51
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Brown JL, Morales V, Summers K. Home range size and location in relation to reproductive resources in poison frogs (Dendrobatidae): a Monte Carlo approach using GIS data. Anim Behav 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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52
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SLAVOV GT, LEONARDI S, BURCZYK J, ADAMS WT, STRAUSS SH, DIFAZIO SP. Extensive pollen flow in two ecologically contrasting populations ofPopulus trichocarpa. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:357-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.04016.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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53
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Brown JL, Morales V, Summers K. Tactical reproductive parasitism via larval cannibalism in Peruvian poison frogs. Biol Lett 2008; 5:148-51. [PMID: 19042178 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2008.0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an unusual example of reproductive parasitism in amphibians. Dendrobates variabilis, an Amazonian poison frog, oviposits at the surface of the water in small pools in plants and deposits tadpoles within the pools. Tadpoles are highly cannibalistic and consume young tadpoles if they are accessible. Deposition of embryos and tadpoles in the same pool is common. Genetic analyses indicate that tadpoles are frequently unrelated to embryos in the same pool. A pool choice experiment in the field demonstrated that males carrying tadpoles prefer to place them in pools with embryos, facilitating reproductive parasitism via cannibalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Brown
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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54
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OHTANI MASATO, TANI NAOKI, YOSHIMARU HIROSHI. Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Hibiscus glaberMatsum. ex Nakai, an endemic tree species of the oceanic Bonin Islands, Japan. Mol Ecol Resour 2008; 8:1316-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2008.02273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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55
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de Valpine P, Eadie J. Conspecific Brood Parasitism and Population Dynamics. Am Nat 2008; 172:547-62. [DOI: 10.1086/590956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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56
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Brown JL, Morales V, Summers K. Divergence in parental care, habitat selection and larval life history between two species of Peruvian poison frogs: an experimental analysis. J Evol Biol 2008; 21:1534-43. [PMID: 18811668 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the nature of the ecological resources exploited by a species can lead to the evolution of novel suites of behaviours. We identified a case in which the transition from large pool use to the use of very small breeding pools in neotropical poison frogs (family Dendrobatidae) is associated with the evolution of a suite of behaviours, including biparental care (from uniparental care) and social monogamy (from promiscuity). We manipulated breeding pool size in order to demonstrate experimentally that breeding habitat selection strategy has evolved in concert with changes in parental care and mating system. We also manipulated intra- and interspecific larval interactions to demonstrate that larval adaptation to the use of very small pools for breeding affected the evolution of larval competition and cannibalism. Our results illustrate the intimate connection between breeding pool ecology, parental care and mating strategies in Peruvian poison frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Brown
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA.
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57
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Oddou-Muratorio S, Vendramin GG, Buiteveld J, Fady B. Population estimators or progeny tests: what is the best method to assess null allele frequencies at SSR loci? CONSERV GENET 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-008-9648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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58
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SUMMERS KYLE, EARN DAVIDJD. The cost of polygyny and the evolution of female care in poison frogs. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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59
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Space Use of Amazonian Poison Frogs: Testing the Reproductive Resource Defense Hypothesis. J HERPETOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1670/07-1031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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60
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Pérez-Espona S, Pérez-Barbería FJ, McLeod JE, Jiggins CD, Gordon IJ, Pemberton JM. Landscape features affect gene flow of Scottish Highland red deer (Cervus elaphus). Mol Ecol 2008; 17:981-96. [PMID: 18261043 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Landscape features have been shown to strongly influence dispersal and, consequently, the genetic population structure of organisms. Studies quantifying the effect of landscape features on gene flow of large mammals with high dispersal capabilities are rare and have mainly been focused at large geographical scales. In this study, we assessed the influence of several natural and human-made landscape features on red deer gene flow in the Scottish Highlands by analysing 695 individuals for 21 microsatellite markers. Despite the relatively small scale of the study area (115 x 87 km), significant population structure was found using F-statistics (F(ST) = 0.019) and the program structure, with major differentiation found between populations sampled on either side of the main geographical barrier (the Great Glen). To assess the effect of landscape features on red deer population structure, the ArcMap GIS was used to create cost-distance matrices for moving between populations, using a range of cost values for each of the landscape features under consideration. Landscape features were shown to significantly affect red deer gene flow as they explained a greater proportion of the genetic variation than the geographical distance between populations. Sea lochs were found to be the most important red deer gene flow barriers in our study area, followed by mountain slopes, roads and forests. Inland lochs and rivers were identified as landscape features that might facilitate gene flow of red deer. Additionally, we explored the effect of choosing arbitrary cell cost values to construct least cost-distance matrices and described a method for improving the selection of cell cost values for a particular landscape feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pérez-Espona
