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Ongprasert K, Ruangsuriya J, Malasao R, Sapbamrer R, Suppansan P, Ayood P, Kittisakmontri K, Siviroj P. Macronutrient, immunoglobulin a and total antioxidant capacity profiles of human milk from 1 to 24 months: a cross-sectional study in Thailand. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:90. [PMID: 33126900 PMCID: PMC7602312 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An extended duration of breastfeeding of up to two years is encouraged by many health authorities, but information regarding the composition of milk after one year postpartum is limited. The goal of this study was to determine the association between the duration of lactation and macronutrient contents, immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in human milk (HM), from 1 to 24 months postpartum. Methods Cross-sectional milk samples were collected between January and April 2019 from mothers with healthy full-term children who had been lactating for 1 to 24 months. The HM was biochemically analyzed for protein and carbohydrate contents by colorimetric assays. The fat content was determined by capillary centrifugation, and the energy content was calculated from the results of centrifugation assays. IgA levels and TAC were determined by ELISA and a Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used to determine associations between months of lactation and milk composition, and multiple regression analysis was used to assess associations between months of lactation and milk composition adjusted for relevant covariates. Differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results One hundred eighty-four milk samples were analyzed. The month of lactation was positively associated with the fat concentration (B = 0.31, SE = 0.09, p = 0.001), energy content (B = 3.11, SE = 0.92, p = 0.001), and IgA (B = 4.17, SE = 1.08, p < 0.001) but negatively associated with the carbohydrate concentration (B = − 0.22, SE = 0.01, p = 0.04). No association was observed between the month of lactation and the protein concentration or TAC after adjustment for maternal age, maternal BMI, birth order, and breastfeeding frequency. Conclusion The duration of lactation was found to be positively associated with the fat, energy, and IgA content in HM for up to two years postpartum, and negatively associated with carbohydrate concentration. More prospective cohort studies are needed to obtain evidence-based knowledge regarding the changes in HM composition throughout the course of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krongporn Ongprasert
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Jetsada Ruangsuriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pikul Suppansan
- Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pisittawoot Ayood
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kulnipa Kittisakmontri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Penprapa Siviroj
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Changes in human milk fatty acid composition and maternal lifestyle-related factors over a decade: a comparison between the two Ulm Birth Cohort Studies. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:228-235. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AbstractHuman milk fatty acid composition varies during lactation and is influenced by maternal diet, maternal lifestyle-related factors and genetic background. This is one of the first studies to investigate a period effect, that is, the impact of lifestyle-related changes on human milk fatty acid composition, in two different cohorts. Lactating women were recruited from the general population a decade apart in Ulm, Germany, using similar methodology. Human milk samples collected 6 weeks postpartum were analysed (Ulm Birth Cohort Study (UBCS (2000)), n 567; Ulm SPATZ Health Study (SPATZ (2012)), n 458). Centred log ratio transformation was applied to fatty acid data. Principal component analysis was used to determine study-dependent fatty acid profiles. A general linear model was used to determine the study (or period) effect on fatty acid profiles adjusting for duration of gestation, age, education, delivery mode, smoking and pre-pregnancy BMI. Two principal components were retained (PC1 and PC2). PC1 was associated with UBCS, while PC2 was associated with SPATZ. PC1 comprised high SFA, and low MUFA, n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA). The inverse was true for PC2. Although human milk remains a source of essential fatty acids, infants could be at risk of inadequate n-3 and n-6 LCPUFA intake through human milk. The differences in the human milk fatty acid profiles also reflect changes in maternal dietary habits in the more recent cohort, which may comprise lower intakes of dietary trans-fatty acids and SFA and higher intakes of vegetable oils.
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. Chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: lacto-N-neohexaose (Galβ1 → 4GlcNAcβ1→) 2 3,6Galβ1 → 4Glc. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:1747-1753. [PMID: 32048706 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00172d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The first chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH) has been completed using a convergent synthetic strategy. The reaction conditions and donor-acceptor combinations have been carefully refined to minimize side reactions and achieve high yields in all glycosylation steps. Lacto-N-neotetraose, another common human milk oligosaccharide, was also synthesized en route to the target LNnH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St Louis, Missouri 63121, USA.
