), which is mainly composed of extracellular matrix and cytokines, was prepared as coating substrate. Human MSCs were isolated and cultured on WJE-coated plates. Although the proliferation capacity of cells was not augmented by WJE in early phase culture, adynamic growth in late-phase culture was clearly reduced, suggesting that the replicative senescence of MSCs was efficiently slowed by WJE. This was confirmed by β-galactosidase staining and telomere length measurements of MSCs in late-phase culture. In addition, the decreased differentiation ability of MSCs after long-term culture was largely ameliorated by WJE. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), p53, and p16INK4a/pRb expression increased with passaging. Analysis at the molecular level revealed that WJE-based culture efficiently suppressed the enhancement of intracellular ROS, p53, and p16INK4a/pRb in MSCs. These data demonstrated that WJE provided an ideal microenvironment for MSCs culture expansion in vitro preserved MSC properties by delaying MSCs senescence, and allowed large numbers of MSCs to be obtained for basic research and clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Hao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiejie Liu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Ti
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Zhao
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shenjun Xu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WH); (XF)
| | - Weidong Han
- Institute of Basic Medicine Science, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WH); (XF)
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71
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Chen Z, Jadhav A, Wang F, Perle M, Basch R, K. Young B. Senescence and longevity in amniotic fluid derived cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2013.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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72
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Methods for assessing effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in senescence of mesenchymal stem cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 976:111-30. [PMID: 23400438 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-317-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a main population of stem cells and can differentiate into multiple cell lineages. Recently, MSC transplantation has been applied to repair the malfunctioned tissues. However, increasing evidences show that some MSCs expanded in vitro and in the aged individuals become senescent. Capacity of senescent MSCs in repairing the tissues may decrease significantly. Interestingly, preventing MSC senescence is a powerful potential strategy to delay aging of individuals and promote application of cell therapy for treating aging-related diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to explore mechanisms of MSC senescence in detail. Methods to assess MSC senescence in vitro include induction of senescence, detection of senescent changes and investigation of the molecules involved in senescence. Here we describe the methods to detect MSC senescence induced with old serum and investigate effects of Wnt/β-catenin signaling on MSC senescence.
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73
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Ock SA, Maeng GH, Lee YM, Kim TH, Kumar BM, Lee SL, Rho GJ. Donor-matched functional and molecular characterization of canine mesenchymal stem cells derived from different origins. Cell Transplant 2012; 22:2311-21. [PMID: 23068964 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mesenchymal stem cells (cMSCs) have generated a great interest as a promising source for cell-based therapies. To understand the basic biological properties of cMSCs derived from bone marrow (cBM-MSCs), adipose tissue (cA-MSCs), and dermal skin (cDS-MSCs) from a single donor, the present study compared their alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, expression of CD markers and stem cell transcription factors, differentiation ability into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages, in vivo ectopic bone formation, chromosomal stability, cell cycle status, telomere length, and telomerase activity. Expressions of AP activity and transcription factors (Oct3/4, Nanog, and Sox2) were either absent or extremely weak in all cMSCs. CD marker profile (CD45(-), CD90(+), and CD105(+)) and differentiation capacity were exhibited by all cMSCs, although cA-MSCs had enhanced cytochemical staining associated with expression of lineage-specific markers. In vivo bone formation of cMSCs was performed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) by transplanting into the subcutaneous spaces of 9-week-old BALB/c-nu mice, followed by radiographic and histological analysis after 1 and 2 months. cA-MSCs and cDS-MSCs, in contrast to the in vitro observations, also displayed higher in vivo osteogenic abilities than cBM-MSCs. Ploidy analysis showed that cells were diploid and contained no noticeable chromosomal abnormalities. Furthermore, a relatively low percentage of cells was found at the G1 phase in all cMSCs, especially in DS-MSCs. Regardless of the different tissue sources, cMSCs from a single donor showed no differences in telomere lengths (∼18-19 kbp) but exhibited varied telomerase activity. The above results suggest that tissue-specific cMSCs derived from a single donor possess slight differences in stem cell properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-A Ock
