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Tatman PD, Muhonen EG, Wickers ST, Gee AO, Kim ES, Kim DH. Self-assembling peptides for stem cell and tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:543-54. [PMID: 26878078 PMCID: PMC4803621 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine holds great potential to address many shortcomings in current medical therapies. An emerging avenue of regenerative medicine is the use of self-assembling peptides (SAP) in conjunction with stem cells to improve the repair of damaged tissues. The specific peptide sequence, mechanical properties, and nanotopographical cues vary widely between different SAPs, many of which have been used for the regeneration of similar tissues. To evaluate the potential of SAPs to guide stem cell fate, we extensively reviewed the literature for reports of SAPs and stem cell differentiation. To portray the most accurate summary of these studies, we deliberately discuss both the successes and pitfalls, allowing us to make conclusions that span the breadth of this exciting field. We also expand on these conclusions by relating these findings to the fields of nanotopography, mechanotransduction, and the native composition of the extracellular matrix in specific tissues to identify potential directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Tatman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ethan G Muhonen
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Sean T. Wickers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Albert O. Gee
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Eung-Sam Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Fisher MB, Belkin NS, Milby AH, Henning EA, Söegaard N, Kim M, Pfeifer C, Saxena V, Dodge GR, Burdick JA, Schaer TP, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell and Growth Factor Delivery on Cartilage Repair in a Mini-Pig Model. Cartilage 2016; 7:174-84. [PMID: 27047640 PMCID: PMC4797244 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515623030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have recently shown that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) embedded in a hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel and exposed to chondrogenic factors (transforming growth factor-β3 [TGF-β3]) produce a cartilage-like tissue in vitro. The current objective was to determine if these same factors could be combined immediately prior to implantation to induce a superior healing response in vivo relative to the hydrogel alone. DESIGN Trochlear chondral defects were created in Yucatan mini-pigs (6 months old). Treatment groups included an HA hydrogel alone and hydrogels containing allogeneic MSCs, TGF-β3, or both. Six weeks after surgery, micro-computed tomography was used to quantitatively assess defect fill and subchondral bone remodeling. The quality of cartilage repair was assessed using the ICRS-II histological scoring system and immunohistochemistry for type II collagen. RESULTS Treatment with TGF-β3 led to a marked increase in positive staining for collagen type II within defects (P < 0.05), while delivery of MSCs did not (P > 0.05). Neither condition had an impact on other histological semiquantitative scores (P > 0.05), and inclusion of MSCs led to significantly less defect fill (P < 0.05). For all measurements, no synergistic interaction was found between TGF-β3 and MSC treatment when they were delivered together (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS At this early healing time point, treatment with TGF-β3 promoted the formation of collagen type II within the defect, while allogeneic MSCs had little benefit. Combination of TGF-β3 and MSCs at the time of surgery did not produce a synergistic effect. An in vitro precultured construct made of these components may be required to enhance in vivo repair in this model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Fisher
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nicole S. Belkin
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew H. Milby
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Henning
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Söegaard
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Minwook Kim
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christian Pfeifer
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Trauma Surgery, Regensburg University Medical Center, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vishal Saxena
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas P. Schaer
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R. Steinberg
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Robert L. Mauck, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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53
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Camarero-Espinosa S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Foster EJ, Weder C. Articular cartilage: from formation to tissue engineering. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:734-67. [PMID: 26923076 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hyaline cartilage is the nonlinear, inhomogeneous, anisotropic, poro-viscoelastic connective tissue that serves as friction-reducing and load-bearing cushion in synovial joints and is vital for mammalian skeletal movements. Due to its avascular nature, low cell density, low proliferative activity and the tendency of chondrocytes to de-differentiate, cartilage cannot regenerate after injury, wear and tear, or degeneration through common diseases such as osteoarthritis. Therefore severe damage usually requires surgical intervention. Current clinical strategies to generate new tissue include debridement, microfracture, autologous chondrocyte transplantation, and mosaicplasty. While articular cartilage was predicted to be one of the first tissues to be successfully engineered, it proved to be challenging to reproduce the complex architecture and biomechanical properties of the native tissue. Despite significant research efforts, only a limited number of studies have evolved up to the clinical trial stage. This review article summarizes the current state of cartilage tissue engineering in the context of relevant biological aspects, such as the formation and growth of hyaline cartilage, its composition, structure and biomechanical properties. Special attention is given to materials development, scaffold designs, fabrication methods, and template-cell interactions, which are of great importance to the structure and functionality of the engineered tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Camarero-Espinosa
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Li CS, Zhang X, Péault B, Jiang J, Ting K, Soo C, Zhou YH. Accelerated Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Perivascular Stem Cells with NELL-1. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:272-85. [PMID: 26700847 PMCID: PMC4779324 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the leading cause of disability in the US. Consequently, there is a pressing need for restoring the structural and functional properties of diseased articular cartilage. Yet the search for the right combination of proper target cells and growth factors for cartilage regeneration remains challenging. In this study, we first tested the intrinsic chondrogenic differentiation ability of human perivascular stem cells (hPSCs), a novel source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from human adipose tissue. A putative prochondrogenic growth factor, NEL-like molecule-1 (NELL-1), was added to the hPSC pellets to upregulate gene expression of chondrogenic markers, including AGGRECAN, COLLAGEN II, and COMP. Furthermore, the addition of NELL-1 to a transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-β3) + bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) "cocktail" resulted in the best combinatorial stimulation in accelerating the chondrogenic differentiation of hPSCs, as evidenced by increased gene and protein expression of chondrogenic markers in a shortened induction time without elevating expression of hypertrophic, fibrotic, and osteogenic markers. Mechanistically, this acceleration rendered by NELL-1 may be partially attributed to NELL-1's upregulation of BMP receptors and TGF-β receptor type I in hPSCs for increased responsiveness to BMPs + TGF-βs. In conclusion, lipoaspirate-derived hPSCs present a novel and abundant cell source of MSCs for cartilage regeneration, and the combinatorial application of NELL-1, TGF-β3, and BMP-6 with hPSCs may remarkably enhance and accelerate cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shuang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bruno Péault
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Center for Cardiovascular Science and MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jie Jiang
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Growth and Development and Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, P.R. China
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Nondestructive Assessment of Engineered Cartilage Composition by Near Infrared Spectroscopy. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:680-92. [PMID: 26817457 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1536-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering presents a strategy to overcome the limitations of current tissue healing methods. Scaffolds, cells, external growth factors and mechanical input are combined in an effort to obtain constructs with properties that mimic native tissues. However, engineered constructs developed using similar culture environments can have very different matrix composition and biomechanical properties. Accordingly, a nondestructive technique to assess constructs during development such that appropriate compositional endpoints can be defined is desirable. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis is a modality being investigated to address the challenges associated with current evaluation techniques, which includes nondestructive compositional assessment. In the present study, cartilage tissue constructs were grown using chondrocytes seeded onto polyglycolic acid (PGA) scaffolds in similar environments in three separate tissue culture experiments and monitored using NIRS. Multivariate partial least squares (PLS) analysis models of NIR spectra were calculated and used to predict tissue composition, with biochemical assay information used as the reference data. Results showed that for combined data from all tissue culture experiments, PLS models were able to assess composition with significant correlations to reference values, including engineered cartilage water (at 5200 cm(-1), R = 0.68, p = 0.03), proteoglycan (at 4310 cm(-1), R = 0.82, p = 0.007), and collagen (at 4610 cm(-1), R = 0.84, p = 0.005). In addition, degradation of PGA was monitored using specific NIRS frequencies. These results demonstrate that NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis provides a nondestructive modality to assess engineered cartilage, which could provide information to determine the optimal time for tissue harvest for clinical applications.
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A micro-architecturally biomimetic collagen template for mesenchymal condensation based cartilage regeneration. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:212-221. [PMID: 26602826 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The unique arcade-like orientation of collagen fibers enables cartilage to bear mechanical loads. In this study continuous-length aligned collagen threads were woven to emulate the interdigitated arcade structure of the cartilage. The weaving pattern provided a macropore network within which micromass cell pellets were seeded to take advantage of mesenchymal condensation driven chondrogenesis. Compression tests showed that the baseline scaffold had a modulus of 0.83±0.39MPa at a porosity of 80%. The modulus of pellet seeded scaffolds increased by 60% to 1.33±0.37MPa after 28days of culture, converging to the modulus of the native cartilage. The scaffolds displayed duress under displacement controlled low-cycle fatigue at 15% strain amplitude such that load reduction stabilized at 8% after 4500 cycles of loading. The woven structure demonstrated a substantial elastic recoil where 40% mechanical strain was close to completely recovered following unloading. A robust chondrogenesis was observed as evidenced by positive staining for GAGs and type II collagen and aggrecan. Dimethyl methylene blue and sircol assays showed GAGs and collagen productions to increase from 3.36±1.24 and 31.46±3.22 at day 3 to 56.61±12.12 and 136.70±12.29μg/μg of DNA at day 28 of culture. This woven collagen scaffold holds a significant potential for cartilage regeneration with shorter in vitro culture periods due to functionally sufficient mechanical robustness at the baseline. In conclusion, the mimicry of cartilage's arcade architecture resulted in substantial improvement of mechanical function while enabling one of the first pellet delivery platforms enabled by a macroporous network. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mesenchymal condensation is critical for driving chondrogenesis, making high density cell seeding a standard in cartilage tissue engineering. Efforts to date have utilized scaffold free delivery of MSCs in pellet form. This study developed a macroporous scaffold that is fabricated by weaving highly aligned collagen threads. The scaffold can deliver high density cell condensates while providing mechanical stiffness comparable to that of cartilage. The scaffold also mimicked the arcade-like orientation of collagen fibers in cartilage. A highly robust chondrogenesis was observed in this mesenchymal cell pellet delivery system. Baseline mechanical robustness of this scaffold system will enable delivery of cell pellets as early as three days.