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54
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Effect of Education Based on Extended Theory of Planned Behavior on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Pregnant Women in Darmian in 2017. HEALTH SCOPE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jhealthscope.100277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Appropriate breastfeeding reduces health disorders and death among infants. Objectives: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of educational intervention based on the extended theory of planned behavior. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 168 pregnant women from 20 health centers were allocated into intervention and control groups by a multi-stage sampling method. The data collecting tool included demographic and constructs of an extended theory of planned behavior. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by an expert panel and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. The educational methods encompassed face to face training, pamphlet and flashcards distribution, and clip presentation. Two 45-minute educational sessions were conducted; the data were recollected 6 months after the delivery. Results: The mean ages of the intervention and control group were 29 ± 6 and 28.7 ± 5.9. The pregnancy rate and age of the pregnancy in the intervention group were 2.7 ± 1.4 and 29 weeks, respectively. After the intervention, the mean score of the behavior in the intervention group increased compared to the control group. The intention (B = 0.4, P = 0.01) and perceived behavior control (B = 0.42, P = 0.03) were the predictors of the behavior. Conclusions: The structures of the extended theory of planned behavior are suitable framework to promote exclusive breastfeeding among pregnant women.
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Smyczynska U, Bartlomiejczyk MA, Stanczak MM, Sztromwasser P, Wesolowska A, Barbarska O, Pawlikowska E, Fendler W. Impact of processing method on donated human breast milk microRNA content. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236126. [PMID: 32667939 PMCID: PMC7363072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurization of donated human milk preserves it for storage and makes it safe for feeding, but at the expense of its composition, nutritional values and functions. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of Holder Pasteurization (HoP) and High Pressure Processing (HPP) methods on miRNA in human milk and to evaluate impact of these changes on miRNA functions. Milk samples obtained from women in 50th day of lactation (n = 3) were subjected either to HoP, HPP or remained unpasteurized as a control. Subsequently, miRNA was isolated from whole material and exosomal fraction and sequenced with Illumina NextSeq 500. Sequencing data were processed, read counts were mapped to miRNA and analyzed both quantitatively with DESeq2 and functionally with DIANA mirPath v.3. While HPP caused statistically insignificant decrease in number of miRNA reads compared to unprocessed material, HoP led to 82-fold decrease in whole material (p = 0.0288) and 302-fold decrease in exosomes (p = 0.0021) not leaving enough reads for further analysis. Changes in composition of miRNA fraction before and after HPP indicated uneven stability of individual miRNAs under high pressure conditions, with miR-30d-5p identified as relatively stable and miR-29 family as sensitive to HPP. Interestingly, about 2/3 of unprocessed milk miRNA content consists of only 10 distinct miRNAs with miR-148a-3p at the top. Functional analysis of most abundant human milk miRNAs showed their involvement in signaling pathways, cell communication, proliferation and metabolism that are obviously important in rapidly growing infants. Functions of miRNAs which suffered the greatest depletion during HPP were similar to roles of the majority of unprocessed human milk's miRNA, which indicates that those functions may be weakened although not completely lost. Our findings indicate that HPP is less detrimental to human milk miRNAs than HoP and should be considered in further research on recommended processing procedures for human milk banks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Smyczynska
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Marcin M. Stanczak
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Sztromwasser
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wesolowska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Department of Neonatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Barbarska
- Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research, Department of Neonatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Emilia Pawlikowska
- Institute of High Pressure Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Carlson SK, Erickson DL, Wilson E. Staphylococcus aureus metal acquisition in the mastitic mammary gland. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Perrin MT, Belfort MB, Hagadorn JI, McGrath JM, Taylor SN, Tosi LM, Brownell EA. The Nutritional Composition and Energy Content of Donor Human Milk: A Systematic Review. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:960-970. [PMID: 32119744 PMCID: PMC7360450 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends donor human milk (DHM) as the preferred feeding strategy for preterm infants when the milk of the mother is unavailable, based on conclusive evidence of lower rates of necrotizing enterocolitis with DHM feedings compared with preterm infant formula. The nutritional composition of DHM may differ from maternal milk for many reasons including differences in maternal characteristics, milk collection methods, and the impact of donor milk banking practices. The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the literature regarding research on the fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral composition of DHM obtained through nonprofit milk banks or commercial entities. PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus databases were searched for articles published between 1985 and 30 April, 2019. In total, 164 abstracts were screened independently by 2 investigators, and 14 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies were predominantly small (<50 samples) and measured macronutrients. Few studies assessed vitamins and minerals. Information bias was prevalent due to the use of a variety of analytical methods which influence accuracy and cross-study comparisons. Other sources of information bias included missing information regarding methods for protein and calorie assessment. Despite these limitations, existing research suggests the potential for 2-fold and greater differences in the fat, protein, and energy composition of DHM, with mean values for energy and fat often below clinical reference values expected for human milk. Further research is warranted regarding the nutritional composition of DHM, with a prioritization on measuring macronutrients and micronutrients using established reference methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Mandy B Belfort
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James I Hagadorn
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jacqueline M McGrath
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah N Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lauren M Tosi
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brownell
- Connecticut Human Milk Research Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Division of Neonatology, Connecticut Children's, Hartford, CT, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
- School of Nursing, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
Lactation is a critical period during which maternal nutritional and environmental challenges affect milk composition and, therefore, organ differentiation, structure, and function in offspring during the early postnatal period. Evidence to date shows that lactation is a vulnerable time during which transient insults can have lasting effects, resulting in altered health outcomes in offspring in adult life. Despite the importance of the developmental programming that occurs during this plastic period of neonatal life, there are few comprehensive reviews of the multiple challenges—especially to the dam—during lactation. This review presents milk data from rodent studies involving maternal nutritional challenges and offspring outcome data from studies involving maternal manipulations during lactation. Among the topics addressed are maternal nutritional challenges and the effects of litter size and artificial rearing on offspring metabolism and neural and endocrine outcomes. The lactation period is an opportunity to correct certain functional deficits resulting from prenatal challenges to the fetus, but, if not personalized, can also lead to undesirable outcomes related to catch up-growth and overnutrition.