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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61
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Giraldeau LA, Dubois F. Chapter 2 Social Foraging and the Study of Exploitative Behavior. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(08)00002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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62
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Gopurenko D, Williams RN, DeWoody JA. Reproductive and Mating Success in the Small-Mouthed Salamander (Ambystoma texanum) Estimated via Microsatellite Parentage Analysis. Evol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-007-9009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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63
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Coltman DW, Stenson G, Hammill MO, Haug T, Davis CS, Fulton TL. Panmictic population structure in the hooded seal (Cystophora cristata). Mol Ecol 2007; 16:1639-48. [PMID: 17402979 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two putative populations of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) occur in the North Atlantic. The Greenland Sea population pup and breed on the pack ice near Jan Mayen ('West Ice') while the Northwest Atlantic population is thought to pup in the Davis Strait, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (the 'Gulf'), and off southern Labrador or northeast Newfoundland (the 'Front'). We used microsatellite profiling of 300 individuals at 13 loci and mitochondrial DNA sequencing of the control region of 123 individuals to test for genetic differentiation between these four breeding herds. We found no significant genetic differences between breeding areas, nor evidence for cryptic nor higher level genetic structure in this species. The Greenland Sea breeding herd was genetically most distant from the Northwest Atlantic breeding areas; however, the differences were statistically nonsignificant. Our data therefore suggest that the world's hooded seals comprise a single panmictic genetic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.
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64
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Hanaoka S, Yuzurihara J, Asuka Y, Tomaru N, Tsumura Y, Kakubari Y, Mukai Y. Pollen-mediated gene flow in a small, fragmented natural population of Fagus crenata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1139/b07-036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pollen-mediated gene flow was analyzed in a small, fragmented, natural population of Fagus crenata Blume by surveying five microsatellite markers in seedlings derived from open-pollinated crosses. Paternity of 162 seedlings derived from two maternal trees was assigned by the maximum-likelihood method using CERVUS 2.0, and pollen dispersal patterns within the study site were determined. Most of the trees within the site sired seeds, although we found evidence of limited pollen-mediated gene flow from outside the stand; 92% of the matings that generated the seedlings occurred between trees within the population, and 8% of the matings were mediated by pollen derived from trees located outside the study site. Although the pollen-mediated gene flow within the site was not strongly limited, mating frequencies of paternal trees were found to be weakly negatively correlated with their distance from the mother trees, positively correlated with their stem diameter at breast height, and uncorrelated with their relatedness to the mother trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hanaoka
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jungo Yuzurihara
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yamashita Asuka
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Tomaru
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Tsumura
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kakubari
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Mukai
- Laboratory of Forest Molecular Ecology, United Graduate School of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Physiology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Institute of Forest Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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65
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Kempenaers B. Mate Choice and Genetic Quality: A Review of the Heterozygosity Theory. ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF BEHAVIOR 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3454(07)37005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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66
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Pöysä H, Pesonen M. Nest Predation and the Evolution of Conspecific Brood Parasitism: From Risk Spreading to Risk Assessment. Am Nat 2007; 169:94-104. [PMID: 17206588 DOI: 10.1086/509943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Conspecific brood parasitism (CBP) is a taxonomically widespread reproductive tactic. One of the earliest hypotheses put forward to explain the evolution of CBP was "risk spreading"; that is, by laying eggs in more than one nest, parasites may increase the likelihood that at least one offspring will survive to independence. However, the risk spreading hypothesis, based on the assumptions of random nest predation and random selection of target nests by parasites, was theoretically refuted soon after its appearance. New results from the common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) have revealed that nests are not predated at random and that parasites preferentially lay in safe nests. By taking into account these findings and by modifying accordingly the basic assumptions of the earlier model that refuted the risk spreading hypothesis, we built a model to address the role of nest predation in the evolution of CBP. Model simulations revealed that the selective advantage of parasitic laying, related to nest predation, is much higher than previously thought. Furthermore, the invasion probability of parasitic tactic when initially rare was reasonably high within our model framework. We show that the use of risk assessing, instead of random risk spreading, makes parasitic laying evolutionarily advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Pöysä
- Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Joensuu Game and Fisheries Research, Yliopistokatu 6, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland.