- Department of Theriogenology and Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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74
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Sikora E. Rejuvenation of senescent cells-the road to postponing human aging and age-related disease? Exp Gerontol 2012; 48:661-6. [PMID: 23064316 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is the state of permanent inhibition of cell proliferation. Replicative senescence occurs due to the end replication problem and shortening telomeres with each cell division leading to DNA damage response (DDR). The number of short telomeres increases with age and age-related pathologies. Stress induced senescence, although not accompanied by attrition of telomeres, is also attributed to the DDR induced by irreparable DNA lesions in telomeric DNA. Senescent cells characterized by the presence of γH2AX, the common marker of double DNA strand breaks, and other senescence markers including activity of SA-β-gal, accumulate in tissues of aged animals and humans as well as at sites of pathology. It is believed that cellular senescence evolved as a cancer barrier since non-proliferating senescent cells cannot be transformed to neoplastic cells. On the other hand senescent cells favor cancer development, just like other age-related pathologies, by creating a low grade inflammatory state due to senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Reversal/inhibition of cellular senescence could prolong healthy life span, thus many attempts have been undertaken to influence cellular senescence. The two main approaches are genetic and pharmacological/nutritional modifications of cell fate. The first one concerns cell reprogramming by induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which in vitro is effective even in cells undergoing senescence, or derived from very old or progeroid patients. The second approach concerns modification of senescence signaling pathways just like TOR-induced by pharmacological or with natural agents. However, knowing that aging is unavoidable we cannot expect its elimination, but prolonging healthy life span is a goal worth serious consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sikora
- Laboratory of the Molecular Bases of Aging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, Warsaw, Poland.
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75
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Neef K, Choi YH, Weichel A, Rahmanian PB, Liakopoulos OJ, Stamm C, Choi CYU, Jacobshagen C, Wittwer T, Wahlers T. The influence of cardiovascular risk factors on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell fitness. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:670-8. [DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.663483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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76
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Autism spectrum disorders: is mesenchymal stem cell personalized therapy the future? J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:480289. [PMID: 22496609 PMCID: PMC3303614 DOI: 10.1155/2012/480289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders. They are enigmatic conditions that have their origins in the interaction of genes and environmental factors. ASDs are characterized by dysfunctions in social interaction and communication skills, in addition to repetitive and stereotypic verbal and nonverbal behaviours. Immune dysfunction has been confirmed with autistic children. There are no defined mechanisms of pathogenesis or curative therapy presently available. Indeed, ASDs are still untreatable. Available treatments for autism can be divided into behavioural, nutritional, and medical approaches, although no defined standard approach exists. Nowadays, stem cell therapy represents the great promise for the future of molecular medicine. Among the stem cell population, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show probably best potential good results in medical research. Due to the particular immune and neural dysregulation observed in ASDs, mesenchymal stem cell transplantation could offer a unique tool to provide better resolution for this disease.
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77
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Kinzebach S, Bieback K. Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells under xenogenic-free culture conditions. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 129:33-57. [PMID: 22777242 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal cells (MSCs) are increasingly applied in cell-based regenerative medicine. To yield clinically relevant cell doses, ex vivo expansion of MSCs is required to be compliant with good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines. A lack of standardization and harmonization seems to hamper rapid progress in the translational phase. Most protocols still use fetal bovine serum (FBS) to expand MSCs. However, the high lot-to-lot variability, risk of contamination and immunization call for xenogenic-free culture conditions. Chemically defined media are the ultimate achievement in terms of standardization. These media, however, need to maintain all key cellular and therapy-relevant features of MSCs. Because of the numerous constituents of FBS, the development of such chemically defined media with an optimal composition of the few essential factors is only beginning. Meanwhile, various human blood-derived components are under investigation, including human plasma, human serum, human umbilical cord blood serum and human platelet derivatives such as platelet lysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Kinzebach