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59
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Mitina A, Mazin P, Vanyushkina A, Anikanov N, Mair W, Guo S, Khaitovich P. Lipidome analysis of milk composition in humans, monkeys, bovids, and pigs. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 32560628 PMCID: PMC7304121 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids contained in milk are an essential source of energy and structural materials for a growing neonate. Furthermore, lipids’ long-chain unsaturated fatty acid residues can directly participate in neonatal tissue formation. Here, we used untargeted mass spectrometric measurements to assess milk lipid composition in seven mammalian species: humans, two macaque species, cows, goats, yaks, and pigs. Results Analysis of the main milk lipid class, triacylglycerides (TAGs), revealed species-specific quantitative differences in the composition of fatty acid residues for each of seven species. Overall, differences in milk lipid composition reflect evolutionary distances among species, with each species group demonstrating specific lipidome features. Among them, human milk contained more medium and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids compared to other species, while pig milk was the most distinct, featuring the highest proportion of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Conclusions We show that milk lipidome composition is dynamic across mammalian species, changed extensively in pigs, and contains features particular to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Mitina
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia
| | - Pavel Mazin
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia.
| | - Anna Vanyushkina
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia
| | - Nikolay Anikanov
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia
| | - Waltraud Mair
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia
| | - Song Guo
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia
| | - Philipp Khaitovich
- Center for Neurobiology and Brain Restoration, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, 143028, Russia. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China.
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Leghi GE, Middleton PF, Netting MJ, Wlodek ME, Geddes DT, Muhlhausler BS. A Systematic Review of Collection and Analysis of Human Milk for Macronutrient Composition. J Nutr 2020; 150:1652-1670. [PMID: 32240307 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human milk (HM) composition varies by time and across even a single feed, methods of sample collection can significantly affect the results of compositional analyses and complicate comparisons between studies. OBJECTIVE The aim was to compare the results obtained for HM macronutrient composition between studies utilizing different sampling methodologies. The results will be used as a basis to identify the most reliable HM sampling approach. METHODS EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and ProQuest databases were searched for relevant articles. Observational and interventional studies were included, and at least 2 authors screened studies and undertook data extraction. Quality assessment was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale and previously published pragmatic score. RESULTS A total of 5301 publications were identified from our search, of which 101 studies were included (n = 5049 breastfeeding women). Methods used for HM collection were divided into 3 categories: collection of milk from all feeds over 24 h (32 studies, n = 1309 participants), collection at one time point (62 studies, n = 3432 participants), and "other methods" (7 studies, n = 308 participants). Fat and protein concentrations varied between collection methods within lactation stage, but there were no obvious differences in lactose concentrations. There was substantial variability between studies in other factors potentially impacting HM composition, including stage of lactation, gestational age, and analytical method, which complicated direct comparison of methods. CONCLUSIONS This review describes the first systematic evaluation of sampling methodologies used in studies reporting HM composition and highlights the wide range of collection methods applied in the field. This information provides an important basis for developing recommendations for best practices for HM collection for compositional analysis, which will ultimately allow combination of information from different studies and thus strengthen the body of evidence relating to contemporary HM composition. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42017072563, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42017072563.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela E Leghi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philippa F Middleton
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia
| | - Merryn J Netting
- Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, Australia.,Discipline of Pediatrics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mary E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Beverly S Muhlhausler
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Adelaide, Australia
