51
|
Zbili M, Debanne D. Past and Future of Analog-Digital Modulation of Synaptic Transmission. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:160. [PMID: 31105529 PMCID: PMC6492051 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Action potentials (APs) are generally produced in response to complex summation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. While it is usually considered as a digital event, both the amplitude and width of the AP are significantly impacted by the context of its emission. In particular, the analog variations in subthreshold membrane potential determine the spike waveform and subsequently affect synaptic strength, leading to the so-called analog-digital modulation of synaptic transmission. We review here the numerous evidence suggesting context-dependent modulation of spike waveform, the discovery analog-digital modulation of synaptic transmission in invertebrates and its recent validation in mammals. We discuss the potential roles of analog-digital transmission in the physiology of neural networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Zbili
- UNIS, UMR 1072, INSERM AMU, Marseille, France.,CRNL, INSERM U1028-CNRS UMR5292-Université Claude Bernard Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhang T, Zhang J, Wang Z, Jia M, Lu T, Wang H, Yue W, Zhang D, Li J, Wang L. Association between CNTNAP2 polymorphisms and autism: A family-based study in the chinese han population and a meta-analysis combined with GWAS data of psychiatric genomics consortium. Autism Res 2019; 12:553-561. [PMID: 30681286 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Autism is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder with evidence of a strong genetic component in the complex etiologies. Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2), a member of the neurexin superfamily, plays an essential role in neural development. CNTNAP2 was considered as one of the most susceptible genes for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Some studies indicated the association of CNTNAP2 with ASD, while others reported no association. Given the inconsistent results of the previous studies, we performed a family-based association study between 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CNTNAP2 and autism in 640 autistic trios in the Chinese Han population. Then, an updated meta-analysis, combined with the data from Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (iPSYCH-PGC ASD, 2017) and available association studies, was conducted. No SNPs were significantly associated with autism in the Chinese Han population. In the meta-analysis, the two frequently reported SNPs (rs2710102 and rs7794745) showed no significant association with ASD. Therefore, CNTNAP2 polymorphisms might not be associated with autism. Autism Research 2019, 12: 553-561. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: In present family-based association study, no single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were significantly associated with autism in the Chinese Han population. In the updated meta-analysis, the association between the two frequently reported SNPs (rs2710102 and rs7794745) in CNTNAP2 and the risk of ASD was explored. However, the results showed no significant association. Therefore, our study suggested that CNTNAP2 polymorphisms might not be associated with autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jishui Zhang
- Department of Mental Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.,National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meixiang Jia
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Han Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jun Li
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Comprehensive cross-disorder analyses of CNTNAP2 suggest it is unlikely to be a primary risk gene for psychiatric disorders. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007535. [PMID: 30586385 PMCID: PMC6324819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) gene is a member of the neurexin superfamily. CNTNAP2 was first implicated in the cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy (CDFE) syndrome, a recessive disease characterized by intellectual disability, epilepsy, language impairments and autistic features. Associated SNPs and heterozygous deletions in CNTNAP2 were subsequently reported in autism, schizophrenia and other psychiatric or neurological disorders. We aimed to comprehensively examine evidence for the role of CNTNAP2 in susceptibility to psychiatric disorders, by the analysis of multiple classes of genetic variation in large genomic datasets. In this study we used: i) summary statistics from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC) GWAS for seven psychiatric disorders; ii) examined all reported CNTNAP2 structural variants in patients and controls; iii) performed cross-disorder analysis of functional or previously associated SNPs; and iv) conducted burden tests for pathogenic rare variants using sequencing data (4,483 ASD and 6,135 schizophrenia cases, and 13,042 controls). The distribution of CNVs across CNTNAP2 in psychiatric cases from previous reports was no different from controls of the database of genomic variants. Gene-based association testing did not implicate common variants in autism, schizophrenia or other psychiatric phenotypes. The association of proposed functional SNPs rs7794745 and rs2710102, reported to influence brain connectivity, was not replicated; nor did predicted functional SNPs yield