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Wang T, Lai JH, Han LH, Tong X, Yang F. Modulating stem cell–chondrocyte interactions for cartilage repair using combinatorial extracellular matrix-containing hydrogels. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7641-7650. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb01583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Combinatorial ECM-containing hydrogels with decoupled mechanical and biochemical cues modulate cartilage formation by a stem cell and chondrocyte co-culture in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Department of Bioengineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Janice H. Lai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Stanford School of Medicine
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Li-Hsin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Xinming Tong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Bioengineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
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58
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Tenogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and noncoding RNA: From bench to bedside. Exp Cell Res 2015; 341:237-42. [PMID: 26724570 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tendon is a critical unit of musculoskeletal system that connects muscle to bone to control bone movement. More population participate in physical activities, tendon injuries, such as acute tendon rupture and tendinopathy due to overuse, are common causing unbearable pain and disability. However, the process of tendon development and the pathogenesis of tendinopathy are not well defined, limiting the development of clinical therapy for tendon injuries. Studying the tendon differentiation control pathways may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarized the novel molecular and cellular events in tendon development and highlighted the clinical application potential of non-coding RNAs and tendon-derived stem cells in gene and cell therapy for tendon injuries, which may bring insights into research and new therapy for tendon disorders.
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Xu F, Xu L, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Ye Z, Tan WS. A three-dimensional dynamic coculture system enabling facile cell separation for chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Eng J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Photo-cross-linked methacrylated polysaccharide solution blends with high chondrocyte viability, minimal swelling, and moduli similar to load bearing soft tissues. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2015.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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61
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Luo L, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. The effects of dynamic compression on the development of cartilage grafts engineered using bone marrow and infrapatellar fat pad derived stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 10:055011. [PMID: 26391756 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/10/5/055011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioreactors that subject cell seeded scaffolds or hydrogels to biophysical stimulation have been used to improve the functionality of tissue engineered cartilage and to explore how such constructs might respond to the application of joint specific mechanical loading. Whether a particular cell type responds appropriately to physiological levels of biophysical stimulation could be considered a key determinant of its suitability for cartilage tissue engineering applications. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dynamic compression on chondrogenesis of stem cells isolated from different tissue sources. Porcine bone marrow (BM) and infrapatellar fat pad (FP) derived stem cells were encapsulated in agarose hydrogels and cultured in a chondrogenic medium in free swelling (FS) conditions for 21 d, after which samples were subjected to dynamic compression (DC) of 10% strain (1 Hz, 1 h d(-1)) for a further 21 d. Both BM derived stem cells (BMSCs) and FP derived stem cells (FPSCs) were capable of generating cartilaginous tissues with near native levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content, although the spatial development of the engineered grafts strongly depended on the stem cell source. The mechanical properties of cartilage grafts generated from both stem cell sources also approached that observed in skeletally immature animals. Depending on the stem cell source and the donor, the application of DC either enhanced or had no significant effect on the functional development of cartilaginous grafts engineered using either BMSCs or FPSCs. BMSC seeded constructs subjected to DC stained less intensely for collagen type I. Furthermore, histological and micro-computed tomography analysis showed mineral deposition within BMSC seeded constructs was suppressed by the application of DC. Therefore, while the application of DC in vitro may only lead to modest improvements in the mechanical functionality of cartilaginous grafts, it may play an important role in the development of phenotypically stable constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Peng G, McNary SM, Athanasiou KA, Reddi AH. Surface zone articular chondrocytes modulate the bulk and surface mechanical properties of the tissue-engineered cartilage. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:3332-41. [PMID: 24947008 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The central hypothesis of functional tissue engineering is that an engineered construct can serve as a viable replacement tissue in vivo by replicating the structure and function of native tissue. In the case of articular cartilage, this requires the reproduction of the bulk mechanical and surface lubrication properties of native hyaline cartilage. Cartilage tissue engineering has primarily focused on achieving the bulk mechanical properties of native cartilage such as the compressive aggregate modulus and tensile strength. A scaffold-free self-assembling process has been developed that produces engineered cartilage with compressive properties approaching native tissue levels. Thus, the next step in this process is to begin addressing the friction coefficient and wear properties of these engineered constructs. The superficial zone protein (SZP), also known as lubricin or PRG4, is a boundary mode lubricant that is synthesized by surface zone (SZ) articular chondrocytes. Under conditions of high loading and low sliding speeds, SZP reduces friction and wear at the articular surface. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether increasing the proportion of SZ chondrocytes in cartilage constructs, in the absence of external stimuli such as growth factors and mechanical loading, would enhance the secretion of SZP and improve their frictional properties. In this study, cartilage constructs were engineered through a self-assembling process with varying ratios of SZ and middle zone (MZ) chondrocytes (SZ:MZ): 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. Constructs containing different ratios of SZ and MZ chondrocytes did not significantly differ in the glycosaminoglycan composition or compressive aggregate modulus. In contrast, tensile properties and collagen content were enhanced in nearly all constructs containing greater amounts of SZ chondrocytes. Increasing the proportion of SZ chondrocytes had the hypothesized effect of improving the synthesis and secretion of SZP. However, increasing the SZ chondrocyte fraction did not significantly reduce the friction coefficient. These results demonstrate that additional factors, such as SZP-binding macromolecules, surface roughness, and adhesion, need to be examined to modulate the lubrication properties of engineered cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Peng
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California , Davis, Sacramento, California
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63
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Kim JE, Kim SH, Jung Y. In situ chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells in bioactive self-assembled peptide gels. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:91-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Fenn SL, Oldinski RA. Visible light crosslinking of methacrylated hyaluronan hydrogels for injectable tissue repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1229-36. [PMID: 26097172 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering hydrogels are primarily cured in situ using ultraviolet (UV) radiation which limits the use of hydrogels as drug or cell carriers. Visible green light activated crosslinking systems are presented as a safe alternative to UV photocrosslinked hydrogels, without compromising material properties such as viscosity and stiffness. The objective of this study was to fabricate and characterize photocrosslinked hydrogels with well-regulated gelation kinetics and mechanical properties for the repair or replacement of soft tissue. An anhydrous methacrylation of hyaluronan (HA) was performed to control the degree of modification (DOM) of HA, verified by (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. UV-activated crosslinking was compared to visible green light activated crosslinking. While the different photocrosslinking techniques resulted in varied crosslinking times, comparable mechanical properties of UV and green light activated crosslinked hydrogels were achieved using each photocrosslinking method by adjusting time of light exposure. Methacrylated HA (HA-MA) hydrogels of varying molecular weight, DOM, and concentration exhibited compressive moduli ranging from 1 kPa to 116 kPa, for UV crosslinking, and 3 kPa to 146 kPa, for green light crosslinking. HA-MA molecular weight and concentration were found to significantly influence moduli values. HA-MA hydrogels did not exhibit any significant cytotoxic effects toward human mesenchymal stem cells. Green light activated crosslinking systems are presented as a viable method to form natural-based hydrogels in situ. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1229-1236, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer L Fenn
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Rachael A Oldinski
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering and College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.,Mechanical Engineering Program, School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Rey-Rico A, Venkatesan JK, Frisch J, Schmitt G, Monge-Marcet A, Lopez-Chicon P, Mata A, Semino C, Madry H, Cucchiarini M. Effective and durable genetic modification of human mesenchymal stem cells via controlled release of rAAV vectors from self-assembling peptide hydrogels with a maintained differentiation potency. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:118-27. [PMID: 25712390 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the release of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors from biocompatible materials is a novel, attractive approach to increase the residence time and effectiveness of a gene carrier at a defined target site. Self-assembling peptides have an ability to form stable hydrogels and encapsulate cells upon exposure to physiological pH and ionic strength. Here, we examined the capacity of the peptide hydrogel RAD16-I in a pure (RAD) form or combined with hyaluronic acid (RAD-HA) to release rAAV vectors as a means to genetically modify primary human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), a potent source of cells for regenerative medicine. Specifically, we demonstrate the ability of the systems to efficiently encapsulate and release rAAV vectors in a sustained, controlled manner for the effective transduction of hMSCs (up to 80%) without deleterious effects on cell viability (up to 100%) or on their potential for chondrogenic differentiation over time (up to 21days). The present study demonstrates that RAD16-I is an advantageous material with tunable properties to control the release of rAAV vectors as a promising tool to develop new, improved therapeutic approaches for tissue engineering in vivo.