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Paulaviciene IJ, Liubsys A, Molyte A, Eidukaite A, Usonis V. Circadian changes in the composition of human milk macronutrients depending on pregnancy duration: a cross-sectional study. Int Breastfeed J 2020; 15:49. [PMID: 32450886 PMCID: PMC7249354 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-020-00291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the circadian variation of human milk macronutrients and energy content depending upon pregnancy duration. Methods One hundred eighty fresh human milk samples from 45 mothers (27 of preterm and 18 of full-term newborns) were collected on a single day chosen between the 14th to 16th day after delivery. The samples were taken four times per day at 12 PM, 6 PM, 12 AM and 6 AM. Only lactating women, who could not breastfeed their hospitalized newborns and expressed milk by breast pump, were enrolled in the study. Human milk macronutrient composition and energy count were evaluated by mid-infrared spectrophotometry. Results Significant differences in macronutrient content were observed between 6 AM and 12 PM for mean protein content (t = − 4.62, df = 44, p < 0.001), for mean fat content (t = − 2.10, df = 44, p = 0.04) and for mean energy content (t = − 2.24, df = 44, p = 0.03); between 6 AM and 6 PM for mean protein content (t = − 2.41, df = 43, p = 0.02), for mean fat content (t = − 3.76, df = 43, p = 0.001) and for mean energy content (t = − 3.85, df = 43, p < 0.001); between 12 PM and 12 AM for mean protein content (Wilcoxon test V = 75.5, p = 0.001), for mean fat content (t = 2.50, df = 44, p = 0.02) and for mean energy content (t = 2.74, df = 44, p = 0.01); between 6 PM and 12 AM for mean protein content (V = 229, p = 0.02), for mean fat content (t = 4.39, df = 43, p < 0.001) and for mean energy content (t = − 4.57, df = 43, p < 0.001). The average content of carbohydrates did not change significantly during the 24 h. The samples of preterm newborns’ mothers had more apparent diurnal fluctuations in macronutrient content. Conclusions Our study revealed significant diurnal variations in protein and fat in human milk, and these circadian fluctuations were more apparent in the milk of mothers of preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Jura Paulaviciene
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arunas Liubsys
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alma Molyte
- Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Department of Information Systems, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Audrone Eidukaite
- Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania.,State Research Institute, Center of Innovative Medicine, Department of Immunology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Children Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Carvalho E, Adams SH, Børsheim E, Blackburn ML, Ono-Moore KD, Cotter M, Bowlin AK, Yeruva L. Neonatal diet impacts liver mitochondrial bioenergetics in piglets fed formula or human milk. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 32318270 PMCID: PMC7158137 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-020-00338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal diet impacts many physiological systems and can modify risk for developing metabolic disease and obesity later in life. Less well studied is the effect of postnatal diet (e.g., comparing human milk (HM) or milk formula (MF) feeding) on mitochondrial bioenergetics. Such effects may be most profound in splanchnic tissues that would have early exposure to diet-associated or gut microbe-derived factors. METHODS To address this question, we measured ileal and liver mitochondrial bioenergetics phenotypes in male piglets fed with HM or MF from day 2 to day 21 age. Ileal and liver tissue were processed for mitochondrial respiration (substrate only [pyruvate, malate, glutamate], substrate + ADP, and proton "leak" post-oligomycin; measured by Oroboros methods), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and metabolically-relevant gene expression analyses. RESULTS No differences between the diet groups were observed in mitochondrial bioenergetics indices in ileal tissue. In contrast, ADP-dependent liver Complex I-linked OXPHOS capacity and Complex I + II-linked OXPHOS capacity were significantly higher in MF animals relative to HM fed piglets. Interestingly, p53, Trap1, and Pparβ transcript abundances were higher in MF-fed relative to HM-fed piglets in the liver. Mitochondrial DNA copy numbers (normalized to nuclear DNA) were similar within-tissue regardless of postnatal diet, and were ~ 2-3 times higher in liver vs. ileal tissue. CONCLUSION While mechanisms remain to be identified, the data indicate that neonatal diet can significantly impact liver mitochondrial bioenergetics phenotypes, even in the absence of a change in mtDNA abundance. Since permeabilized liver mitochondrial respiration was increased in MF piglets only in the presence of ADP, it suggests that formula feeding led to a higher ATP turnover. Specific mechanisms and signals involved with neonatal diet-associated differences in liver bioenergetics remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Carvalho
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sean H. Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Elisabet Børsheim
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Michael L. Blackburn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Kikumi D. Ono-Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Matthew Cotter
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Anne K. Bowlin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
| | - Laxmi Yeruva
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, Little Rock, AR USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, USA
- Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, 15 Children’s Way, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA
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63
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Macronutrient analysis of donor human milk labelled as 24 kcal/oz. J Perinatol 2020; 40:666-671. [PMID: 32071366 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-020-0624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the macronutrient content (MNC) of donor human milk labelled as 24 kcal/oz ("high-calorie DHM," hcDHM), compare to bank-labelled MNC, and examine variability of hcDHM MNC among milk banks. STUDY DESIGN MNC was measured with near-infrared spectroscopy for 75 convenience samples from five milk banks collected during September 2016-July 2017. Concordance of measured MNC with labelled values was evaluated using three different thresholds: within ±20%, similar to FDA labelling standards for class II nutrients in foods; ±10%; and ±5%. RESULTS Protein and caloric content differed significantly between measured and labelled values and varied significantly among milk banks. Measured caloric content ranged from 16.50 to 30.27 kcal/oz, with 89.3% of hcDHM samples within ±20%, 58.7% within ±10%, and 18.7% within ±5% of labelled content. CONCLUSIONS MNC of hcDHM used in clinical practice shows variation that may result in differences from desired diet. The clinical implications of such differences are unexplored.
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64
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Brink LR, Herren AW, McMillen S, Fraser K, Agnew M, Roy N, Lönnerdal B. Omics analysis reveals variations among commercial sources of bovine milk fat globule membrane. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3002-3016. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The bovine Lactoferrin-Osteopontin complex increases proliferation of human intestinal epithelial cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Food Chem 2020; 310:125919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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66
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Herrick KA, Fryar CD, Hamner HC, Park S, Ogden CL. Added Sugars Intake among US Infants and Toddlers. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020; 120:23-32. [PMID: 31735600 PMCID: PMC7512119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited information is available on added sugars consumption in US infants and toddlers. OBJECTIVES To present national estimates of added sugars intake among US infants and toddlers by sociodemographic characteristics, to identify top sources of added sugars, and to examine trends in added sugars intake. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of 1 day of 24-hour dietary recall data. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING A nationally representative sample of US infants aged 0 to 11 months and toddlers aged 12 to 23 months (n=1,211) during the period from 2011 through 2016 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends were assessed from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 (n=2,795). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Among infants and toddlers, the proportion consuming any added sugars, the average amount of added sugars consumed, percent of total energy from added sugars, and top sources of added sugars intake. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Paired t tests were used to compare differences by age, sex, race/Hispanic origin, family income level, and head of household education level. Trends were tested using orthogonal polynomials. Significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS During 2011 to 2016, 84.4% of infants and toddlers consumed added sugars on a given day. A greater proportion of toddlers (98.3%) consumed added sugars than infants (60.6%). The mean amount of added sugars toddlers consumed was also more compared with infants (5.8 vs 0.9 tsp). Non-Hispanic black toddlers (8.2 tsp) consumed more added sugars than non-Hispanic Asian (3.7 tsp), non-Hispanic white (5.3 tsp), and Hispanic (5.9 tsp) toddlers. A similar pattern was observed for percent energy from added sugars. For infants, top sources of added sugars were yogurt, baby food snacks/sweets, and sweet bakery products; top sources among toddlers were fruit drinks, sugars/sweets, and sweet bakery products. The mean amount of added sugars decreased from 2005-2006 through 2015-2016 for both age groups; however, percent energy from added sugars only decreased among infants. CONCLUSION Added sugars intake was observed among infants/toddlers and varied by age and race and Hispanic origin. Added sugars intake, as a percent of energy, decreased only among infants from 2005 to 2016.
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. The chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: Lacto-N-tetraose (Galβ1→3GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glc). Carbohydr Res 2019; 486:107824. [PMID: 31585319 PMCID: PMC6897367 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The total chemical synthesis of lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) has been completed using both convergent and linear strategies. Similarly to that of our previous HMO syntheses, the donor-acceptor protecting-leaving group combinations were found to be of paramount significance to achieving successful glycosylations and minimizing side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.