significant results in meta-analysis across psychiatric disorders at either SNP-level or gene-level. Disrupting CNTNAP2 rare variant burden was not higher in autism or schizophrenia compared to controls. Finally, in a CNV mircroarray study of an extended bipolar disorder family with 5 affected relatives we previously identified a 131kb deletion in CNTNAP2 intron 1, removing a FOXP2 transcription factor binding site. Quantitative-PCR validation and segregation analysis of this CNV revealed imperfect segregation with BD. This large comprehensive study indicates that CNTNAP2 may not be a robust risk gene for psychiatric phenotypes. Genetic mutations that disrupt both copies of the CNTNAP2 gene lead to severe disease, characterized by profound intellectual disability, epilepsy, language difficulties and autistic traits, leading to the hypothesis that this gene may also be involved in autism given some overlapping clinical features with this disease. Indeed, several large DNA deletions affecting one of the two copies of CNTNAP2 were found in some patients with autism, and later also in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, ADHD and epilepsy, suggesting that this gene was implicated in several psychiatric or neurologic diseases. Other studies considered genetic sequence variations that are common in the general population, and suggested that two such sequence variations in CNTNAP2 predispose to psychiatric diseases by influencing the functionality and connectivity of the brain. To better understand the involvement of CNTNAP2 in risk of mental illness, we performed several genetic analyses using a series of large publicly available or in-house datasets, comprising many thousands of patients and controls. Furthermore, we report the deletion of one copy of CNTNAP2 in two patients with bipolar disorder and one unaffected relative from an extended family where five relatives were affected with this condition. Despite the previous consideration of CNTNAP2 as a strong candidate gene for autism or schizophrenia, we show little evidence across multiple classes of DNA variation, that CNTNAP2 is likely to play a major role in risk of psychiatric diseases.
Collapse
|
54
|
Poot M. HNRNPU: Key to Neurodevelopmental Disorders such as Intellectual Delay, Epilepsy, and Autism. Mol Syndromol 2018; 9:275-278. [PMID: 30800042 DOI: 10.1159/000495204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
|
55
|
Canali G, Goutebroze L. CNTNAP2 Heterozygous Missense Variants: Risk Factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Other Pathologies? J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518809666. [PMID: 30450007 PMCID: PMC6236484 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518809666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CNTNAP2 gene has been proposed to be one of the major susceptibility genes for neurodevelopmental disorders, in which numerous heterozygous missense variants have been identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The contribution of these variants to the manifestations of ASD is however highly controversial because numerous heterozygous missense variants have also been identified in control subjects. In a recent study, we set up a sensitive developmental in vitro cell assay to clarify the potential functional impact of these variants in a heterozygous Cntnap2 background relevant for CNTNAP2 heterozygosity in patients with ASD. We showed that the cell adhesion glycoprotein Caspr2 encoded by CNTNAP2 plays a dose-dependent role in cortical neuron axon growth and provided a proof of principle that some variants have functional consequences, either a loss of function or a dominant-negative effect. This indicates that phenotypes mimicking CNTNAP2 heterozygous and homozygous null mutation may exist in humans. Our observations further suggest that more variants than originally expected could be functionally deleterious and induce a high heterogeneity of phenotypes at the scale of the whole brain. This raises the interesting possibility that CNTNAP2 heterozygous missense variants could define an overall endophenotype shaping a risk for ASD and questions whether, beyond ASD, the variants could contribute to the development of other neurodevelopmental disorders and/or genetically less complex pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Canali
- UMR-S 839, Inserm, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Goutebroze
- UMR-S 839, Inserm, Paris, France.,Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Saint-Martin M, Joubert B, Pellier-Monnin V, Pascual O, Noraz N, Honnorat J. Contactin-associated protein-like 2, a protein of the neurexin family involved in several human diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:1906-1923. [PMID: 30028556 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) is a cell adhesion protein of the neurexin family. Proteins of this family have been shown to play a role in the development of the nervous system, in synaptic functions, and in neurological diseases. Over recent years, CASPR2 function has gained an increasing interest as demonstrated by the growing number of publications. Here, we gather published data to comprehensively review CASPR2 functions within the nervous system in relation to CASPR2-related diseases in humans. On the one hand, studies on Cntnap2 (coding for CASPR2) knockout mice revealed its role during development, especially, in setting-up the inhibitory network. Consistent with this result, mutations in the CNTNAP2 gene coding for CASPR2 