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67
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Carlsson J, Morrison CL, Reece KS. Wild and aquaculture populations of the eastern oyster compared using microsatellites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 97:595-8. [PMID: 17071849 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esl034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Five new microsatellite markers were developed for the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and allelic variability was compared between a wild Chesapeake Bay population (James River) and a hatchery strain (DEBY). All loci amplified readily and demonstrated allelic variability with the number of alleles ranging from 16 to 36 in the wild population and from 11 to 19 in the DEBY strain. Average observed and expected heterozygosities were estimated at 0.66 and 0.80 in the hatchery sample. The corresponding estimates were 0.91 and 0.75 in the wild sample. Results indicated lower genetic variability in the DEBY strain and significant genetic differentiation between the wild population and hatchery strain. These microsatellite loci will prove valuable for future population genetic studies and in tracking of hatchery strains used in restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Carlsson
- School of Marine Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062-1346, USA.
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68
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Offering offspring as food to cannibals: oviposition strategies of Amazonian poison frogs (Dendrobates ventrimaculatus). Evol Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-006-9000-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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69
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Wagner AP, Creel S, Kalinowski ST. Estimating relatedness and relationships using microsatellite loci with null alleles. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 97:336-45. [PMID: 16868566 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatedness is often estimated from microsatellite genotypes that include null alleles. When null alleles are present, observed genotypes represent one of several possible true genotypes. If null alleles are detected, but analyses do not adjust for their presence (ie, observed genotypes are treated as true genotypes), then estimates of relatedness and relationship can be incorrect. The number of loci available in many wildlife studies is limited, and loci with null alleles are commonly a large proportion of data that cannot be discarded without substantial loss of power. To resolve this problem, we present a new approach for estimating relatedness and relationships from data sets that include null alleles. Once it is recognized that the probability of the observed genotypes is dependent on the probabilities of a limited number of possible true genotypes, the required adjustments are straightforward. The concept can be applied to any existing estimators of relatedness and relationships. We review established maximum likelihood estimators and apply the correction in that setting. In an application of the corrected method to data from striped hyenas, we demonstrate that correcting for the presence of null alleles affect results substantially. Finally, we use simulated data to confirm that this method works better than two common approaches, namely ignoring the presence of null alleles or discarding affected loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Wagner
- Department of Ecology, 310 Lewis Hall, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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70
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Kalinowski ST, Taper ML. Maximum likelihood estimation of the frequency of null alleles at microsatellite loci. CONSERV GENET 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-006-9134-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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71
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Pöysä H. Public information and conspecific nest parasitism in goldeneyes: targeting safe nests by parasites. Behav Ecol 2006. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arj049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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72
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Vonhof MJ, Barber D, Fenton MB, Strobeck C. A tale of two siblings: multiple paternity in big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) demonstrated using microsatellite markers. Mol Ecol 2005; 15:241-7. [PMID: 16367843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In many bat species, the opportunity for sperm competition or other mechanisms of post-copulatory paternity biasing is thought to be great, due to the long delay between copulation and fertilization, demonstrated sperm storage capabilities, and observed promiscuity. We present the results of the first study to assess whether litters of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) containing dizygotic twins share the same father. We sampled 26 mother-offspring triads from three colonies in Indiana and Illinois, as well as 299 additional adults (237 females and 62 males) from these colonies and six other maternity colonies in the same area in 1997-1998. All individuals were genotyped at nine highly variable autosomal microsatellite loci and one X-linked locus. We assessed multiple paternity using autosomal and X-linked locus exclusions, and using maximum-likelihood methods. All methods confirmed multiple paternity within litters, and the maximum-likelihood analyses indicated that almost half of the sampled litters were composed of maternal half-siblings rather than full-siblings. Our results highlight the potential importance of post-copulatory mechanisms of paternity determination in the mating system of big brown bats, and have important implications for gene flow and population structuring in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Vonhof
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5410, USA.