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Fabrizio V, Trzaski JM, Brownell EA, Esposito P, Lainwala S, Lussier MM, Hagadorn JI. Targeted or adjustable versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk. Hippokratia 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fabrizio
- Connecticut Children's; Division of Neonatology; Hartford CT USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics; Farmington CT USA
| | - Jennifer M Trzaski
- Connecticut Children's; Division of Neonatology; Hartford CT USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics; Farmington CT USA
| | - Elizabeth A Brownell
- University of Texas Health Science Center; School of Nursing; San Antonio TX USA
- University of Texas Health Science Center; Department of Pediatrics; San Antonio Texas USA
| | | | - Shabnam Lainwala
- Connecticut Children's; Division of Neonatology; Hartford CT USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics; Farmington CT USA
| | - Mary M Lussier
- Connecticut Children's; Division of Neonatology; Hartford CT USA
| | - James I Hagadorn
- Connecticut Children's; Division of Neonatology; Hartford CT USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine; Department of Pediatrics; Farmington CT USA
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69
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Perrin MT, Festival J, Starks S, Mondeaux L, Brownell EA, Vickers A. Accuracy and Reliability of Infrared Analyzers for Measuring Human Milk Macronutrients in a Milk Bank Setting. Curr Dev Nutr 2019; 3:nzz116. [PMID: 31723725 PMCID: PMC6838652 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infrared (IR) analysis is an emerging technology that may be a useful tool for milk banks to manage the nutrient variability in donor human milk. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and comparability of commercial infrared analyzers for measuring human milk macronutrients in a milk bank setting. METHODS Three nonprofit milk banks received blinded test kits of human milk that had been assessed using reference methods. Four infrared instruments were used to measure macronutrients as follows: 1 filtered mid-IR, 2 Fourier-transformed full-spectra mid-IR, and 1 near-IR. Twenty-five unique samples were read concurrently for the accuracy arm. An identical sample was read daily for 1 mo for the reliability arm. RESULTS Values for R 2 describing relationships with reference methods for total fat, crude protein, and lactose, were as follows: filtered mid-IR, 0.98, 0.94, and 0.48; Fourier-transformed full-spectra mid-IR, 0.97, 0.93, and 0.36 for instrument 1 and 0.98, 0.98, and 0.31 for instrument 2; and near-IR 0.93, 0.93, and 0.12. There was no significant difference between instruments for crude protein and total fat measurements. There were significant differences in carbohydrate measurements between instruments. For 1 mo of daily measurements in the reliability arm, CVs for filtered mid-IR were ≤4.6%, for Fourier-transformed full spectra mid-IR were ≤1.7%, and for near-IR were ≤5.1%. CONCLUSIONS Infrared analysis is an accurate and reliable method for measuring crude protein and total fat in a milk bank setting. Carbohydrate measurements are less accurate and are significantly different between instruments, which will likely lead to differences in derived calorie values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne T Perrin
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | - Shaina Starks
- Mothers' Milk Bank of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth A Brownell
- Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford CT, USA
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Amy Vickers
- Mothers' Milk Bank of North Texas, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Feasibility of Standardized Human Milk Collection in Neonatal Care Units. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14343. [PMID: 31586132 PMCID: PMC6778269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in human lactation is a growing field. However, difficulties in studying human milk originate from the dynamicity of its composition. Using standardized collection protocols is mandatory to minimize variation and warrant comparability of findings across different studies. Yet, information on the feasibility of collecting human milk with standardized procedures, especially in neonatal units, are lacking. The present study aims to report on the feasibility and difficulties to collect human milk according to a standardized protocol, during early lactation from women who gave birth to preterm infants. Human milk was collected from 129 mothers of moderate- to late-preterm infants according to two variations of a standard protocol which differed for number of collection time-points. Collection rates and adherence to the sampling protocol were evaluated together with reason for missed collection. Collection of ≥1 sample was successful for 80% of the mothers. However adherence to the standard protocol was overall low (36% and 27%). Collection rates were different between the two protocol variations (73% against 92%, p ≤ 0.001). Amongst the reason for missed collection, low milk supply was the most recurrent (40%). Our findings show that while collecting human milk in neonatal units is achievable, obtaining standard and comparable samples results challenging.