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Li Z, Hou T, Deng M, Luo F, Wu X, Xing J, Chang Z, Xu J. The Osteogenetic Efficacy of Goat Bone Marrow-Enriched Self-Assembly Peptide/Demineralized Bone Matrix In Vitro and In Vivo. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1398-408. [PMID: 25518911 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Li
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyong Hou
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Moyuan Deng
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Luo
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuehui Wu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Junchao Xing
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengqi Chang
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- National & Regional United Engineering Lab of Tissue Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Center of Regenerative and Reconstructive Engineering Technology in Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory of Chongqing City, Chongqing, China
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Skardal A, Devarasetty M, Rodman C, Atala A, Soker S. Liver-Tumor Hybrid Organoids for Modeling Tumor Growth and Drug Response In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2361-73. [PMID: 25777294 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current in vitro models for tumor growth and metastasis are poor facsimiles of in vivo cancer physiology and thus, are not optimal for anti-cancer drug development. Three dimensional (3D) tissue organoid systems, which utilize human cells in a tailored microenvironment, have the potential to recapitulate in vivo conditions and address the drawbacks of current tissue culture dish 2D models. In this study, we created liver-based cell organoids in a rotating wall vessel bioreactor. The organoids were further inoculated with colon carcinoma cells in order to create liver-tumor organoids for in vitro modeling of liver metastasis. Immunofluorescent staining revealed notable phenotypic differences between tumor cells in 2D and inside the organoids. In 2D they displayed an epithelial phenotype, and only after transition to the organoids did the cells present with a mesenchymal phenotype. The cell surface marker expression results suggested that WNT pathway might be involved in the phenotypic changes observed between cells in 2D and organoid conditions, and may lead to changes in cell proliferation. Manipulating the WNT pathway with an agonist and antagonist showed significant changes in sensitivity to the anti-proliferative drug 5-fluoruracil. Collectively, the results show the potential of in vitro 3D liver-tumor organoids to serve as a model for metastasis growth and for testing the response of tumor cells to current and newly discovered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Skardal
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1094, USA
| | - Mahesh Devarasetty
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1094, USA
| | - Christopher Rodman
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1094, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1094, USA
| | - Shay Soker
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1094, USA.
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Visser J, Levett PA, te Moller NCR, Besems J, Boere KWM, van Rijen MHP, de Grauw JC, Dhert WJA, van Weeren PR, Malda J. Crosslinkable hydrogels derived from cartilage, meniscus, and tendon tissue. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1195-206. [PMID: 25557049 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decellularized tissues have proven to be versatile matrices for the engineering of tissues and organs. These matrices usually consist of collagens, matrix-specific proteins, and a set of largely undefined growth factors and signaling molecules. Although several decellularized tissues have found their way to clinical applications, their use in the engineering of cartilage tissue has only been explored to a limited extent. We set out to generate hydrogels from several tissue-derived matrices, as hydrogels are the current preferred cell carriers for cartilage repair. Equine cartilage, meniscus, and tendon tissue was harvested, decellularized, enzymatically digested, and functionalized with methacrylamide groups. After photo-cross-linking, these tissue digests were mechanically characterized. Next, gelatin methacrylamide (GelMA) hydrogel was functionalized with these methacrylated tissue digests. Equine chondrocytes and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) (both from three donors) were encapsulated and cultured in vitro up to 6 weeks. Gene expression (COL1A1, COL2A1, ACAN, MMP-3, MMP-13, and MMP-14), cartilage-specific matrix formation, and hydrogel stiffness were analyzed after culture. The cartilage, meniscus, and tendon digests were successfully photo-cross-linked into hydrogels. The addition of the tissue-derived matrices to GelMA affected chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs, although no consequent improvement was demonstrated. For chondrocytes, the tissue-derived matrix gels performed worse compared to GelMA alone. This work demonstrates for the first time that native tissues can be processed into crosslinkable hydrogels for the engineering of tissues. Moreover, the differentiation of encapsulated cells can be influenced in these stable, decellularized matrix hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jetze Visser
- 1 Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Sheehy EJ, Mesallati T, Vinardell T, Kelly DJ. Engineering cartilage or endochondral bone: a comparison of different naturally derived hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2015; 13:245-53. [PMID: 25463500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cartilaginous tissues engineered using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to generate bone in vivo by executing an endochondral programme. This may hinder the use of MSCs for articular cartilage regeneration, but opens the possibility of using engineered cartilaginous tissues for large bone defect repair. Hydrogels may be an attractive tool in the scaling-up of such tissue engineered grafts for endochondral bone regeneration. In this study, we compared the capacity of different naturally derived hydrogels (alginate, chitosan and fibrin) to support chondrogenesis and hypertrophy of MSCs in vitro and endochondral ossification in vivo. In vitro, alginate and chitosan constructs accumulated the highest levels of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), with chitosan constructs synthesizing the highest levels of collagen. Alginate and fibrin constructs supported the greatest degree of calcium accumulation, though only fibrin constructs calcified homogeneously. In vivo, chitosan constructs facilitated neither vascularization nor endochondral ossification, and also retained the greatest amount of sGAG, suggesting it to be a more suitable material for the engineering of articular cartilage. Both alginate and fibrin constructs facilitated vascularization and endochondral bone formation as well as the development of a bone marrow environment. Alginate constructs accumulated significantly more mineral and supported greater bone formation in central regions of the engineered tissue. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the capacity of chitosan hydrogels to promote and better maintain a chondrogenic phenotype in MSCs and highlights the potential of utilizing alginate hydrogels for MSC-based endochondral bone tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamon J Sheehy
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tariq Mesallati
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tatiana Vinardell
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Daniel J Kelly
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre (AMBER), Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Ravi M, Paramesh V, Kaviya SR, Anuradha E, Solomon FDP. 3D cell culture systems: advantages and applications. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:16-26. [PMID: 24912145 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 673] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures are important material of study for the variety of advantages that they offer. Both established continuous cell lines and primary cell cultures continue to be invaluable for basic research and for direct applications. Technological advancements are necessary to address emerging complex challenges and the way cells are cultured in vitro is an area of intense activity. One important advancement in cell culture techniques has been the introduction of three dimensional culture systems. This area is one of the fastest growing experimental approaches in life sciences. Augmented with advancements in cell imaging and analytical systems, as well as the applications of new scaffolds and matrices, cells have been increasingly grown as three dimensional models. Such cultures have proven to be closer to in vivo natural systems, thus proving to be useful material for many applications. Here, we review the three dimensional way of culturing cells, their advantages, the scaffolds and matrices currently available, and the applications of such cultures in major areas of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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Mehrabani D, Babazadeh M, Tanideh N, Zare S, Hoseinzadeh S, Torabinejad S, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O. The Healing Effect of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Full-thickness Femoral Articular Cartilage Defects of Rabbit. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2015; 6:165-75. [PMID: 26576262 PMCID: PMC4644569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage defect can lead to degradation of subchondral bone and osteoarthritis (OA). OBJECTIVE To determine the healing effect of transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) in full-thickness femoral articular cartilage defects in rabbit. METHODS 12 rabbits were equally divided into cell-treated and control groups. In cell-treated group, 2×10(6) cells of third passage suspended in 1 mL of DMEM was injected into articular defect. The control group just received 1 mL of DMEM. Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin and streptomycin and 2 mM L-glutamine were used for cell culture. To induce cartilage defect, 4 mm articular cartilage full-thickness defect was created in the knee. For histological evaluation in each group (H&E, safranin-O and toluidine blue), 3 rabbits were sacrificed 4 weeks and 3 animals, 8 weeks after cell transplantation. RESULTS In cell therapy group post-transplantation, no abnormal gross findings were noticed. Neo-formed tissues in cell-treated groups were translucent with a smooth and intact surface and less irregularity. In cell-treated group after 8 weeks post-transplantation, the overall healing score of experimental knees were superior when compared to other groups. CONCLUSION We showed that Ad-MSCs, as an available and non-invasive produced source of cells, could be safely administered in knee osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mehrabani
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M. Babazadeh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N. Tanideh
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Correspondence: Nader Tanideh, PhD, Assistant professor of pharmacology department,shiraz medical school at shiraz university of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Tel/Fax: +98-711-234-1025, E-mail:
| | - S. Zare
- Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Hoseinzadeh
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. Torabinejad
