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Zhang J, Jiao J, Cermelli S, Muir K, Jung KH, Zou R, Rashid A, Gagea M, Zabludoff S, Kalluri R, Beretta L. miR-21 Inhibition Reduces Liver Fibrosis and Prevents Tumor Development by Inducing Apoptosis of CD24+ Progenitor Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1859-67. [PMID: 25769721 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
miR-21 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, where it is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we offer preclinical evidence that miR-21 offers a therapeutic and chemopreventive target in these liver cancers. In mice with hepatic deletion of Pten, anti-miR-21 treatment reduced liver tumor growth and prevented tumor development. These effects were accompanied with a decrease in liver fibrosis and a concomitant reduction of CD24(+) liver progenitor cells and S100A4(+) cancer-associated stromal cells. Notch2 inhibition also occurred in tumors following anti-miR-21 treatment. We further showed that miR-21 is necessary for the survival of CD24(+) progenitor cells, a cellular phenotype mediated by Notch2, osteopontin, and integrin αv. Our results identify miR-21 as a key regulator of tumor-initiating cell survival, malignant development, and growth in liver cancer, highlighting the role of CD24(+) cells in the expansion of S100A4(+) cancer-associated stromal cells and associated liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Silvia Cermelli
- Molecular Diagnostics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kyle Muir
- Molecular Diagnostics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kwang Hwa Jung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruhai Zou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Ultrasound, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Asif Rashid
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mihai Gagea
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Beretta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Molecular Diagnostics Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington.
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Chan LH, Luk ST, Ma S. Turning hepatic cancer stem cells inside out--a deeper understanding through multiple perspectives. Mol Cells 2015; 38:202-9. [PMID: 25666349 PMCID: PMC4363719 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a highly malignant disease and the third leading cause of all cancer mortalities worldwide, often responses poorly to current treatments and results in dismal outcomes due to frequent chemoresistance and tumor relapse. The heterogeneity of HCC is an important attribute of the disease. It is the outcome of many factors, including the cross-talk between tumor cells within the tumor microenvironment and the acquisition and accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in tumor cells. In addition, there is accumulating evidence in recent years to show that the malignancy of HCC can be attributed partly to the presence of cancer stem cell (CSC). CSCs are capable to self-renew, differentiate and initiate tumor formation. The regulation of the stem cell-like properties by several important signaling pathways have been found to endow the tumor cells with an increased level of tumorigenicity, chemoresistance, and metastatic ability. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on hepatic CSCs, with special emphasis on their putative origins, relationship with hepatitis viruses, regulatory signaling networks, tumor microenvironment, and how these factors control the stemness of hepatic CSCs. We will also discuss some novel therapeutic strategies targeted at hepatic CSCs for combating HCC and perspectives of future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok-Hei Chan
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Steve T. Luk
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Stephanie Ma
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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Xu LB, Liu C. Role of liver stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Stem Cells 2014; 6:579-590. [PMID: 25426254 PMCID: PMC4178257 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v6.i5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive disease with a high mortality rate. Management of liver cancer is strongly dependent on the tumor stage and underlying liver disease. Unfortunately, most cases are discovered when the cancer is already advanced, missing the opportunity for surgical resection. Thus, an improved understanding of the mechanisms responsible for liver cancer initiation and progression will facilitate the detection of more reliable tumor markers and the development of new small molecules for targeted therapy of liver cancer. Recently, there is increasing evidence for the “cancer stem cell hypothesis”, which postulates that liver cancer originates from the malignant transformation of liver stem/progenitor cells (liver cancer stem cells). This cancer stem cell model has important significance for understanding the basic biology of liver cancer and has profound importance for the development of new strategies for cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the role of liver stem cells in hepatocarcinogenesis. Our review of the literature shows that identification of the cellular origin and the signaling pathways involved is challenging issues in liver cancer with pivotal implications in therapeutic perspectives. Although the dedifferentiation of mature hepatocytes/cholangiocytes in hepatocarcinogenesis cannot be excluded, neoplastic transformation of a stem cell subpopulation more easily explains hepatocarcinogenesis. Elimination of liver cancer stem cells in liver cancer could result in the degeneration of downstream cells, which makes them potential targets for liver cancer therapies. Therefore, liver stem cells could represent a new target for therapeutic approaches to liver cancer in the near future.
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Feng X, Zhang Q, Xia S, Xia B, Zhang Y, Deng X, Su W, Huang J. MTA1 overexpression induces cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by promoting cancer stem cells properties. Mol Cells 2014; 37:699-704. [PMID: 25245523 PMCID: PMC4179139 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2014.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Themetastasis-associated gene 1 (MTA1) oncogene hasbeen suggested to be involved in the regulation of cancer progression. However, there is still no direct evidence that MTA1 regulates cisplatin (CDDP) resistance, as well as cancer stem cell properties. In this study, we found that MTA1 was enriched in CNE1/CDDP cells. Knock down of MTA1 in CNE1/CDDP cells reversed CSCs properties and CDDP resistance. However, ectopic expression of MTA1 in CNE1 cells induced CSCs phenotypes and CDDP insensitivity. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of MTA1-induced CSCs properties and CDDP resistance were reversed in CNE1 cells after inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY294002. In addition, MTA1 expression and Akt activity in CNE1/CDDP cells was much higher than that in CNE1 cells. These results suggested that MTA1 may play a critical role in promoting CDDP resistance in NPC cells by regulatingcancer stem cell properties via thePI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Our findings suggested that MTA1 may be a potential target for overcoming CDDP resistance in NPC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology, General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou,
China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Qianbing Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Songxin Xia
- Department of stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou,
China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Bing Xia
- Department of Cardiology, 458 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
- Department of Cardiology, 458 Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xubin Deng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou,
China
| | - Wenmei Su
- Cancer Center of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang,
China
| | - Jianqing Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University; Cancer Center of Guangzhou Medical University (CCGMU), Guangzhou,
China
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HiJAK'd Signaling; the STAT3 Paradox in Senescence and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:741-55. [PMID: 24675570 PMCID: PMC4074801 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological data have associated chronic inflammation with cancer progression. Most tumors show evidence of infiltrating immune and inflammatory cells, and chronic inflammatory disorders are known to increase the overall risk of cancer development. While immune cells are often observed in early hyperplastic lesions in vivo, there remains debate over whether these immune cells and the cytokines they produce in the developing hyperplastic microenvironment act to inhibit or facilitate tumor development. The interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, which includes IL-6 and oncostatin M (OSM), among others (LIF, CT-1, CNTF, and CLC), are secreted by immune cells, stromal cells, and epithelial cells, and regulate diverse biological processes. Each of the IL-6 family cytokines signals through a distinct receptor complex, yet each receptor complex uses a shared gp130 subunit, which is critical for signal transduction following cytokine binding. Activation of gp130 results in the activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3), and the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) signaling cascades. Tumor suppressive signaling can often be observed in normal cells following prolonged STAT3 activation. However, there is mounting evidence that the IL-6 family cytokines can contribute to later stages of tumor progression in many ways. Here we will review how the microenvironmental IL-6 family cytokine OSM influences each stage of the transformation process. We discuss the intrinsic adaptations a developing cancer cell must make in order to tolerate and circumvent OSM-mediated growth suppression, as well as the OSM effectors that are hijacked during tumor expansion and metastasis. We propose that combining current therapies with new ones that suppress the signals generated from the tumor microenvironment will significantly impact an oncologist’s ability to treat cancer.
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