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71
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Patel OV, Casey T, Plaut K. Profiling solute-carrier transporters in key metabolic tissues during the postpartum evolution of mammary epithelial cells from nonsecretory to secretory. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:539-552. [PMID: 31545931 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00058.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modifications in the abundance of solute-carrier (SLC) transcripts in tandem with adjustments in genes-associated with energy homeostasis during the postpartum transition of the mammary epithelial cells (MEC) from nonsecretory to secretory is pivotal for supporting milk synthesis. The goal of this study was to identify differentially expressed SLC genes across key metabolic tissues between late pregnancy and onset of lactation. Total RNA was isolated from the mammary, liver, and adipose tissues collected from rat dams on day 20 of pregnancy (P20) and day 1 of lactation (L1) and gene expression was measured with Rat 230 2.0 Affymetrix GeneChips. LIMMA was utilized to identify the differential gene expression patterns between P20 and L1 tissues. Transcripts engaged in conveying anions, cations, carboxylates, sugars, amino acids, metals, nucleosides, vitamins, and fatty acids were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in MEC during the P20 to L1 shift. Downregulated (P < 0.05) genes in the mammary during the physiological transition included GLUT8 and SLC45a3. In the liver, SLC genes encoding for anion, carbonyl, and nucleotide sugar transporters were upregulated (P < 0.05) at L1. while genes facilitating transportation of anions and hexose were increased (P < 0.05), from P20 to L1 in the adipose tissue. GLUT1 and GLUT4 in the liver, along with GLUT4 and SGLT2 in the adipose tissue, were repressed (P < 0.05) at L1. Our results illustrate that MEC exhibit dynamic molecular plasticity during the nonsecretory to secretory transition and increase biosynthetic capacity through a coordinated tissue specific SLC transcriptome modification to facilitate substrate transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman V Patel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan
| | - Theresa Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Karen Plaut
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Bandara MD, Stine KJ, Demchenko AV. The chemical synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides: Lacto-N-neotetraose (Galβ1→4GlcNAcβ1→3Galβ1→4Glc). Carbohydr Res 2019; 483:107743. [PMID: 31319351 PMCID: PMC6717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of innovative methods that offer new capabilities for obtaining individual oligosaccharides from human milk will help to improve understanding their roles and boost practical applications. The total chemical synthesis of lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) has been completed using both linear and convergent strategies. The donor and acceptor protecting and leaving group combinations were found to be of paramount significance to successful couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithila D Bandara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Keith J Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA
| | - Alexei V Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri - St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, USA.
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73
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Casavale KO, Ahuja JKC, Wu X, Li Y, Quam J, Olson R, Pehrsson P, Allen L, Balentine D, Hanspal M, Hayward D, Hines EP, McClung JP, Perrine CG, Belfort MB, Dallas D, German B, Kim J, McGuire M, McGuire M, Morrow AL, Neville M, Nommsen-Rivers L, Rasmussen KM, Zempleni J, Lynch CJ. NIH workshop on human milk composition: summary and visions. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:769-779. [PMID: 31274142 PMCID: PMC6895543 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nationally representative data from mother-child dyads that capture human milk composition (HMC) and associated health outcomes are important for advancing the evidence to inform federal nutrition and related health programs, policies, and consumer information across the governments in the United States and Canada as well as in nongovernment sectors. In response to identified gaps in knowledge, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the NIH sponsored the "Workshop on Human Milk Composition-Biological, Environmental, Nutritional, and Methodological Considerations" held 16-17 November 2017 in Bethesda, Maryland. Through presentations and discussions, the workshop aimed to 1) share knowledge on the scientific need for data on HMC; 2) explore the current understanding of factors affecting HMC; 3) identify methodological challenges in human milk (HM) collection, storage, and analysis; and 4) develop a vision for a research program to develop an HMC data repository and database. The 4 workshop sessions included 1) perspectives from both federal agencies and nonfederal academic experts, articulating scientific needs for data on HMC that could lead to new research findings and programmatic advances to support public health; 2) information about the factors that influence lactation and/or HMC; 3) considerations for data quality, including addressing sampling strategies and the complexities in standardizing collection, storage, and analyses of HM; and 4) insights on how existing research programs and databases can inform potential visions for HMC initiatives. The general consensus from the workshop is that the limited scope of HM research initiatives has led to a lack of robust estimates of the composition and volume of HM consumed and, consequently, missed opportunities to improve maternal and infant health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie O Casavale
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA,Address correspondence to KOC (e-mail: ). Present address for KOC: US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jaspreet K C Ahuja
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Xianli Wu
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Julia Quam
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard Olson
- Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Pehrsson
- Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Lindsay Allen
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Balentine
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Manjit Hanspal
- Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) program, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Hayward
- Bureau of Nutritional Sciences, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Pias Hines
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - James P McClung
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Cria G Perrine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - David Dallas
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Bruce German
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jae Kim
- Divisions of Neonatology and Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark McGuire