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73
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74
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The effects of controlled propagation on an endangered species: genetic differentiation and divergence in body size among native and captive populations of the Socorro Isopod (Crustacea: Flabellifera). CONSERV GENET 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-005-5003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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75
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FUKATSU E, ISODA K, HIRAO T, TAKAHASHI M, WATANABE A. Development and characterization of simple sequence repeat DNA markers for Zelkova serrata. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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76
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Krützen M, Barré LM, Connor RC, Mann J, Sherwin WB. 'O father: where art thou?'--Paternity assessment in an open fission-fusion society of wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay, Western Australia. Mol Ecol 2005; 13:1975-90. [PMID: 15189218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sexually mature male bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay cooperate by pursuing distinct alliance strategies to monopolize females in reproductive condition. We present the results of a comprehensive study in a wild cetacean population to test whether male alliance membership is a prerequisite for reproductive success. We compared two methods for inferring paternity: both calculate a likelihood ratio, called the paternity index, between two opposing hypotheses, but they differ in the way that significance is applied to the data. The first method, a Bayesian approach commonly used in human paternity testing, appeared to be overly conservative for our data set, but would be less susceptible to assumptions if a larger number of microsatellite loci had been used. Using the second approach, the computer program cervus 2.0, we successfully assigned 11 paternities to nine males, and 17 paternities to 14 out of 139 sexually mature males at 95% and 80% confidence levels, respectively. It appears that being a member of a bottlenose dolphin alliance is not a prerequisite for paternity: two paternities were obtained by juvenile males (one at the 95%, the other at the 80% confidence level), suggesting that young males without alliance partners pursue different mating tactics to adults. Likelihood analyses showed that these two juvenile males were significantly more likely to be the true father of the offspring than to be their half-sibling (P < 0.05). Using paternity data at an 80% confidence level, we could show that reproductive success was significantly skewed within at least some stable first-order alliances (P < 0.01). Interestingly, there is powerful evidence that one mating was incestuous, with one calf apparently fathered by its mother's father (P < 0.01). Our study suggests that the reproductive success of both allied males, and of nonallied juveniles, needs to be incorporated into an adaptive framework that seeks to explain alliance formation in male bottlenose dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krützen
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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77
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No evidence for acoustic mate-guarding in duetting buff-breasted wrens (Thryothorus leucotis). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-004-0893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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78
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Abstract
Microsatellite markers are quickly becoming the molecular marker of choice for studies of parentage and kinship in animals. In this chapter, we review methods and give protocols for screening potential microsatellite markers, as well as protocols for genotyping individuals with useful markers once they have been identified. In addition, we explain how microsatellites can be used to assess parentage and kinship, give basic analytical methods, and briefly review more sophisticated approaches that can be used to circumvent many of the problems that arise in any real empirical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Webster
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236, USA
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79
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Webster MS, Tarvin KA, Tuttle EM, Pruett-Jones S. Reproductive promiscuity in the splendid fairy-wren: effects of group size and auxiliary reproduction. Behav Ecol 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arh093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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80
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VAN OOSTERHOUT COCK, HUTCHINSON WILLIAMF, WILLS DEREKPM, SHIPLEY PETER. micro-checker: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7956] [Impact Index Per Article: 397.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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81
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Abstract
Highly polymorphic microsatellite markers are widely employed in population genetic analyses (eg, of biological parentage and mating systems), but one potential drawback is the presence of null alleles that fail to amplify to detected levels in the PCR assays. Here we examine 233 published articles in which authors reported the suspected presence of one or more microsatellite null alleles, and we review how these purported nulls were detected and handled in the data analyses. We also employ computer simulations and analytical treatments to determine how microsatellite null alleles might impact molecular parentage analyses. The results indicate that whereas null alleles in frequencies typically reported in the literature introduce rather inconsequential biases on average exclusion probabilities, they can introduce substantial errors into empirical assessments of specific mating events by leading to high frequencies of false parentage exclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Dakin
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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82
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Slavov GT, Howe GT, Yakovlev I, Edwards KJ, Krutovskii KV, Tuskan GA, Carlson JE, Strauss SH, Adams WT. Highly variable SSR markers in Douglas-fir: Mendelian inheritance and map locations. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 108:873-880. [PMID: 14625671 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-003-1490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two highly variable SSR markers were developed in Douglas-fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] from five SSR-enriched genomic libraries. Fifteen PCR primer pairs amplified a single codominant locus, while seven primer pairs occasionally amplified two loci. The Mendelian inheritance of all 22 SSRs was confirmed via segregation analyses in several Douglas-fir families. The mean observed heterozygosity and the mean number of alleles per locus were 0.855 (SE=0.020) and 23 (SE=1.6), respectively. Twenty markers were used in genetic linkage analysis and mapped to ten known linkage groups. Because of their high polymorphism and unambiguous phenotypes, 15 single-locus markers were selected as the most suitable for DNA fingerprinting and parentage analysis. Only three SSRs were sufficient to achieve an average probability of exclusion from paternity of 0.998 in a Douglas-fir seed orchard block consisting of 59 parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Slavov
- Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA.