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 107, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,
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78
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Sources of mesenchymal stem cells: current and future clinical use. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:267-86. [PMID: 23117644 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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79
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Zanier ER, Montinaro M, Vigano M, Villa P, Fumagalli S, Pischiutta F, Longhi L, Leoni ML, Rebulla P, Stocchetti N, Lazzari L, De Simoni MG. Human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells protect mice brain after trauma. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:2501-10. [PMID: 21725237 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e31822629ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells, a novel source of progenitors with multilineage potential: 1) decrease traumatic brain injury sequelae and restore brain function; 2) are able to survive and home to the lesioned region; and 3) induce relevant changes in the environment in which they are infused. DESIGN Prospective experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male C57Bl/6 mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact/sham brain injury. At 24 hrs postinjury, human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (150,000/5 μL) or phosphate-buffered saline (control group) were infused intracerebroventricularly contralateral to the injured side. Immunosuppression was achieved by cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg intraperitoneally). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After controlled cortical impact, human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell transplantation induced an early and long-lasting improvement in sensorimotor functions assessed by neuroscore and beam walk tests. One month postinjury, human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell mice showed attenuated learning dysfunction at the Morris water maze and reduced contusion volume compared with controls. Hoechst positive human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells homed to lesioned tissue as early as 1 wk after injury in 67% of mice and survived in the injured brain up to 5 wks. By 3 days postinjury, cell infusion significantly increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration into the lesioned tissue, restoring its expression close to the levels observed in sham operated mice. By 7 days postinjury, controlled cortical impact human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell mice showed a nonphagocytic activation of microglia/macrophages as shown by a selective rise (260%) in CD11b staining (a marker of microglia/macrophage activation/recruitment) associated with a decrease (58%) in CD68 (a marker of active phagocytosis). Thirty-five days postinjury, controlled cortical impact human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell mice showed a decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein positivity in the scar region compared with control mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells stimulate the injured brain and evoke trophic events, microglia/macrophage phenotypical switch, and glial scar inhibitory effects that remodel the brain and lead to significant improvement of neurologic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy
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80
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Yoon DS, Kim YH, Jung HS, Paik S, Lee JW. Importance of Sox2 in maintenance of cell proliferation and multipotency of mesenchymal stem cells in low-density culture. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:428-40. [PMID: 21951286 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study has aimed to repopulate 'primitive' cells from late-passage mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of poor multipotentiality and low cell proliferation rate, by simply altering plating density. MATERIALS AND METHODS Effects of low density culture compared t high density culture on late-passage bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs and pluripotency markers of multipotentiality were investigated. Cell proliferation, gene expression, RNA interference and differentiation potential were assayed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We repopulated 'primitive' cells by replating late-passage MSCs at low density (17 cells/cm(2) ) regardless of donor age. Repopulated MSCs from low-density culture were smaller cells with spindle shaped morphology compared to MSCs from high-density culture. The latter had enhanced colony-forming ability, proliferation rate, and adipogenic and chondrogenic potential. Strong expression of osteogenic-related genes (Cbfa1, Dlx5, alkaline phosphatase and type Ι collagen) in late-passage MSCs was reduced by replating at low density, whereas expression of three pluripotency markers (Sox2, Nanog and Oct-4), Osterix and Msx2 reverted to levels of early-passage MSCs. Knockdown of Sox2 and Msx2 but not Nanog, using RNA interference, showed significant decrease in colony-forming ability. Specifically, knockdown of Sox2 significantly inhibited multipotentiality and cell proliferation. Our data suggest that plating density should be considered to be a critical factor for enrichment of 'primitive' cells from heterogeneous BM and that replicative senescence and multipotentiality of MSCs during in vitro expansion may be predominantly regulated through Sox2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Yoon