- Pathology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Fisher MB, Belkin NS, Milby AH, Henning EA, Bostrom M, Kim M, Pfeifer C, Meloni G, Dodge GR, Burdick JA, Schaer TP, Steinberg DR, Mauck RL. Cartilage repair and subchondral bone remodeling in response to focal lesions in a mini-pig model: implications for tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:850-60. [PMID: 25318414 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preclinical large animal models are essential for evaluating new tissue engineering (TE) technologies and refining surgical approaches for cartilage repair. Some preclinical animal studies, including the commonly used minipig model, have noted marked remodeling of the subchondral bone. However, the mechanisms underlying this response have not been well characterized. Thus, our objective was to compare in-vivo outcomes of chondral defects with varied injury depths and treatments. DESIGN Trochlear chondral defects were created in 11 Yucatan minipigs (6 months old). Groups included an untreated partial-thickness defect (PTD), an untreated full-thickness defect (FTD), and FTDs treated with microfracture, autologous cartilage transfer (FTD-ACT), or an acellular hyaluronic acid hydrogel. Six weeks after surgery, micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to quantitatively assess defect fill and subchondral bone remodeling. The quality of cartilage repair was assessed using the ICRS-II histological scoring system and immunohistochemistry for type II collagen. A finite element model (FEM) was developed to assess load transmission. RESULTS Using μCT, substantial bone remodeling was observed for all FTDs, but not for the PTD group. The best overall histological scores and greatest type II collagen staining was found for the FTD-ACT and PTD groups. The FEM confirmed that only the FTD-ACT group could initially restore appropriate transfer of compressive loads to the underlying bone. CONCLUSIONS The bony remodeling observed in this model system appears to be a biological phenomena and not a result of altered mechanical loading, with the depth of the focal chondral defect (partial vs. full thickness) dictating the bony remodeling response. The type of cartilage injury should be carefully controlled in studies utilizing this model to evaluate TE approaches for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Fisher
- 1 McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Encapsulation of Chondrocytes in High-Stiffness Agarose Microenvironments for In Vitro Modeling of Osteoarthritis Mechanotransduction. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:1132-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Smeriglio P, Dhulipala L, Lai JH, Goodman SB, Dragoo JL, Smith RL, Maloney WJ, Yang F, Bhutani N. Collagen VI enhances cartilage tissue generation by stimulating chondrocyte proliferation. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:840-9. [PMID: 25257043 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of human cartilage is inherently inefficient. Current cell-based approaches for cartilage repair, including autologous chondrocytes, are limited by the paucity of cells, associated donor site morbidity, and generation of functionally inferior fibrocartilage rather than articular cartilage. Upon investigating the role of collagen VI (Col VI), a major component of the chondrocyte pericellular matrix (PCM), we observe that soluble Col VI stimulates chondrocyte proliferation. Interestingly, both adult and osteoarthritis chondrocytes respond to soluble Col VI in a similar manner. The proliferative effect is, however, strictly due to the soluble Col VI as no proliferation is observed upon exposure of chondrocytes to immobilized Col VI. Upon short Col VI treatment in 2D monolayer culture, chondrocytes maintain high expression of characteristic chondrocyte markers like Col2a1, agc, and Sox9 whereas the expression of the fibrocartilage marker Collagen I (Col I) and of the hypertrophy marker Collagen X (Col X) is minimal. Additionally, Col VI-expanded chondrocytes show a similar potential to untreated chondrocytes in engineering cartilage in 3D biomimetic hydrogel constructs. Our study has, therefore, identified soluble Col VI as a biologic that can be useful for the expansion and utilization of scarce sources of chondrocytes, potentially for autologous chondrocyte implantation. Additionally, our results underscore the importance of further investigating the changes in chondrocyte PCM with age and disease and the subsequent effects on chondrocyte growth and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Smeriglio
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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75
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Emergence of scaffold-free approaches for tissue engineering musculoskeletal cartilages. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:543-54. [PMID: 25331099 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review explores scaffold-free methods as an additional paradigm for tissue engineering. Musculoskeletal cartilages-for example articular cartilage, meniscus, temporomandibular joint disc, and intervertebral disc-are characterized by low vascularity and cellularity, and are amenable to scaffold-free tissue engineering approaches. Scaffold-free approaches, particularly the self-assembling process, mimic elements of developmental processes underlying these tissues. Discussed are various scaffold-free approaches for musculoskeletal cartilage tissue engineering, such as cell sheet engineering, aggregation, and the self-assembling process, as well as the availability and variety of cells used. Immunological considerations are of particular importance as engineered tissues are frequently of allogeneic, if not xenogeneic, origin. Factors that enhance the matrix production and mechanical properties of these engineered cartilages are also reviewed, as the fabrication of biomimetically suitable tissues is necessary to replicate function and ensure graft survival in vivo. The concept of combining scaffold-free and scaffold-based tissue engineering methods to address clinical needs is also discussed. Inasmuch as scaffold-based musculoskeletal tissue engineering approaches have been employed as a paradigm to generate engineered cartilages with appropriate functional properties, scaffold-free approaches are emerging as promising elements of a translational pathway not only for musculoskeletal cartilages but for other tissues as well.
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Leyh M, Seitz A, Dürselen L, Schaumburger J, Ignatius A, Grifka J, Grässel S. Subchondral bone influences chondrogenic differentiation and collagen production of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:453. [PMID: 25296561 PMCID: PMC4209060 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0453-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by an imbalance in cartilage and underlying subchondral bone homeostasis. We hypothesized that signals from the subchondral bone may modulate production of matrix components, alter chondrogenic differentiation potential of cocultured bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) and induce a phenotypic shift in differentiated OA chondrocytes. Methods We established a novel coculture model between BMSC, mixed cultures (BMSC and chondrocytes) and chondrocytes embedded in fibrin gel with OA and normal subchondral bone explants (OAB and NB). Tissues and cells were either derived from OA or trauma patients. In addition, we used adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) from liposuction. With gene expression analysis, biochemical assays, immunofluorescence and biomechanical tests we characterized the properties of newly generated extracellular matrix (ECM) from chondrocytes and chondrogenically differentiating BMSC cocultured with OAB or NB in comparison with monocultures (cultures without bone explants). Results Overall, gene expression of collagens of OAB and NB cocultured cells was reduced compared to monocultures. Concomitantly, we observed significantly lower collagen I, II and III and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production in OAB cocultured cell lysates. In parallel, we detected increased concentrations of soluble GAGs and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in supernatants of OAB and NB cocultures mainly at early time points. IL-1ß concentration was increased in supernatants of OAB cocultures, but not in NB cocultures. Cell-free NB or OAB explants released different amounts of IL-1ß, bFGF and soluble GAG into cell culture supernatants. In comparison to cocultures, monocultures exhibited higher Young’s modulus and equilibrium modulus. Stimulation of monocultures with IL-1ß led to a downregulation of aggrecan (ACAN) gene expression and in general to induced matrix metalloprotease (MMP)2, MMP3 and MMP-13 gene expression while IL-6 and IL-8 stimulation partly reduced ACAN, MMP3 and MMP-13 gene expression. Conclusions Our results suggest an alteration of molecular composition and mechanical properties of the newly formed ECM in subchondral bone cocultures. We suggest that soluble factors, that is interleukins and bFGF, released in cocultures exert inhibitory effects on collagen and temporary effects on proteoglycan production, which finally results in a reduction of mechanical strength of newly formed fibrillar networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0453-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Miller RE, Grodzinsky AJ, Barrett MF, Hung HH, Frank EH, Werpy NM, McIlwraith CW, Frisbie DD. Effects of the combination of microfracture and self-assembling Peptide filling on the repair of a clinically relevant trochlear defect in an equine model. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014; 96:1601-9. [PMID: 25274785 PMCID: PMC4179451 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.m.01408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to test the ability of an injectable self-assembling peptide (KLD) hydrogel, with or without microfracture, to augment articular cartilage defect repair in an equine cartilage defect model involving strenuous exercise. METHODS Defects 15 mm in diameter were created on the medial trochlear ridge and debrided down to the subchondral bone. Four treatment groups (n = 8 each) were tested: no treatment (empty defect), only defect filling with KLD, only microfracture, and microfracture followed by filling with KLD. Horses were given strenuous exercise throughout the one-year study. Evaluations included lameness, arthroscopy, radiography, and gross, histologic, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and biomechanical analyses. RESULTS Overall, KLD-only treatment of defects provided improvement in clinical symptoms and improved filling compared with no treatment, and KLD-only treatment protected against radiographic changes compared with microfracture treatment. Defect treatment with only microfracture also resulted in improved clinical symptoms compared with no treatment, and microfracture treatment resulted in repair tissue containing greater amounts of aggrecan and type-II collagen compared with KLD-only treatment. Microfracture treatment also protected against synovial fibrosis compared with no treatment and KLD-only treatment. Treatment with the self-assembling KLD peptide in combination with microfracture resulted in no additional improvements over microfracture-only treatment. In general, the nature of the predominant tissue in the defects was a mix of noncartilaginous and fibrocartilage tissue, with no significant differences among the treatments. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of defects with only KLD or with only microfracture resulted in an improvement in clinical symptoms compared with no treatment; the improvement likely resulted from different causes depending on the treatment. Whereas microfracture improved the quality of repair tissue, KLD improved the amount of filling and protected against radiographic changes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Treatment of defects with only microfracture and with KLD only resulted in clinical improvements compared with untreated defects, despite differing with respect to the structural improvements that they induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E. Miller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison Street, Room 553A, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, MIT NE47-377, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Myra F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (M.F.B.) and Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences (C.W.M. and D.D.F.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523. E-mail address for D.D. Frisbie:
| | - Han-Hwa Hung
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, MIT NE47-377, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Eliot H. Frank
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, MIT NE47-377, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Natasha M. Werpy