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Michelle McGuire
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA,Present address for Michelle McGuire: University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Ardythe L Morrow
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Human Milk and Lactation, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Margaret Neville
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado, Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Janos Zempleni
- Nebraska Center for the Prevention of Obesity Diseases, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Christopher J Lynch
- Office of Nutrition Research, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
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74
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Rasmussen KM. At long last: new information on the association between maternal dietary intake, the composition of human milk, and its nutrient adequacy for infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 110:269-270. [PMID: 31155640 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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75
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Impact of Maternal Diet on Human Milk Composition Among Lactating Women in Latvia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050173. [PMID: 31137596 PMCID: PMC6572110 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Many studies indicate that the maternal diet is an important factor affecting human milk composition. Human milk composition among lactating women in Latvia, as well as the maternal diet during lactation, has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of this research was to assess dietary habits and macronutrient intake among lactating women in Latvia and to examine the effect of diet on human milk composition. Materials and Methods: Research was conducted between November 2016 and December 2017. Mature human milk samples (n = 61) along with a 72h food diary, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and a questionnaire about maternal and infant characteristics were obtained from voluntary women who were recruited via an invitation published in a social media member group for nursing mothers. Fat content in human milk was determined by LVS ISO 2446:2008, protein content was determined by LVS EN ISO 8968-1:2014, lactose was determined by ISO 22662:2007, and the fatty acid profile was analyzed using gas chromatography. Dietary data were evaluated using the Finnish food composition database Fineli, release 19 (3 March 2018). Results: Median values for fat, protein, and lactose in mature human milk were 4.40%, 1.08%, and 6.52%, respectively. Predominant fatty acids in human milk were oleic acid (C18:1 n9c), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2 n6c) at 34.60%, 24.00%, and 11.00% of total fatty acids, respectively. The trans elaidic acid (C18:1 n9t) level was <0.10% in all human milk samples. Significant, positive associations (p < 0.05) were found between maternal dietary intake of linoleic, α-linolenic, docosahexaenoic, total cis-monounsaturated, total cis-polyunsaturated, and total n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, the ratio of n-6/n-3, and the level of these fatty acids in human milk. Total energy and carbohydrate intake among participants were lower, but total fat, saturated fat, and sugar intake were higher than recommended. Protein, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid intake were adequate, but docosahexaenoic acid intake was noticeably lower than recommended. Women should be supported with information regarding their nutritional needs during lactation and the possible impact of diet on human milk composition. Conclusion: Macronutrient (fat, protein, and lactose) content in human milk is not affected by maternal diet. Conversely, the human milk fatty acid profile is affected by the immediate diet consumed by the mother. Habitual dietary habits can also impact the fatty acid profile of human milk.
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Abstract
In designing longitudinal lactation research studies, certain factors must be taken into account that are necessary for the generation of meaningful data. Perhaps more like longitudinal childhood research studies in terms of ongoing changes that occur during childhood that challenge study design, longitudinal lactation research studies encompass a period of tremendous change in both the mother and her breastfeeding infant that affect study design, implementation, and analysis. Given this changing dynamic, studies should be designed to accommodate a whole host of factors, such as changes in maternal and infant health; coexisting conditions during the lactation period; the stage of lactation; diurnal variations; the frequency and exclusivity of breastfeeding; maternal diet and any complementary/supplementary foods given to the infant; geography; socioeconomic factors; body mass index; physical activity; and any changes in milk composition that occur across longer periods of lactation. The study of human milk composition itself has lacked rigor and any standardization of methods, and has only recently been revisited with more sophisticated laboratory techniques that have allowed a more meaningful understanding of milk structure and biology, with a greater global approach. In this Research Column, we review some of the issues and challenges in conducting longitudinal lactation research, and provide several references that will aid in the development of meaningful study designs and the interpretation of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Wagner
- 1 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Shawn Jenkins Children's Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sarah N Taylor
- 2 Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara Haase
- 3 Women's and Children's Services, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Mohammadkhah AI, Simpson EB, Patterson SG, Ferguson JF. Development of the Gut Microbiome in Children, and Lifetime Implications for Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 5:E160. [PMID: 30486462 PMCID: PMC6306821 DOI: 10.3390/children5120160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that microbiome composition and function is associated with development of obesity and metabolic disease. Microbial colonization expands rapidly following birth, and microbiome composition is particularly variable during infancy. Factors that influence the formation of the gut microbiome during infancy and childhood may have a significant impact on development of obesity and metabolic dysfunction, with life-long consequences. In this review, we examine the determinants of gut microbiome composition during infancy and childhood, and evaluate the potential impact on obesity and cardiometabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica I Mohammadkhah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Eoin B Simpson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Stephanie G Patterson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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