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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81
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Yuan HF, Zhai C, Yan XL, Zhao DD, Wang JX, Zeng Q, Chen L, Nan X, He LJ, Li ST, Yue W, Pei XT. SIRT1 is required for long-term growth of human mesenchymal stem cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 90:389-400. [PMID: 22038097 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have therapeutic potential because of their ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple tissues. However, senescence often occurs in MSCs when they are cultured in vitro and the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. In this study, we found that NAD-dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1 is differentially expressed in both human bone marrow-derived MSCs (B-MSCs) and adipose tissue-derived MSCs after increasing passages of cell culture. Using lentiviral shRNA we demonstrated that selective knockdown of SIRT1 in human MSCs at early passage slows down cell growth and accelerates cellular senescence. Conversely, overexpression of SIRT1 delays senescence in B-MSCs that have undergone prolonged in vitro culturing and the cells do not lose adipogenic and osteogenic potential. In addition, we found that the delayed accumulation of the protein p16 is involved in the effect of SIRT1. However, resveratrol, which has been used as an activator of SIRT1 deacetylase activity, only transiently promotes proliferation of B-MSCs. Our findings will help us understand the role of SIRT1 in the aging of normal diploid cells and may contribute to the prevention of human MSCs senescence thus benefiting MSCs-based tissue engineering and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Feng Yuan
- Stem Cell and Regeneration Medicine Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, China
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82
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Breu A, Sprinzing B, Merkl K, Bechmann V, Kujat R, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Prantl L, Angele P. Estrogen reduces cellular aging in human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1563-71. [PMID: 21469181 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte aging is associated with cartilage degeneration and senescence impairs the regenerative potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Estrogen exerts profound effects on human physiology including articular cartilage and MSCs. The present study should analyze the effects of pre- and postmenopausal estrogen concentrations on chondrogenic cells. Physiologic premenopausal concentrations of 17β-estradiol (E(2)) significantly decelerated telomere attrition in MSCs and chondrocytes while postmenopausal E(2) concentration had no significant effects. The estrogen agonist-antagonist tamoxifen did not affect telomere biology, but inhibited the E(2) -stimulated reduction in telomere shortening. E(2) and tamoxifen did not influence cell proliferation, cell morphology, and β-galactosidase staining in chondrogenic cells. E(2) treatment did not affect the telomere-associated proteins TRF1 and TRF2. E(2) had no regulatory effects on the expression rates of the cell cycle regulator p21 and the DNA repair proteins SIRT1 and XRCC5. In spite of reducing telomere shortening in aging MSCs and chondrocytes, estrogen is not able to prevent somatic cells from replicative exhaustion and from finally entering senescence. The fade of telomere shortening under pre- to postmenopausal estrogen concentrations suggests, at least in part, a senescence-dependent cause for the onset of osteoarthritis in women after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Breu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93042 Regensburg, Germany
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Sa-ngiamsuntorn K, Wongkajornsilp A, Kasetsinsombat K, Duangsa-ard S, Nuntakarn L, Borwornpinyo S, Akarasereenont P, Limsrichamrern S, Hongeng S. Upregulation of CYP 450s expression of immortalized hepatocyte-like cells derived from mesenchymal stem cells by enzyme inducers. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:89. [PMID: 21961524 PMCID: PMC3198927 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strenuous procurement of cultured human hepatocytes and their short lives have constrained the cell culture model of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) induction, xenobiotic biotransformation, and hepatotoxicity. The development of continuous non-tumorous cell line steadily containing hepatocyte phenotypes would substitute the primary hepatocytes for these studies. RESULTS The hepatocyte-like cells have been developed from hTERT plus Bmi-1-immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells to substitute the primary hepatocytes. The hepatocyte-like cells had polygonal morphology and steadily produced albumin, glycogen, urea and UGT1A1 beyond 6 months while maintaining proliferative capacity. Although these hepatocyte-like cells had low basal expression of CYP450 isotypes, their expressions could be extensively up regulated to 80 folds upon the exposure to enzyme inducers. Their inducibility outperformed the classical HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION The hepatocyte-like cells contained the markers of hepatocytes including CYP450 isotypes. The high inducibility of CYP450 transcripts could serve as a sensitive model for profiling xenobiotic-induced expression of CYP450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanit Sa-ngiamsuntorn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