- Department of Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, PO Box 100126, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - C. Wayne McIlwraith
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (M.F.B.) and Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences (C.W.M. and D.D.F.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523. E-mail address for D.D. Frisbie:
| | - David D. Frisbie
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (M.F.B.) and Orthopaedic Research Center, Department of Clinical Sciences (C.W.M. and D.D.F.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biological Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523. E-mail address for D.D. Frisbie:
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Smeriglio P, Lai JH, Dhulipala L, Behn AW, Goodman SB, Smith RL, Maloney WJ, Yang F, Bhutani N. Comparative potential of juvenile and adult human articular chondrocytes for cartilage tissue formation in three-dimensional biomimetic hydrogels. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:147-55. [PMID: 25054343 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of human articular cartilage is inherently limited and extensive efforts have focused on engineering the cartilage tissue. Various cellular sources have been studied for cartilage tissue engineering including adult chondrocytes, and embryonic or adult stem cells. Juvenile chondrocytes (from donors below 13 years of age) have recently been reported to be a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration. Previous studies have compared the potential of adult and juvenile chondrocytes or adult and osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. To comprehensively characterize the comparative potential of young, old, and diseased chondrocytes, here we examined cartilage formation by juvenile, adult, and OA chondrocytes in three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic hydrogels composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and chondroitin sulfate. All three human articular chondrocytes were encapsulated in the 3D biomimetic hydrogels and cultured for 3 or 6 weeks to allow maturation and extracellular matrix formation. Outcomes were analyzed using quantitative gene expression, immunofluorescence staining, biochemical assays, and mechanical testing. After 3 and 6 weeks, juvenile chondrocytes showed a greater upregulation of chondrogenic gene expression than adult chondrocytes, while OA chondrocytes showed a downregulation. Aggrecan and type II collagen deposition and glycosaminoglycan accumulation were high for juvenile and adult chondrocytes but not for OA chondrocytes. Similar trend was observed in the compressive moduli of the cartilage constructs generated by the three different chondrocytes. In conclusion, the juvenile, adult and OA chondrocytes showed differential responses in the 3D biomimetic hydrogels. The 3D culture model described here may also provide a useful tool to further study the molecular differences among chondrocytes from different stages, which can help elucidate the mechanisms for age-related decline in the intrinsic capacity for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera Smeriglio
- 1 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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79
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Mohanraj B, Meloni GR, Mauck RL, Dodge GR. A high-throughput model of post-traumatic osteoarthritis using engineered cartilage tissue analogs. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2014; 22:1282-90. [PMID: 24999113 PMCID: PMC4313617 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A number of in vitro models of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) have been developed to study the effect of mechanical overload on the processes that regulate cartilage degeneration. While such frameworks are critical for the identification therapeutic targets, existing technologies are limited in their throughput capacity. Here, we validate a test platform for high-throughput mechanical injury incorporating engineered cartilage. METHOD We utilized a high-throughput mechanical testing platform to apply injurious compression to engineered cartilage and determined their strain and strain rate dependent responses to injury. Next, we validated this response by applying the same injury conditions to cartilage explants. Finally, we conducted a pilot screen of putative PTOA therapeutic compounds. RESULTS Engineered cartilage response to injury was strain dependent, with a 2-fold increase in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss at 75% compared to 50% strain. Extensive cell death was observed adjacent to fissures, with membrane rupture corroborated by marked increases in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Testing of established PTOA therapeutics showed that pan-caspase inhibitor [Z-VAD-FMK (ZVF)] was effective at reducing cell death, while the amphiphilic polymer [Poloxamer 188 (P188)] and the free-radical scavenger [N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC)] reduced GAG loss as compared to injury alone. CONCLUSIONS The injury response in this engineered cartilage model replicated key features of the response of cartilage explants, validating this system for application of physiologically relevant injurious compression. This study establishes a novel tool for the discovery of mechanisms governing cartilage injury, as well as a screening platform for the identification of new molecules for the treatment of PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gregory R. Meloni
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO the Foundation, Davos, Switzerland,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George R. Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO the Foundation, Davos, Switzerland,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Address for Correspondence: George R. Dodge, Ph.D., McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36 Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Phone: (215) 898-8653, Fax: (215) 573-2133
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80
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Designer functionalised self-assembling peptide nanofibre scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. Expert Rev Mol Med 2014; 16:e12. [PMID: 25089851 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2014.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the limited regenerative capacity of cartilage tissue, cartilage repair remains a challenge in clinical treatment. Tissue engineering has emerged as a promising and important approach to repair cartilage defects. It is well known that material scaffolds are regarded as a fundamental element of tissue engineering. Novel biomaterial scaffolds formed by self-assembling peptides consist of nanofibre networks highly resembling natural extracellular matrices, and their fabrication is based on the principle of molecular self-assembly. Indeed, peptide nanofibre scaffolds have obtained much progress in repairing various damaged tissues (e.g. cartilage, bone, nerve, heart and blood vessel). This review outlines the rational design of peptide nanofibre scaffolds and their potential in cartilage tissue engineering.
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81
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Wang Y, Yuan M, Guo QY, Lu SB, Peng J. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Treating Articular Cartilage Defects and Osteoarthritis. Cell Transplant 2014; 24:1661-78. [PMID: 25197793 DOI: 10.3727/096368914x683485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage damage and osteoarthritis are the most common joint diseases. Joints are prone to damage caused by sports injuries or aging, and such damage regularly progresses to more serious joint disorders, including osteoarthritis, which is a degenerative disease characterized by the thinning and eventual wearing out of articular cartilage, ultimately leading to joint destruction. Osteoarthritis affects millions of people worldwide. Current approaches to repair of articular cartilage damage include mosaicplasty, microfracture, and injection of autologous chondrocytes. These treatments relieve pain and improve joint function, but the long-term results are unsatisfactory. The long-term success of cartilage repair depends on development of regenerative methodologies that restore articular cartilage to a near-native state. Two promising approaches are (i) implantation of engineered constructs of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-seeded scaffolds, and (ii) delivery of an appropriate population of MSCs by direct intra-articular injection. MSCs may be used as trophic producers of bioactive factors initiating regenerative activities in a defective joint. Current challenges in MSC therapy are the need to overcome current limitations in cartilage cell purity and to in vitro engineer tissue structures exhibiting the required biomechanical properties. This review outlines the current status of MSCs used in cartilage tissue engineering and in cell therapy seeking to repair articular cartilage defects and related problems. MSC-based technologies show promise when used to repair cartilage defects in joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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82
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Schmalz G, Gröppl F, Hiller KA, Galler KM. Three-Dimensional Human Cell Cultures for Cytotoxicity Testing of Dental Filling Materials. Acta Stomatol Croat 2014; 48:99-108. [PMID: 27688353 PMCID: PMC4872801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES So far, bovine immortalized pulp cells have been used as three dimensional cultures for cytotoxicity testing of filling materials in the dentin barrier test (DBT). In this study, the use of human pulp-derived cells was evaluated, which would better simulate the clinical situation, and a composite material with a new resin base was tested. MATERIALS AND METHODS SV40-transfected human pulp cells (tHPC) were cultured in hydrogels (fibrin, peptide, collagen) and mechanical properties and cell viability (MTT or WST-1) were determined. For cell cultures in collagen, a four week - proliferation assay was performed (WST-1). After 14 days of three-dimensional culture in collagen, tHPC were introduced into the DBT with 200 µm dentin disks. After a 24-hour incubation under perfusion (0.3 ml/h), the following materials were applied according to the manufacturers' instructions (1) President (Coltene): negative (non-toxic) control, (2) CaGPG14 (ISO 7405): positive (toxic) control, (3) Tetric EvoCeram (Ivoclar Vivadent) with Clearfil SEBond (Kuraray, reference material), (4) N´Durance (Sepodont, test material), (5) N´Durance with Clearfil SEBond. Cell viability was determined after 24-hour incubation (WST-1). The percentage of relative viability was calculated (negative control=100%) and statistically analyzed (Kruskal-Wallis-test, p<0.05). RESULTS Fibrin and peptide gels had insufficient mechanical properties for the DBT Collagen and appeared suitable for three-dimensional cell culture of tHPC for up to 21 days. The cultures could be transferred to the DBT device and results for controls were similar to previous tests with bovine cells. The DBT using tHPC in the collagen showed no statistically significant difference between the test material with and without the adhesive and the reference resin composite. CONCLUSIONS tHPC in collagen can replace bovine cells in the DBT. The tested filling material is not likely to cause pulp damage, if the pulp is covered by an intact dentin layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Schmalz
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, Germany
- School of Dental Medicine (ZMK Bern), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin M. Galler
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Regensburg, Germany