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83
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Garner TWJ, Pearman PB, Angelone S. Genetic diversity across a vertebrate species’ range: a test of the central-peripheral hypothesis. Mol Ecol 2004; 13:1047-53. [PMID: 15078443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2004.02119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although it has been long presumed that population genetic variability should decrease as a species' range margin is approached, results of empirical investigations remain ambiguous. Sampling strategies employed by many of these studies have not adequately sampled the entire range. Here we present the results of an investigation of population genetic diversity in a vertebrate species, the Italian agile frog, Rana latastei, sampled comprehensively across its entire range. Our results show that genetic variability is not correlated with population location with respect to the range periphery. Instead, the model that best explains the genetic variation detectable across the range is based on an east-to-west gradient of declining diversity. Although we cannot state definitively what has led to this distribution, the most likely explanation is that the range of Rana latastei expanded postglacially from a Balkan refugium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trenton W J Garner
- Zoologisches Institut, Universität Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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84
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Roques S, Díaz-Paniagua C, Andreu AC. Microsatellite markers reveal multiple paternity and sperm storage in the Mediterranean spur-thighed tortoise, Testudo graeca. CAN J ZOOL 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/z03-228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca) is a terrestrial species in which multiple mating is frequently observed. We assessed the probability of multiple paternity in clutches (n = 15) laid by eight females, including successive clutches. Paternity was determined by microsatellite analyses at three loci. A large number of alleles per locus (n = 15–22) provided high probabilities of detecting multiple paternity, particularly at all loci combined (P = 0.989). Multiple paternity was found in 20% of the clutches in which offspring displayed more than two paternal alleles. However, this frequency may have been underestimated, given the small clutch sizes and the few loci used. Also, T. graeca is able to store sperm from single or multiple matings and can use it to fertilize subsequent clutches of eggs, as indicated by the fact that the second clutch of a captive female was sired by a different male and that clutches of another female were multiply sired by the same males. These results confirm that multiple paternity exists in T. graeca and that sperm storage in this species may be an important reproductive strategy to fertilize multiple clutches per year.
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85
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Krützen M, Sherwin WB, Connor RC, Barré LM, Van de Casteele T, Mann J, Brooks R. Contrasting relatedness patterns in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) with different alliance strategies. Proc Biol Sci 2003; 270:497-502. [PMID: 12641904 PMCID: PMC1691270 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Male bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.) in Shark Bay have one of the most complex male societies outside humans. Two broad mating strategies have been identified in males. In the first strategy, there are two types of alliances: stable 'first-order' pairs and trios that herd individual females in reproductive condition, and 'second-order' teams of two first-order alliances (five or six individuals) that join forces against rivals in contests for females. In the alternative strategy, a 'super-alliance' of ca. 14 individuals, males form pairs or trios to herd females, but in contrast to the stable alliances, these pairs and trios are highly labile. Here, we show that males in stable first-order alliances and the derived second-order alliances are often strongly related, so that they may gain inclusive fitness benefits from alliance membership. By contrast, members of the super-alliance are no more closely related than expected by chance. Further, the strength of the association of alliance partners within the super-alliance, as measured by an index of joint participation in consorting a female, was not correlated with their genetic relatedness. Thus, within one population and one sex, it appears that there may be simultaneous operation of more than one mode of group formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Krützen
- School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia.