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84
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Becerra J, Santos-Ruiz L, Andrades JA, Marí-Beffa M. The stem cell niche should be a key issue for cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:248-55. [PMID: 21052872 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9195-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in stem cell research have highlighted the role played by such cells and their environment (the stem cell niche) in tissue renewal and homeostasis. The control and regulation of stem cells and their niche are remaining challenges for cell therapy and regenerative medicine on several tissues and organs. These advances are important for both, the basic knowledge of stem cell regulation, and their practical translational applications into clinical medicine. This article is primarily concerned with the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and it reviews the current aspects of their own niche. We discuss on the need for a deeper understanding of the identity of this cell type and its microenvironment in order to improve the effectiveness of any cell therapy for regenerative medicine. Ex vivo reproduction of the conditions of the natural stem cell niche, when necessary, would provide success to tissue engineering. The first challenge of regenerative medicine is to find cells able to replace and/or repair the lost function of tissues and organs by disease or aging and the trophic and immunomodulatory effects recently found for MSCs open up for new opportunities. If MSCs are pericytes, as it has been proposed, perhaps it may explain the ubiquity of these cells and their possible role in miscellaneous repairs throughout the body opening for new chances for extensive tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Becerra
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
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85
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Ross AL, Leder DE, Weiss J, Izakovic J, Grichnik JM. Genomic instability in cultured stem cells: associated risks and underlying mechanisms. Regen Med 2011; 6:653-62. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells expanded in vitro exhibit genomic instability. Commonly reported abnormalities include aneuploidy, deletions and duplications (including regions also amplified in cancer). Genomic instability confers an increased risk of malignant transformation that may impact the safety of cultured stem cell transplantation. Possible mechanisms responsible for this genomic instability include DNA repair mechanism abnormalities, telomere crisis, mitotic spindle abnormalities and inappropriate induction of meiotic pathways. Prior to widespread use of these cells in regenerative medicine, it will be critical to gain an understanding of the mechanisms responsible for genomic instability to develop strategies to prevent the accrual of chromosomal defects during expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Ross
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel E Leder
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jonathan Weiss
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jan Izakovic
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James M Grichnik
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL 33136, USA; Department of Dermatology, Melanoma Program Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Room 912, BRB, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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86
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Vidal MA, Walker NJ, Napoli E, Borjesson DL. Evaluation of senescence in mesenchymal stem cells isolated from equine bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:273-83. [PMID: 21410356 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adult and neonatal tissues are intensively investigated for their use in regenerative medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare the onset of replicative senescence in MSCs isolated from equine bone marrow (BMSC), adipose tissue (ASC), and umbilical cord tissue (UCMSC). MSC proliferation (cell doubling), senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, telomere length, Sox-2, and lineage-specific marker expression were assessed for MSCs harvested from tissues of 4 different donors. The results show that before senescence ensued, all cell types proliferated at ∼1 day/cell doubling. BMSCs significantly increased population doubling rate by passage 10 and ceased proliferation after a little >30 total population doublings, whereas UCMSCs and ASCs achieved about 60 to 80 total population doublings. UCMSC and ASCs showed marked β-galactosidase staining after ∼70 population doublings, whereas BMSCs stained positive by ∼30 population doublings. The onset of senescence was associated with a significant reduction in telomere length averaging 10.2 kbp at passage 3 and 4.5 kbp in senescent cultures. MSCs stained intensively for osteonectin at senescence compared with earlier passages, whereas vimentin and low levels of smooth muscle actin were consistently expressed. Sox-2 gene expression was consistently noted in all 3 MSC types. In conclusion, equine BMSCs appear to senesce much earlier than ASCs and UCMSCs. These results demonstrate the limited passage numbers of subcultured BMSCs available for use in research and tissue engineering and suggest that adipose tissue and umbilical cord tissue may be preferable for tissue banking purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Vidal