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Thote T, Lee EH, Ge Z, Yang Z. The influence of scaffold microstructure on chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomed Mater 2014; 9:035011. [PMID: 24818859 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/9/3/035011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Different forms of biomaterials, including microspheres, sponges, hydrogels and nanofibres have been broadly used in cartilage regeneration; however, effects of internal structures of biomaterials on chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) remain largely unexplored. Here we investigated the effect of physical microenvironments of sponges and hydrogels on chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. MSCs, cultured in these two scaffold systems, were induced with TGF-β3 in chondrogeneic differentiation medium and the chondrogenic differentiation was evaluated and compared after three weeks. MSCs in the sponges clustered with spindle morphologies, while they distributed homogenously with round morphologies in the hydrogel. The MSCs proliferated faster in the sponge compared to that in the hydrogel. Significantly higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen II were found in the sponges but not in the hydrogels. The different tissue formation ability of MSCs in these two systems could be attributed to the different metabolic requirements and the cellular events prerequisite in the chondrogenic process of MSCs. It is reasonable to conclude that sponges with relatively active microenvironments that facilitate cell-cell contacts and cell-matrix interaction are optimal for early stage of chondrogeneic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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84
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Kim JE, Lee SM, Kim SH, Tatman P, Gee AO, Kim DH, Lee KE, Jung Y, Kim SJ. Effect of self-assembled peptide-mesenchymal stem cell complex on the progression of osteoarthritis in a rat model. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9 Suppl 1:141-57. [PMID: 24872709 PMCID: PMC4024982 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s54114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) encapsulated in self-assembled peptide (SAP) hydrogels in a rat knee model for the prevention of osteoarthritis (OA) progression. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nanostructured KLD-12 SAPs were used as the injectable hydrogels. Thirty-three Sprague Dawley rats were used for the OA model. Ten rats were used for the evaluation of biotin-tagged SAP disappearance. Twenty-three rats were divided into four groups: MSC (n=6), SAP (n=6), SAP-MSC (n=6), and no treatment (n=5). MSCs, SAPs, and SAP-MSCs were injected into the knee joints 3 weeks postsurgery. Histologic examination, immunofluorescent staining, measurement of cytokine levels, and micro-computed tomography analysis were conducted 6 weeks after injections. Behavioral studies were done to establish baseline measurements before treatment, and repeated 3 and 6 weeks after treatment to measure the efficacy of SAP-MSCs. RESULTS Concentration of biotinylated SAP at week 1 was not significantly different from those at week 3 and week 6 (P=0.565). Bone mineral density was significantly lower in SAP-MSC groups than controls (P=0.002). Significant differences in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining between the control group and all other groups were observed. Caspase-8, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 were diffusely stained in controls, whereas localized or minimal staining was observed in other groups. Modified Mankin scores were significantly lower in the SAP and SAP-MSC groups than in controls (P=0.001 and 0.013). Although not statistically significant, synovial inflammation scores were lower in the SAP (1.3±0.3) and SAP-MSC (1.3±0.2) groups than in controls (2.6±0.2). However, neither the cytokine level nor the behavioral score was significantly different between groups. CONCLUSION Injection of SAP-MSC hydrogels showed evidence of chondroprotection, as measured by the histologic grading and decreased expression of biochemical markers of inflammation and apoptosis. It also lowered subchondral bone mineral density, which can be increased by OA. This suggests that the SAP-MSC complex may have clinical potential to inhibit OA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Mok Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Tatman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Albert O Gee
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA ; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Biomaterials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Jun Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
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85
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Murray IR, West CC, Hardy WR, James AW, Park TS, Nguyen A, Tawonsawatruk T, Lazzari L, Soo C, Péault B. Natural history of mesenchymal stem cells, from vessel walls to culture vessels. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:1353-74. [PMID: 24158496 PMCID: PMC11113613 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) can regenerate tissues by direct differentiation or indirectly by stimulating angiogenesis, limiting inflammation, and recruiting tissue-specific progenitor cells. MSCs emerge and multiply in long-term cultures of total cells from the bone marrow or multiple other organs. Such a derivation in vitro is simple and convenient, hence popular, but has long precluded understanding of the native identity, tissue distribution, frequency, and natural role of MSCs, which have been defined and validated exclusively in terms of surface marker expression and developmental potential in culture into bone, cartilage, and fat. Such simple, widely accepted criteria uniformly typify MSCs, even though some differences in potential exist, depending on tissue sources. Combined immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and cell culture have allowed tracking the artifactual cultured mesenchymal stem/stromal cells back to perivascular anatomical regions. Presently, both pericytes enveloping microvessels and adventitial cells surrounding larger arteries and veins have been described as possible MSC forerunners. While such a vascular association would explain why MSCs have been isolated from virtually all tissues tested, the origin of the MSCs grown from umbilical cord blood remains unknown. In fact, most aspects of the biology of perivascular MSCs are still obscure, from the emergence of these cells in the embryo to the molecular control of their activity in adult tissues. Such dark areas have not compromised intents to use these cells in clinical settings though, in which purified perivascular cells already exhibit decisive advantages over conventional MSCs, including purity, thorough characterization and, principally, total independence from in vitro culture. A growing body of experimental data is currently paving the way to the medical usage of autologous sorted perivascular cells for indications in which MSCs have been previously contemplated or actually used, such as bone regeneration and cardiovascular tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain R. Murray
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Christopher C. West
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Winters R. Hardy
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Aaron W. James
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alan Nguyen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lorenza Lazzari
- Cell Factory, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Departments of Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bruno Péault
- MRC Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- BHF Center for Cardiovascular Science, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Orthopedic Hospital Research Center and Broad Stem Cell Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Smith LJ, Gorth DJ, Showalter BL, Chiaro JA, Beattie EE, Elliott DM, Mauck RL, Chen W, Malhotra NR. In vitro characterization of a stem-cell-seeded triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:1841-9. [PMID: 24410394 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration is implicated as a major cause of low-back pain. There is a pressing need for new regenerative therapies for disc degeneration that restore native tissue structure and mechanical function. To that end we investigated the therapeutic potential of an injectable, triple-interpenetrating-network hydrogel comprised of dextran, chitosan, and teleostean, for functional regeneration of the nucleus pulposus (NP) of the intervertebral disc in a series of biomechanical, cytotoxicity, and tissue engineering studies. Biomechanical properties were evaluated as a function of gelation time, with the hydrogel reaching ∼90% of steady-state aggregate modulus within 10 h. Hydrogel mechanical properties evaluated in confined and unconfined compression were comparable to native human NP properties. To confirm containment within the disc under physiological loading, toluidine-blue-labeled hydrogel was injected into human cadaveric spine segments after creation of a nucleotomy defect, and the segments were subjected to 10,000 cycles of loading. Gross analysis demonstrated no implant extrusion, and further, that the hydrogel interdigitated well with native NP. Constructs were next surface-seeded with NP cells and cultured for 14 days, confirming lack of hydrogel cytotoxicity, with the hydrogel maintaining NP cell viability and promoting proliferation. Next, to evaluate the potential of the hydrogel to support cell-mediated matrix production, constructs were seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cultured under prochondrogenic conditions for up to 42 days. Importantly, the hydrogel maintained MSC viability and promoted proliferation, as evidenced by increasing DNA content with culture duration. MSCs differentiated along a chondrogenic lineage, evidenced by upregulation of aggrecan and collagen II mRNA, and increased GAG and collagen content, and mechanical properties with increasing culture duration. Collectively, these results establish the therapeutic potential of this novel hydrogel for functional regeneration of the NP. Future work will confirm the ability of this hydrogel to normalize the mechanical stability of cadaveric human motion segments, and advance the material toward human translation using preclinical large-animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan J Smith
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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87
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Chung JY, Song M, Ha CW, Kim JA, Lee CH, Park YB. Comparison of articular cartilage repair with different hydrogel-human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell composites in a rat model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:39. [PMID: 24646697 PMCID: PMC4055114 DOI: 10.1186/scrt427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present work was designed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of articular cartilage repair using composites of human umbilical cord blood derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) and four different hydrogels in a rat model. Methods Full-thickness articular cartilage defects were created at the trochlear groove of femur in both knees of rats. Composites of hUCB-MSCs and four different hydrogels (group A, 4% hyaluronic acid; group B, 3% alginate:30% pluronic (1:1, v/v); group C, 4% hyaluronic acid: 3% alginate: 20% pluronic (2:1:1, v/v}; and group D, 4% hyaluronic acid:3% alginate:20% pluronic;chitosan (4:1:1:2, v/v).) were then transplanted into right knee defect in each study group (five rats/group). Left knees were transplanted with corresponding hydrogels without hUCB-MSCs as controls. At 16 weeks post-transplantation, degrees of cartilage repair were evaluated macroscopically and histologically using Masson’s Trichrome, safranin-O, Sirius red staining, and type-II collagen immunostaining. Results Overall, group A with 4% hyaluronic acid hydrogel resulted in superior cartilage repair grossly and histologically and achieved a cellular arrangement and collagen organization pattern mimicking adjacent uninjured articular cartilage. Immunostaining and safranin-O staining also revealed that group A displayed the largest areas of type II collagen staining. Sirius red staining revealed that the organization pattern of collagen bundles was more similar to normal cartilage in group A. No evidence of rejection was found. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that hUCB-MSCs could be used to repair articular cartilage defects in vivo and that hyaluronic acid is an attractive hydrogel candidate for use in combination with hUCB-MSCs.