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86
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Storz JF, Ramakrishnan U, Alberts SC. Genetic effective size of a wild primate population: influence of current and historical demography. Evolution 2002; 56:817-29. [PMID: 12038539 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive assessment of the determinants of effective population size (N(e)) requires estimates of variance in lifetime reproductive success and past changes in census numbers. For natural populations, such information can be best obtained by combining longitudinal data on individual life histories and genetic marker-based inferences of demographic history. Independent estimates of the variance effective size (N(ev), obtained from life-history data) and the inbreeding effective size (N((eI), obtained from genetic data) provide a means of disentangling the effects of current and historical demography. The purpose of this study was to assess the demographic determinants of N(e) in one of the most intensively studied natural populations of a vertebrate species: the population of savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Amboseli Basin, southern Kenya. We tested the hypotheses that N(eV) < N < N(eI) (where N = population census number) due to a recent demographic bottleneck. N(eV) was estimated using a stochastic demographic model based on detailed life-history data spanning a 28-year period. Using empirical estimates of age-specific rates of survival and fertility for both sexes, individual-based simulations were used to estimate the variance in lifetime reproductive success. The resultant values translated into an N(eV)/N estimate of 0.329 (SD = 0.116, 95% CI = 0.172-0.537). Historical N(eI), was estimated from 14-locus microsatellite genotypes using a coalescent-based simulation model. Estimates of N(eI) were 2.2 to 7.2 times higher than the contemporary census number of the Amboseli baboon population. In addition to the effects of immigration, the disparity between historical N(eI) and contemporary N is likely attributable to the time lag between the recent drop in census numbers and the rate of increase in the average probability of allelic identity-by-descent. Thus, observed levels of genetic diversity may primarily reflect the population's prebottleneck history rather than its current demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay F Storz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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87
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Bekkevold D, Hansen MM, Loeschcke V. Male reproductive competition in spawning aggregations of cod (Gadus morhua, L.). Mol Ecol 2002; 11:91-102. [PMID: 11903907 DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive competition may lead to a large skew in reproductive success among individuals. Very few studies have analysed the paternity contribution of individual males in spawning aggregations of fish species with huge census population sizes. We quantified the variance in male reproductive success in spawning aggregations of cod under experimental conditions over an entire spawning season. Male reproductive success was estimated by microsatellite-based parentage analysis of offspring produced in six separate groups of spawning cod. In total, 1340 offspring and 102 spawnings distributed across a spawning season were analysed. Our results show that multiple males contributed sperm to most spawnings but that paternity frequencies were highly skewed among males, with larger males on average siring higher proportions of offspring. It was further indicated that male reproductive success was dependent on the magnitude of the size difference between a female and a male. We discuss our results in relation to the cod mating system. Finally, we suggest that the highly skewed distribution of paternity success observed in cod may be a factor contributing to the low effective population size/census population size ratios observed in many marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bekkevold
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Ecology & Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Arhus C, Denmark.
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88
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Storz JF, Ramakrishnan U, Alberts SC. GENETIC EFFECTIVE SIZE OF A WILD PRIMATE POPULATION: INFLUENCE OF CURRENT AND HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY. Evolution 2002. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[0817:gesoaw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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89
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Lawler RR, Richard AF, Riley MA. Characterization and screening of microsatellite loci in a wild lemur population (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi). Am J Primatol 2001; 55:253-9. [PMID: 11748696 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen dinucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from the genome of Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi. All loci were polymorphic when genotyped on a minimum of 16 animals. The number of alleles across these loci ranges from two to 11. Additionally, seven of these loci were genotyped across a minimum of 200 animals in order to estimate heterozygosity and their potential for parentage assignment in this population. Using these seven loci, the mean heterozygosity in this population is 0.705, and the combined probability of these seven loci to exclude a random individual from parentage, when one parent is known, is 0.996. These data suggest that these loci will be useful for estimating a variety of population genetic and genealogical parameters in P. v. verreauxi populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Lawler
- Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8277, USA.