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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87
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Maurer MH. Proteomic definitions of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:704256. [PMID: 21437194 PMCID: PMC3062154 DOI: 10.4061/2011/704256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are pluripotent cells isolated from the bone marrow and various other organs. They are able to proliferate and self-renew, as well as to give rise to progeny of at least the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages. Despite this functional definition, MSCs can also be defined by their expression of a distinct set of cell surface markers. In the current paper, studies investigating the proteome of human MSCs are reviewed with the aim to identify common protein markers of MSCs. The proteomic analysis of MSCs revealed a distinct set of proteins representing the basic molecular inventory, including proteins for (i) cell surface markers, (ii) the responsiveness to growth factors, (iii) the reuse of developmental signaling cascades in adult stem cells, (iv) the interaction with molecules of the extracellular matrix, (v) the expression of genes regulating transcription and translation, (vi) the control of the cell number, and (vii) the protection against cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Maurer
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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88
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Replicative senescence of human bone marrow and umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:5161-8. [PMID: 21188535 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) which have self-renewal and multiple differentiation potential in vitro play important roles in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. However, long-term culture in vitro leads to senescence which results in the growth arrest and reduction of differentiation. In this study, MSC derived from human bone-marrow (BM-MSC) and umbilical cord (UC-MSC) were cultured in vitro lasted to senescence. Senescence and apoptosis detection showed that the senescent cells increased significantly but the increase of apoptosis was not significant in the long term culture. Senescence related genes p16, p21 and p53 increased gradually in BM-MSC. However, p16 and p53 reduced and then increased but with the gradual increase of p21 in UC-MSC. Adipogenic differentiation decreased whereas the propensity for osteogenic differentiation increased in senescent MSC. Real time RT-PCR demonstrated that both C/EBPα and PPARγ decreased in senescent BM-MSC. However, in UC-MSC, PPARγ decreased but C/EBPα increased in late phase compared to early phase. The study demonstrated p21 was important in the senescence of BM-MSC and UC-MSC. C/EBPα and PPARγ could regulate the balance of adipogenic differentiation in BM-MSC but only PPARγ not C/EBPα was involved in the adipogenic differentiation in UC-MSC.
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89
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Aldonyte R, Tunaitis V, Surovas A, Suriakaite K, Jarmalaviciute A, Magnusson KE, Pivoriunas A. Effects of major human antiprotease alpha-1-antitrypsin on the motility and proliferation of stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Regen Med 2010; 5:633-43. [PMID: 20632864 DOI: 10.2217/rme.10.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Intrinsic tissue regeneration mechanisms are still not fully understood. The destruction/reconstruction processes are usually in fine balance; however, this can be easily destroyed, for example in the environment of chronic inflammation. One of the major proteins present at the inflammatory sites is the multifunctional protein alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). In this study, potential therapeutic effects of this major human antiprotease on progenitor cells are assessed. MATERIALS & METHODS Stromal cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) were used, which are similar to the mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from other tissues. SHEDs were cultivated in the presence of subphysiological, physiological and inflammatory concentrations of AAT, and their proliferation and motility traits were assayed. Some intracellular signaling pathways, AAT internalization by SHEDs and their matrix metalloprotease profile were studied in parallel. RESULTS Physiologic and inflammatory concentrations of AAT significantly increased the cell proliferation rate, induced phosphorylation of several key protein kinases and increased the amount of secreted active gelatinases. Moreover, cells exposed to physiologic and inflammatory levels of AAT were able to invade and migrate more efficiently. Subphysiologic AAT levels did not change cell behavior significantly. CONCLUSION AAT at physiologic and inflammatory concentrations positively modulates the proliferation and motility of SHEDs in vitro. These results suggest the importance of AAT in the maintenance and regulation of tissue progenitor cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Aldonyte
- State Institute of Science "Centre of Innovative Medicine", Vilnius University, Zygimantu 9, Vilnius LT-01102, Lithuania.