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Chen J, Li C, Wang S. Periodic heat shock accelerated the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in pellet culture. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91561. [PMID: 24632670 PMCID: PMC3954764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of diseases that seriously affect elderly people's quality of life. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) offer a potential promise for the joint repair in OA patients. However, chondrogenic differentiation from hMSCs in vitro takes a long time (∼6 weeks) and differentiated cells are still not as functionally mature as primary isolated chondrocytes, though chemical stimulations and mechanical loading have been intensively studied to enhance the hMSC differentiation. On the other hand, thermal stimulations of hMSC chondrogenesis have not been well explored. In this study, the direct effects of mild heat shock (HS) on the differentiation of hMSCs into chondrocytes in 3D pellet culture were investigated. Periodic HS at 41°C for 1 hr significantly increased sulfated glycosaminoglycan in 3D pellet culture at Day 10 of chondrogenesis. Immunohistochemical and Western Blot analyses revealed an increased expression of collagen type II and aggrecan in heat-shocked pellets than non heat-shocked pellets on Day 17 of chondrogenesis. In addition, HS also upregulated the expression of collagen type I and X as well as heat shock protein 70 on Day 17 and 24 of differentiation. These results demonstrate that HS accelerated the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs and induced an early maturation of chondrocytes differentiated from hMSCs. The results of this study will guide the design of future protocols using thermal treatments to facilitate cartilage regeneration with human mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Chenghai Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sihong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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89
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Zhu M, Feng Q, Bian L. Differential effect of hypoxia on human mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and hypertrophy in hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1333-40. [PMID: 24342044 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels provide a conducive 3-D environment that supports the chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The HA macromer concentration in the hydrogels has a significant impact on the chondrogenesis of the encapsulated MSCs due to changes in the physical properties of the hydrogels. Meanwhile, hypoxia has been shown to promote MSC chondrogenesis and suppress subsequent hypertrophy. This study investigates the combinatorial effect of tuning HA macromer concentration (1.5-5%w/v) and hypoxia on MSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy. To decouple the effect of HA concentration from that of crosslinking density, the HA hydrogel crosslinking density was adjusted by varying the extent of the reaction through the light exposure time while keeping the HA concentration constant (5%w/v at 5 or 15 min). It was found that hypoxia had no significant effect on the chondrogenesis and cartilaginous matrix synthesis of hMSCs under all hydrogel conditions. In contrast, the hypoxia-mediated positive or negative regulation of hMSC hypertrophy in HA hydrogels is dependent on the HA concentration but independent of the crosslinking density. Specifically, hypoxia significantly suppressed hMSC hypertrophy and neocartilage calcification in low HA concentration hydrogels, whereas hypoxia substantially enhanced hMSC hypertrophy, leading to elevated tissue calcification in high HA concentration hydrogels irrespective of their crosslinking density. In addition, at a constant high HA concentration, increasing hydrogel crosslinking density promoted hMSC hypertrophy and matrix calcification. To conclude, the findings from this study demonstrate that the effect of hypoxia on hMSC chondrogenesis and hypertrophy is differentially influenced by the encapsulating HA hydrogel properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Qian Feng
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liming Bian
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Shun Hing Institute of Advanced Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Xu G, Yin F, Wu H, Hu X, Zheng L, Zhao J. In vitro ovarian cancer model based on three-dimensional agarose hydrogel. J Tissue Eng 2014; 5:2041731413520438. [PMID: 24551446 PMCID: PMC3924902 DOI: 10.1177/2041731413520438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To establish a typical tumor model of ovarian cancer which may be more representative and reliable than traditional monolayer culture and pellet, agarose was used as cell vehicle to engineering tumor. Selection of agarose is based on its successful application in tissue engineering with both amenable mechanical and biological properties. In this study, ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3 was encapsulated in agarose hydrogel with cell aggregates and two-dimensional culture as controls. In vitro cell proliferation was assessed by MTT and cell viability was examined at time points of 2, 4, and 6 days. The expression of tumor malignancy markers including matrix metalloproteinase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor–A was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that cells proliferated more rapidly in three-dimensional agarose culture than controls. Furthermore, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity and increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor–A and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α were shown in agarose-engineered tumors. All the evidences demonstrated that agarose may provide a more favorable environment for cancer cell growth, mimicking the in vivo environment for tumor generation. The novel in vitro tumor model may be useful for the further investigation of anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojie Xu
- Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China ; Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fuqiang Yin
- The Medical and Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Huayu Wu
- Department of Cell Biology & Genetics, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China ; The Medical and Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- Osteopathy Ward, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China ; Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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91
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Handorf AM, Li WJ. Induction of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis through sequential administration of growth factors within specific temporal windows. J Cell Physiol 2013; 229:162-71. [PMID: 23996894 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are capable of differentiating into chondrocyte-like cells but fail to produce the quality or quantity of cartilage matrix compared to articular chondrocytes using current differentiation protocols. In this study, we aim to improve the chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs through the sequential administration of multiple growth factors (GFs). We began by looking at differentiating hMSCs' cell surface GF receptor expression every 3 days throughout differentiation using flow cytometry and found that not only was receptor expression dynamic throughout differentiation, but ligand sensitivity was positively correlated with receptor expression, suggesting that differentiating hMSCs may have varying GF requirements depending on their stage of differentiation. We then constructed GF sequences by administering several prochondrogenic GFs singly every 3 days throughout differentiation and assaying the expression of a variety of cartilage-related genes using qPCR. The resulting chondrocytic phenotype of sequentially induced hMSCs was then compared to that of hMSCs induced under standard culture conditions using qPCR, dimethylmethylene blue assay, and histology. We found that while the initial GF sequence was unable to improve hMSC chondrogenesis, withdrawal of GF treatment at Day 9 of differentiation in pellet culture vastly improved the success of differentiation beyond that induced by TGFβ1 alone. Additional modifications allowed us to further improve chondrogenesis to levels comparable to that obtained by co-administration of TGFβ1 and BMP7 throughout differentiation. Taken together, we demonstrated the ability to improve the chondrocytic phenotype of differentiated hMSCs through the sequential administration of multiple GFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Handorf
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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92
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Liao IC, Moutos FT, Estes BT, Zhao X, Guilak F. Composite three-dimensional woven scaffolds with interpenetrating network hydrogels to create functional synthetic articular cartilage. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2013; 23:5833-5839. [PMID: 24578679 PMCID: PMC3933181 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201300483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of synthetic biomaterials that possess mechanical properties that mimic those of native tissues remains an important challenge to the field of materials. In particular, articular cartilage is a complex nonlinear, viscoelastic, and anisotropic material that exhibits a very low coefficient of friction, allowing it to withstand millions of cycles of joint loading over decades of wear. Here we show that a three-dimensionally woven fiber scaffold that is infiltrated with an interpenetrating network hydrogel can provide a functional biomaterial that provides the load-bearing and tribological properties of native cartilage. An interpenetrating dual-network "tough-gel" consisting of alginate and polyacrylamide was infused into a porous three-dimensionally woven poly(ε-caprolactone) fiber scaffold, providing a versatile fiber-reinforced composite structure as a potential acellular or cell-based replacement for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Corresponding authors: Farshid Guilak, 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg., Box 3093, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA, Phone: 1-919-684-2521, Fax: 1-919-681-8490, , Xuanhe Zhao, 301A Hudson Hall, Box 90300, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA, Phone: 1-919-660-5441, Fax: 1-919-660-8963,
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Corresponding authors: Farshid Guilak, 375 Medical Sciences Research Bldg., Box 3093, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA, Phone: 1-919-684-2521, Fax: 1-919-681-8490, , Xuanhe Zhao, 301A Hudson Hall, Box 90300, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708 USA, Phone: 1-919-660-5441, Fax: 1-919-660-8963,
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93
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Maximizing cartilage formation and integration via a trajectory-based tissue engineering approach. Biomaterials 2013; 35:2140-8. [PMID: 24314553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the limitations of current surgical approaches to treat articular cartilage injuries, tissue engineering (TE) approaches have been aggressively pursued. Despite reproduction of key mechanical attributes of native tissue, the ability of TE cartilage constructs to integrate with native tissue must also be optimized for clinical success. In this paper, we propose a "trajectory-based" tissue engineering (TB-TE) approach, based on the hypothesis that time-dependent increases in construct maturation in-vitro prior to implantation (i.e. positive rates) may provide a reliable predictor of in-vivo success. As an example TE system, we utilized hyaluronic acid hydrogels laden with mesenchymal stem cells. We first modeled the maturation of these constructs in-vitro to capture time-dependent changes. We then performed a sensitivity analysis of the model to optimize the timing and amount of data collection. Finally, we showed that integration to cartilage in-vitro is not correlated to the maturation state of TE constructs, but rather their maturation rate, providing a proof-of-concept for the use of TB-TE to enhance treatment outcomes following cartilage injury. This new approach challenges the traditional TE paradigm of matching only native state parameters of maturity and emphasizes the importance of also establishing an in-vitro trajectory in constructs in order to improve the chance of in-vivo success.