in human have been identified in neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. On the other hand, CASPR2 was shown to play a role beyond development, in the localization of voltage-gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex that is composed of TAG-1, Kv1.1, and Kv1.2. This complex was found in several subcellular compartments essential for action potential propagation: the node of Ranvier, the axon initial segment, and the synapse. In line with a role of CASPR2 in the mature nervous system, neurological autoimmune diseases have been described in patients without neurodevelopmental disorders but with antibodies directed against CASPR2. These autoimmune diseases were of two types: central with memory disorders and temporal lobe seizures, or peripheral with muscular hyperactivity. Overall, we review the up-to-date knowledge on CASPR2 function and pinpoint confused or lacking information that will need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Saint-Martin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bastien Joubert
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Pellier-Monnin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Pascual
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nelly Noraz
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Honnorat
- Institut NeuroMyoGene INSERM U1217/CNRS UMR 5310, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,French Reference Center on Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndrome, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Witt SH, Frank J, Gilles M, Lang M, Treutlein J, Streit F, Wolf IAC, Peus V, Scharnholz B, Send TS, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Sivalingam S, Dukal H, Strohmaier J, Sütterlin M, Arloth J, Laucht M, Nöthen MM, Deuschle M, Rietschel M. Impact on birth weight of maternal smoking throughout pregnancy mediated by DNA methylation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:290. [PMID: 29695247 PMCID: PMC5922319 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cigarette smoking has severe adverse health consequences in adults and in the offspring of mothers who smoke during pregnancy. One of the most widely reported effects of smoking during pregnancy is reduced birth weight which is in turn associated with chronic disease in adulthood. Epigenome-wide association studies have revealed that smokers show a characteristic “smoking methylation pattern”, and recent authors have proposed that DNA methylation mediates the impact of maternal smoking on birth weight. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous reports that methylation mediates the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight, and for the first time to investigate whether the observed mediation effects are sex-specific in order to account for known sex-specific differences in methylation levels. Methods Methylation levels in the cord blood of 313 newborns were determined using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K Beadchip. A total of 5,527 CpG sites selected on the basis of evidence from the literature were tested. To determine whether the observed association between maternal smoking and birth weight was attributable to methylation, mediation analyses were performed for significant CpG sites. Separate analyses were then performed in males and females. Results Following quality control, 282 newborns eventually remained in the analysis. A total of 25 mothers had smoked consistently throughout the pregnancy. The birthweigt of newborns whose mothers had smoked throughout pregnancy was reduced by >200g. After correction for multiple testing, 30 CpGs showed differential methylation in the maternal smoking subgroup including top “smoking methylation pattern” genes AHRR, MYO1G, GFI1, CYP1A1, and CNTNAP2. The effect of maternal smoking on birth weight was partly mediated by the methylation of cg25325512 (PIM1); cg25949550 (CNTNAP2); and cg08699196 (ITGB7). Sex-specific analyses revealed a mediating effect for cg25949550 (CNTNAP2) in male newborns. Conclusion The present data replicate previous findings that methylation can mediate the effect of maternal smoking on birth weight. The analysis of sex-dependent mediation effects suggests that the sex of the newborn may have an influence. Larger studies are warranted to investigate the role of both the identified differentially methylated loci and the sex of the newborn in mediating the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4652-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Josef Frank
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maria Gilles
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maren Lang
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Fabian Streit
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Isabell A C Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Verena Peus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Scharnholz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tabea S Send
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Heilmann-Heimbach
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sugirthan Sivalingam
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helene Dukal
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jana Strohmaier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marc Sütterlin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janine Arloth
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Deuschle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|