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90
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Donnenberg VS, Zimmerlin L, Rubin JP, Donnenberg AD. Regenerative therapy after cancer: what are the risks? TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2010; 16:567-75. [PMID: 20726819 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is often a pressing need for reconstruction after cancer surgery. Regenerative therapy holds the promise of more natural and esthetic functional tissue. In the case of breast reconstruction postmastectomy, volume retention problems associated with autologous fat transfer could be ameliorated by augmentation with cells capable mediating rapid vascularization of the graft. Intentional placement of regenerating tissue at the site of tumor resection raises questions concerning the possibility of promoting cancer recurrence. Here we review coculture and animal models of tumor/mesenchymal stem cell interactions under regenerating conditions. Available evidence from case reports, cell lines, and clinical isolates favors the interpretation that regenerating tissue promotes the growth of active, high-grade tumor. In contrast, dormant cancer cells do not appear to be activated by the complex signals accompanying wound healing and tissue regeneration, suggesting that engineered tissue reconstruction should be deferred until cancer remission has been firmly established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera S Donnenberg
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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91
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Lai Y, Sun Y, Skinner CM, Son EL, Lu Z, Tuan RS, Jilka RL, Ling J, Chen XD. Reconstitution of marrow-derived extracellular matrix ex vivo: a robust culture system for expanding large-scale highly functional human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:1095-107. [PMID: 19737070 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty in long-term expansion of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using standard culture systems without the loss of their stem cell properties suggests that a critical feature of their microenvironment necessary for retention of stem cell properties is absent in these culture systems. We report here the reconstitution of a native extracellular matrix (ECM) made by human marrow cells ex vivo, which consists of at least collagen types I and III, fibronectin, small leucine-rich proteoglycans such as biglycan and decorin, and major components of basement membrane such as the large molecular weight proteoglycan perlecan and laminin. Expansion of human MSCs on this ECM strongly promoted their proliferation, retained their stem cell properties with a low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and substantially increased their response to BMP-2. The quality of the expanded cells following each passage was further tested by an in vivo transplantation assay. The results showed that MSCs expanded on the ECM for multiple passages still retained the same capacity for skeletogenesis. In contrast, the bone formation capacity of cells expanded on plastic was dramatically diminished after 6-7 passages. These findings suggest that the marrow stromal cell-derived ECM is a promising matrix for expanding largescale highly functional MSCs for eventualuse in stem cell-based therapy. Moreover, this system should also be invaluable for establishment of a unique tissue-specific ECM, which will facilitate control of the fate of MSCs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlai Lai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Division of Biomaterials, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio , San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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92
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Lund TC, Kobs A, Blazar BR, Tolar J. Mesenchymal stromal cells from donors varying widely in age are of equal cellular fitness after in vitro expansion under hypoxic conditions. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:971-81. [PMID: 20807020 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.509394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are gaining in popularity as an experimental therapy for a number of conditions that often require expansion ex vivo prior to use. Data comparing clinical-grade MSC from various ages of donors are scant. We hypothesized that MSC from older donors may display differences in cellular fitness when expanded for clinical use. METHODS We evaluated the expression of several markers of aging, oxidative stress and growth kinetics, and telomere length, in MSC obtained from a wide age range (8 months to 58 years). RESULTS To evaluate cellular fitness we compared MSC expanded from younger (8 months-6 years) versus older (38-58 years) donors in terms of selected cell-surface markers, lipofuscin, migration ability, telomere length and expression of iNOS, PGE₂, p16INK and SOD. Results did not differ between these groups. Neither SOD activity (0.025 versus 0.028 U/mL) nor death after oxidative challenge was significantly different (1% versus 1.5%, P = 0.14). We did find that, although MSC from older individuals produced slightly fewer cells over a 28-day culture period and had a slightly longer doubling time (54 h versus 42 hr, a satisfactory clinical product could still be obtained regardless of age cohort. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data show that MSC can be expanded without significant alterations in expansile properties or obvious changes in parameters associated with senescence. Because cellular fitness was equivalent in these cohorts, MSC from donors up to age 58 years can be used as a source of cells for cellular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy C Lund
- Division of Pediatric Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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93
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Yoo JK, Lim JJ, Ko JJ, Lee DR, Kim JK. Expression profile of genes identified in human spermatogonial stem cell-like cells using suppression subtractive hybridization. J Cell Biochem 2010; 110:752-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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94
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Pozzobon M, Ghionzoli M, De Coppi P. ES, iPS, MSC, and AFS cells. Stem cells exploitation for Pediatric Surgery: current research and perspective. Pediatr Surg Int 2010; 26:3-10. [PMID: 19727766 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-009-2478-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the advancements that have been made in treating infants with congenital malformations, these still represent a major cause of disease and death during the first years of life and childhood. Regeneration of natural tissue from living cells to restore damaged tissues and organs is the main purpose of regenerative medicine. This relatively new field has emerged by the combination of tissue engineering and stem cell transplantation as a possible strategy for the replacement of damaged organs or tissues. This review would like to offer an insight on the latest evolution of stem cells with a glance at their possible application for regenerative medicine, particularly in the Paediatric Surgery field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Pozzobon
- Stem Cell Processing Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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