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94
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Mohanraj B, Hou C, Meloni GR, Cosgrove BD, Dodge GR, Mauck RL. A high throughput mechanical screening device for cartilage tissue engineering. J Biomech 2013; 47:2130-6. [PMID: 24275442 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage enables efficient and near-frictionless load transmission, but suffers from poor inherent healing capacity. As such, cartilage tissue engineering strategies have focused on mimicking both compositional and mechanical properties of native tissue in order to provide effective repair materials for the treatment of damaged or degenerated joint surfaces. However, given the large number design parameters available (e.g. cell sources, scaffold designs, and growth factors), it is difficult to conduct combinatorial experiments of engineered cartilage. This is particularly exacerbated when mechanical properties are a primary outcome, given the long time required for testing of individual samples. High throughput screening is utilized widely in the pharmaceutical industry to rapidly and cost-effectively assess the effects of thousands of compounds for therapeutic discovery. Here we adapted this approach to develop a high throughput mechanical screening (HTMS) system capable of measuring the mechanical properties of up to 48 materials simultaneously. The HTMS device was validated by testing various biomaterials and engineered cartilage constructs and by comparing the HTMS results to those derived from conventional single sample compression tests. Further evaluation showed that the HTMS system was capable of distinguishing and identifying 'hits', or factors that influence the degree of tissue maturation. Future iterations of this device will focus on reducing data variability, increasing force sensitivity and range, as well as scaling-up to even larger (96-well) formats. This HTMS device provides a novel tool for cartilage tissue engineering, freeing experimental design from the limitations of mechanical testing throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Chieh Hou
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Gregory R Meloni
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Brian D Cosgrove
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - George R Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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95
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Levorson EJ, Mountziaris PM, Hu O, Kasper FK, Mikos AG. Cell-derived polymer/extracellular matrix composite scaffolds for cartilage regeneration, Part 1: investigation of cocultures and seeding densities for improved extracellular matrix deposition. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:340-57. [PMID: 24007559 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the coculture of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on electrospun fibrous polymer scaffolds to produce polymer/extracellular matrix (ECM) hybrid constructs with the objective of reducing the number of chondrocytes necessary to produce ample cartilage-like ECM within the scaffolds. To generate these hybrid constructs, electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone) fibrous scaffolds were seeded at both high and low initial densities with five different ratios of chondrocytes to MSCs: 1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, and 0:1, and cultured for 7, 14, and 21 days. Glycosaminoglycan production and distribution within the three coculture groups was similar to quantities generated by chondrocyte-only controls. Conversely, as the concentration of chondrocytes was increased, the collagen content of the constructs also increased at each time point, with a 1:1 chondrocyte to MSC ratio approximating the collagen production of chondrocytes alone. Histological staining suggested that cocultured constructs mimicked the well-distributed ECM patterns of chondrocyte generated constructs, while improving greatly over the restricted distribution of matrix within MSC-only constructs. These results support the capacity of cocultures of chondrocytes and MSCs to generate cartilaginous matrix within a polymeric scaffold. Further, the inclusion of MSCs in these cocultures enables the reduction of chondrocytes needed to produce cell-generated ECM.
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96
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Mohanraj B, Farran AJ, Mauck RL, Dodge GR. Time-dependent functional maturation of scaffold-free cartilage tissue analogs. J Biomech 2013; 47:2137-42. [PMID: 24262848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
One of the most critical parameters in cartilage tissue engineering which influences the clinical success of a repair therapy is the ability to match the load-bearing capacity of the tissue as it functions in vivo. While mechanical forces are known to positively influence the development of cartilage matrix architecture, these same forces can induce long-term implant failure due to poor integration or structural deficiencies. As such, in the design of optimal repair strategies, it is critical to understand the timeline of construct maturation and how the elaboration of matrix correlates with the development of mechanical properties. We have previously characterized a scaffold-free method to engineer cartilage utilizing primary chondrocytes cultured at high density in hydrogel-coated culture vessels to promote the formation of a self-aggregating cell suspension that condenses to form a cartilage-like biomass, or cartilage tissue analog (CTA). Chondrocytes in these CTAs maintain their cellular phenotype and deposit extracellular matrix to form a construct that has characteristics similar to native cartilage; however, the mechanical integrity of CTAs had not yet been evaluated. In this study, we found that chondrocytes within CTAs produced a robust matrix of proteoglycans and collagen that correlated with increasing mechanical properties and decreasing cell-matrix ratios, leading to properties that approached that of native cartilage. These results demonstrate a unique approach to generating a cartilage-like tissue without the complicating factor of scaffold, while showing increased compressive properties and matrix characteristics consistent with other approaches, including scaffold-based constructs. To further improve the mechanics of CTAs, studies are currently underway to explore the effect of hydrodynamic loading and whether these changes would be reflective of in vivo maturation in animal models. The functional maturation of cartilage tissue analogs as described here support this engineered cartilage model for use in clinical and experimental applications for repair and regeneration in joint-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra J Farran
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - George R Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Collaborative Research Partner Acute Cartilage Injury Program of AO Foundation, Davos, Switzerland.
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97
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Farrell MJ, Fisher MB, Huang AH, Shin JI, Farrell KM, Mauck RL. Functional properties of bone marrow-derived MSC-based engineered cartilage are unstable with very long-term in vitro culture. J Biomech 2013; 47:2173-82. [PMID: 24239005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The success of stem cell-based cartilage repair requires that the regenerate tissue reach a stable state. To investigate the long-term stability of tissue engineered cartilage constructs, we assessed the development of compressive mechanical properties of chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden three dimensional agarose constructs cultured in a well defined chondrogenic in vitro environment through 112 days. Consistent with previous reports, in the presence of TGF-β, chondrocytes outperformed MSCs through day 56, under both free swelling and dynamic culture conditions, with MSC-laden constructs reaching a plateau in mechanical properties between days 28 and 56. Extending cultures through day 112 revealed that MSCs did not simply experience a lag in chondrogenesis, but rather that construct mechanical properties never matched those of chondrocyte-laden constructs. After 56 days, MSC-laden constructs underwent a marked reversal in their growth trajectory, with significant declines in glycosaminoglycan content and mechanical properties. Quantification of viability showed marked differences in cell health between chondrocytes and MSCs throughout the culture period, with MSC-laden construct cell viability falling to very low levels at these extended time points. These results were not dependent on the material environment, as similar findings were observed in a photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel system that is highly supportive of MSC chondrogenesis. These data suggest that, even within a controlled in vitro environment that is conducive to chondrogenesis, there may be an innate instability in the MSC phenotype that is independent of scaffold composition, and may ultimately limit their application in functional cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Farrell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Matthew B Fisher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - John I Shin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kimberly M Farrell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Robert L Mauck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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98
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Mintz BR, Cooper JA. Hybrid hyaluronic acid hydrogel/poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffold provides mechanically favorable platform for cartilage tissue engineering studies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2918-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Mintz
- Musculoskeletal and Translational Tissue Engineering Research (MATTER) Laboratory; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York
| | - James A. Cooper
- Musculoskeletal and Translational Tissue Engineering Research (MATTER) Laboratory; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy New York
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99
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Freeman FE, Haugh MG, McNamara LM. Investigation of the optimal timing for chondrogenic priming of MSCs to enhance osteogenic differentiation in vitro as a bone tissue engineering strategy. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:E250-62. [PMID: 23922276 DOI: 10.1002/term.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent in vitro tissue engineering approaches have shown that chondrogenic priming of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can have a positive effect on osteogenesis in vivo. However, whether chondrogenic priming is an effective in vitro bone regeneration strategy is not yet known. In particular, the appropriate timing for chondrogenic priming in vitro is unknown albeit that in vivo cartilage formation persists for a specific period before bone formation. The objective of this study is to determine the optimum time for chondrogenic priming of MSCs to enhance osteogenic differentiation by MSCs in vitro. Pellets derived from murine and human MSCs were cultured in six different media groups: two control groups (chondrogenic and osteogenic) and four chondrogenic priming groups (10, 14, 21 and 28 days priming). Biochemical analyses (Hoechst, sulfate glycosaminoglycan (sGAG), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), calcium), histology (Alcian Blue, Alizarin Red) and immunohistochemistry (collagen types I, II and X) were performed on the samples at specific times. Our results show that after 49 days the highest amount of sGAG production occurred in MSCs chondrogenically primed for 21 days and 28 days. Moreover we found that chondrogenic priming of MSCs in vitro for specific amounts of time (14 days, 21 days) can have optimum influence on their mineralization capacity and can produce a construct that is mineralized throughout the core. Determining the optimum time for chondrogenic priming to enhance osteogenic differentiation in vitro provides information that might lead to a novel regenerative treatment for large bone defects, as well as addressing the major limitation of core degradation and construct failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Freeman
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland.,National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science (NCBES), NUI Galway, Ireland
| | - M G Haugh
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland.,National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science (NCBES), NUI Galway, Ireland
| | - L M McNamara
- Centre for Biomechanics Research (BMEC), Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, NUI Galway, Ireland.,National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science (NCBES), NUI Galway, Ireland
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100
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Mesallati T, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. A comparison of self-assembly and hydrogel encapsulation as a means to engineer functional cartilaginous grafts using culture expanded chondrocytes. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 20:52-63. [PMID: 23672760 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2013.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite an increased interest in the use of hydrogel encapsulation and cellular self-assembly (often termed "self-aggregating" or "scaffold-free" approaches) for tissue-engineering applications, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has been undertaken to directly compare both approaches for generating functional cartilaginous grafts. The objective of this study was to directly compare self-assembly (SA) and agarose hydrogel encapsulation (AE) as a means to engineer such grafts using passaged chondrocytes. Agarose hydrogels (5 mm diameter × 1.5 mm thick) were seeded with chondrocytes at two cell seeding densities (900,000 cells or 4 million cells in total per hydrogel), while SA constructs were generated by adding the same number of cells to custom-made molds. Constructs were either supplemented with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3 for 6 weeks, or only supplemented with TGF-β3 for the first 2 weeks of the 6 week culture period. The SA method was only capable of generating geometrically uniform cartilaginous tissues at high seeding densities (4 million cells). At these high seeding densities, we observed that total sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) and collagen synthesis was greater with AE than SA, with higher sGAG retention also observed in AE constructs. When normalized to wet weight, however, SA constructs exhibited significantly higher levels of collagen accumulation compared with agarose hydrogels. Furthermore, it was possible to engineer such functionality into these tissues in a shorter timeframe using the SA approach compared with AE. Therefore, while large numbers of chondrocytes are required to engineer cartilaginous grafts using the SA approach, it would appear to lead to the faster generation of a more hyaline-like tissue, with a tissue architecture and a ratio of collagen to sGAG content more closely resembling native articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Mesallati
- 1 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin, Ireland
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