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90
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Amos W, Worthington Wilmer J, Kokko H. Do female grey seals select genetically diverse mates? Anim Behav 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2001.1739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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91
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Storz JF, Bhat HR, Kunz TH. Genetic consequences of polygyny and social structure in an Indian fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. II. Variance in male mating success and effective population size. Evolution 2001; 55:1224-32. [PMID: 11475058 DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Variance in reproductive success is a primary determinant of genetically effective population size (Ne), and thus has important implications for the role of genetic drift in the evolutionary dynamics of animal taxa characterized by polygynous mating systems. Here we report the results of a study designed to test the hypothesis that polygynous mating results in significantly reduced Ne in an age-structured population. This hypothesis was tested in a natural population of a harem-forming fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in western India. The influence of the mating system on the ratio of variance Ne to adult census number (N) was assessed using a mathematical model designed for age-structured populations that incorporated demographic and genetic data. Male mating success was assessed by means of direct and indirect paternity analysis using 10-locus microsatellite genotypes of adults and progeny from two consecutive breeding periods (n = 431 individually marked bats). Combined results from both analyses were used to infer the effective number of male parents in each breeding period. The relative proportion of successfully reproducing males and the size distribution of paternal sibships comprising each offspring cohort revealed an extremely high within-season variance in male mating success (up to 9.2 times higher than Poisson expectation). The resultant estimate of Ne/N for the C. sphinx study population was 0.42. As a result of polygynous mating, the predicted rate of drift (1/2Ne per generation) was 17.6% higher than expected from a Poisson distribution of male mating success. However, the estimated Ne/N was well within the 0.25-0.75 range expected for age-structured populations under normal demographic conditions. The life-history schedule of C. sphinx is characterized by a disproportionately short sexual maturation period scaled to adult life span. Consequently, the influence of polygynous mating on Ne/N is mitigated by the extensive overlap of generations. In C. sphinx, turnover of breeding males between seasons ensures a broader sampling of the adult male gamete pool than expected from the variance in mating success within a single breeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Storz
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
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92
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Abstract
The relative success of chimpanzee male mating strategies, the role of male dominance rank and the success of inbreeding avoidance behaviour can only be assessed when paternities are known. We report the probable paternities of 14 chimpanzees included in a long-term behavioural study of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Gombe National Park, Tanzania. DNA samples were collected noninvasively from shed hair and faeces and genotyped using 13-16 microsatellite loci characterized in humans. All 14 offspring could be assigned to fathers within the community. While there is a positive relationship between male rank and reproductive success, we demonstrate that a range of male mating strategies (possessiveness, opportunistic mating and consortships) can lead to paternity across all male ranks. Several adult females were at risk of breeding with close male relatives. Most successfully avoided close inbreeding but in one case a high-ranking male in the community mated with his mother and produced an offspring. In contrast to recent data on chimpanzees (P. t. verus) from the Taï forest, Côte d'Ivoire, no evidence of extra-group paternity was observed in our study. Reanalysis of Taï data using a likelihood approach casts doubt on the occurrence of extra-group paternity in that community as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Constable
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour, University of Minnesota, Room 100 Ecology, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, ISA
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93
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rPatterns of mtDNA and microsatellite variation in an island and mainland population of guanacos in southern Chile. Anim Conserv 2001. [DOI: 10.1017/s1367943001001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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94
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Social and reproductive behaviour in the Madagascan poison frog, Mantella laevigata, with comparisons to the dendrobatids. Anim Behav 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/anbe.2000.1642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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95
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Kameyama Y, Isagi Y, Nakagoshi N. Patterns and levels of gene flow in Rhododendron metternichii var. hondoense revealed by microsatellite analysis. Mol Ecol 2001; 10:205-16. [PMID: 11251799 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parentage analysis was conducted to elucidate the patterns and levels of gene flow in Rhododendron metternichii Sieb. et Zucc. var. hondoense Nakai in a 150 x 70 m quadrant in Hiroshima Prefecture, western Japan. The population of R. metternichii occurred as three subpopulations at the study site. Seventy seedlings were randomly collected from each of three 10 x 10 m plots (S1, S2, and S3) on the forest floor of each subpopulation (A1, A2, and A3). Almost all parents (93.8%) of the 70 seedlings were unambiguously identified by using 12 pairs of microsatellite markers. Within the quadrant, adult trees less than 5 m from the centre of the seedling bank (plots S1, S2, and S3) produced large numbers of seedlings. The effects of tree height and distance from the seedling bank on the relative fertilities of adult trees were highly variable among subpopulations because of the differences in population structure near the seedling bank: neither distance nor tree height had any significant effect in subpopulation A1; distance from the seedling bank had a significant effect in subpopulation A2; and tree height had a significant effect in subpopulation A3. Although gene flow within each subpopulation was highly restricted to less than 25 m and gene flow among the three subpopulations was extremely small (0-2%), long-distance gene flow from outside the quadrant reached 50%. This long-distance gene flow may be caused by a combination of topographical and vegetational heterogeneity, differences in flowering phenology, and genetic substructuring within subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kameyama
- Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8529, Japan.
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96
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Storz JF, Bhat HR, Kunz TH. GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF POLYGYNY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE IN AN INDIAN FRUIT BAT, CYNOPTERUS SPHINX. II. VARIANCE IN MALE MATING SUCCESS AND EFFECTIVE POPULATION SIZE. Evolution 2001. [DOI: 10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[1224:gcopas]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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97
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Taylor AC, Cowan PE, Fricke BL, Cooper DW. Genetic analysis of the mating system of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand farmland. Mol Ecol 2000; 9:869-79. [PMID: 10886650 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined male reproductive success in a common brushtail possum population in New Zealand farmland. Paternity was assigned to 66 of 91 pouch young (maternity known), using a likelihood approach applied to genotypes at six microsatellite loci having an overall average exclusion probability of around 99%. The distribution of number of offspring per male was L-shaped with a standardized variance of 1.52. At least 46% of the 76 sampled reproductively mature males, bred, siring between one and four offspring each. Although breeding males were on average older and larger than nonbreeding males, the small differences did not result in a significant overall difference between the two groups in a multivariate permutation test analagous to a t-test. Paternity analysis of 22 sibling pairs (resulting from experimental removal of pouch young early in the breeding season, inducing a second oestrous) suggested that sequential mating of females with the same male was uncommon ( approximately 16-27%). Whilst there was a tendency for female possums to mate with nearby males, consistent with previous observations of territorial mating behaviour in Australian populations, some interhabitat matings were also inferred. The study population displayed only a low degree of polygyny, which may in part reflect population and habitat characteristics of the study site. A comprehensive understanding of the mating system of Trichosurus vulpecula awaits genetic paternity analysis in additional populations from both Australia and New Zealand, using quantitative approaches undertaken in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Taylor
- Cooperative Research Centre for Conservation and Management of Marsupials:School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia.
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98
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Wilmer JW, Overall AJ, Pomeroy PP, Twiss SD, Amos W. Patterns of paternal relatedness in British grey seal colonies. Mol Ecol 2000; 9:283-92. [PMID: 10736026 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00872.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies of breeding behaviour in the grey seal, Halichoerus grypus, have painted conflicting pictures. Behavioural observations suggest a classical polygynous system with a small number of dominant males fathering most of the offspring. However, genetic analysis suggests that many potential fathers spend little time ashore, that some pairs of seals show partner fidelity and that the dominant males are not as successful as their behaviour would suggest. Here we used paternal relatedness between pups with known mothers, sampled over an 11-year period, to show that behavioural dominance leading to enhanced fitness is a feature of only a handful of males located near the centre of the breeding colony. The vast majority of pups are fathered by any of a large number of males who all share approximately equal success, including virtually all those males who have previously escaped our best sampling efforts. As expected, the frequency of full-sibs is reduced in this longer time series relative to the original study. However, absolute estimates of the frequency of full-sibs seem to be confounded by a tendency for females who produce paternally unrelated pups to have conceived to males who are more genetically dissimilar from each other than expected by chance alone. Together, these elements of breeding behaviour would help to maintain maximum genetic diversity and to minimize the effects of inbreeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wilmer
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
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