51
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Gomart S, Damoiseaux C, Jespers P, Makanga M, Labranche N, Pochet S, Michaux C, Berkenboom G, Naeije R, McEntee K, Dewachter L. Pulmonary vasoreactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats--effects of endothelin-1 and leptin. Respir Res 2014; 15:12. [PMID: 24499246 PMCID: PMC3922960 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-15-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic hypertension may be associated with an increased pulmonary vascular resistance, which we hypothesized could be, at least in part, mediated by increased leptin. Methods Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine (1 μmol/L), endothelin-1 (10 nmol/L) and leptin (0.001–100 nmol/L) was evaluated in endothelium-intact and -denuded isolated thoracic aorta and pulmonary arteries from spontaneously hypertensive versus control Wistar rats. Arteries were sampled for pathobiological evaluation and lung tissue for morphometric evaluation. Results In control rats, endothelin-1 induced a higher level of contraction in the pulmonary artery than in the aorta. After phenylephrine or endothelin-1 precontraction, leptin relaxed intact pulmonary artery and aortic rings, while no response was observed in denuded arteries. Spontaneously hypertensive rats presented with increased reactivity to phenylephrine and endothelin-1 in endothelium-intact pulmonary arteries. After endothelin-1 precontraction, endothelium-dependent relaxation to leptin was impaired in pulmonary arteries from hypertensive rats. In both strains of rats, aortic segments were more responsive to leptin than pulmonary artery. In hypertensive rats, pulmonary arteries exhibited increased pulmonary artery medial thickness, associated with increased expressions of preproendothelin-1, endothelin-1 receptors type A and B, inducible nitric oxide synthase and decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase, together with decreased leptin receptor and increased suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 expressions. Conclusions Altered pulmonary vascular reactivity in hypertension may be related to a loss of endothelial buffering of vasoconstriction and decreased leptin-induced vasodilation in conditions of increased endothelin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Lennik road 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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Guihaire J, Haddad F, Boulate D, Capderou A, Decante B, Flécher E, Eddahibi S, Dorfmüller P, Hervé P, Humbert M, Verhoye JP, Dartevelle P, Mercier O, Fadel E. Right ventricular plasticity in a porcine model of chronic pressure overload. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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53
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Pressure-overload-induced right heart failure. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1055-63. [PMID: 24488007 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1450-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although pulmonary arterial hypertension originates in the lung and is caused by progressive remodeling of the small pulmonary arterioles, patients die from the consequences of pressure-overload-induced right heart failure. Prognosis is poor, and currently there are no selective treatments targeting the failing right ventricle. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to obtain more insights into the mechanisms of right ventricular adaptation and the transition toward right heart failure. In this review, we propose that the same adaptive mechanisms, which initially preserve right ventricular systolic function and maintain cardiac output, eventually initiate the transition toward right heart failure.
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Colvin KL, Yeager ME. Animal Models of Pulmonary Hypertension: Matching Disease Mechanisms to Etiology of the Human Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 25705569 PMCID: PMC4334132 DOI: 10.4172/2161-105x.1000198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently a great deal of progress has been made in our understanding of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Research from the past 30 years has resulted in newer treatments that provide symptomatic improvements and delayed disease progression. Unfortunately, the cure for patients with this lethal syndrome remains stubbornly elusive. With the relative explosion of scientific literature regarding PH, confusion has arisen regarding animal models of the disease and their correlation to the human condition. This short review uniquely focuses on the clear and present need to better correlate mechanistic insights from existing and emerging animal models of PH to specific etiologies and histopathologies of human PH. A better understanding of the pathologic processes in various animal models and how they relate to the human disease should accelerate the development of newer and more efficacious therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley L Colvin
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, USA
| | - Michael E Yeager
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, USA ; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, USA
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Original rat model of high kinetic unilateral pulmonary hypertension surgically induced by combined surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013; 146:1220-1226.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Belhaj A, Dewachter L, Kerbaul F, Brimioulle S, Dewachter C, Naeije R, Rondelet B. Heme oxygenase-1 and inflammation in experimental right ventricular failure on prolonged overcirculation-induced pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69470. [PMID: 23936023 PMCID: PMC3723896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is a stress response enzyme which presents with cardiovascular protective and anti-inflammatory properties. Six-month chronic overcirculation-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in piglets has been previously reported as a model of right ventricular (RV) failure related to the RV activation of apoptotic and inflammatory processes. We hypothesized that altered HO-1 signalling could be involved in both pulmonary vascular and RV changes. Fifteen growing piglets were assigned to a sham operation (n = 8) or to an anastomosis of the left innominate artery to the pulmonary arterial trunk (n = 7). Six months later, hemodynamics was evaluated after closure of the shunt. After euthanasia of the animals, pulmonary and myocardial tissue was sampled for pathobiological evaluation. Prolonged shunting was associated with a tendency to decreased pulmonary gene and protein expressions of HO-1, while pulmonary gene expressions of interleukin (IL)-33, IL-19, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and -2 were increased. Pulmonary expressions of constitutive HO-2 and pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α remained unchanged. Pulmonary vascular resistance (evaluated by pressure/flow plots) was inversely correlated to pulmonary HO-1 protein and IL-19 gene expressions, and correlated to pulmonary ICAM-1 gene expression. Pulmonary arteriolar medial thickness and PVR were inversely correlated to pulmonary IL-19 expression. RV expression of HO-1 was decreased, while RV gene expressions TNF-α and ICAM-2 were increased. There was a correlation between RV ratio of end-systolic to pulmonary arterial elastances and RV HO-1 expression. These results suggest that downregulation of HO-1 is associated to PAH and RV failure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation
- Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
- Gene Expression
- Heme Oxygenase-1/genetics
- Heme Oxygenase-1/immunology
- Hemodynamics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/complications
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/genetics
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/immunology
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
- Inflammation/complications
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/genetics
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/immunology
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- Swine
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/complications
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/immunology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmae Belhaj
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Mont-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Kerbaul
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Département d’Anesthésie et Réanimation, Hôpital La Timone, Université de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Serge Brimioulle
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Service des Soins Intensifs, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Céline Dewachter
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robert Naeije
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoît Rondelet
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Service de Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire et Thoracique, Hôpital Mont-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Yvoir, Belgium
- Service de Chirurgie Thoracique, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Borgdorff MAJ, Bartelds B, Dickinson MG, Steendijk P, de Vroomen M, Berger RMF. Distinct loading conditions reveal various patterns of right ventricular adaptation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H354-64. [PMID: 23729212 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00180.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) failure due to chronically abnormal loading is a main determinant of outcome in pulmonary hypertension (PH) and congenital heart disease. However, distinct types of RV loading have been associated with different outcomes. To determine whether the adaptive RV response depends on loading type, we compared hemodynamics, exercise, and hypertrophy in models of pressure overload due to pulmonary artery banding (PAB), pressure overload due to PH, combined pressure and volume overload, and isolated volume load. Ninety-four rats were subjected to either PAB, monocrotaline-induced PH (PH), aortocaval shunt (shunt), or combined monocrotaline and aortocaval shunt (PH + shunt). We performed pressure-volume analysis and voluntary exercise measurements at 4 wk. We compared PAB to PH (part I) and PH + shunt to either isolated PH or shunt (part II). In part I, enhanced contractility (end-systolic elastance and preload recruitable stroke work) was present in PH and PAB, but strongest in PAB. Frank-Starling mechanism was active in both PAB and PH. In PAB this was accompanied by diastolic dysfunction (increased end-diastolic elastance, relaxation constant), clinical signs of RV failure, and reduced exercise. These distinct responses were not attributable to differences in hypertrophy. In part II, in PH + shunt the contractility response was blunted compared with PH, which caused pseudonormalization of parameters. Additional volume overload strongly enhanced hypertrophy in PH. We conclude that different types of loading result in distinct patterns of RV adaptation. This is of importance for the approach to patients with chronically increased RV load and for experimental studies in various types of RV failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinus A J Borgdorff
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Cardiol 2013; 28:369-79. [DOI: 10.1097/hco.0b013e328360f5be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Dickinson MG, Bartelds B, Borgdorff MAJ, Berger RMF. The role of disturbed blood flow in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension: lessons from preclinical animal models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L1-14. [PMID: 23624788 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00031.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive pulmonary vasoproliferative disorder characterized by the development of unique neointimal lesions, including concentric laminar intima fibrosis and plexiform lesions. Although the histomorphology of neointimal lesions is well described, the pathogenesis of PAH and neointimal development is largely unknown. After three decades of PAH pathobiology research the focus has shifted from vasoconstriction towards a mechanism of cancer-like angioproliferation. In this concept the role of disturbed blood flow is seen as an important trigger in the development of vascular remodeling. For instance, in PAH associated with congenital heart disease, increased pulmonary blood flow (i.e., systemic-to-pulmonary shunt) is an essential trigger for the occurrence of neointimal lesions and PAH development. Still, questions remain about the exact role of these blood flow characteristics in disease progression. PAH animal models are important for obtaining insight in new pathobiological processes and therapeutical targets. However, as for any preclinical model the pathophysiological mechanism and clinical course has to be comparable to the human disease that it mimics. This means that animal models mimicking human PAH ideally are characterized by: a hit recognized in human disease (e.g., altered pulmonary blood flow), specific vascular remodeling resembling human neointimal lesions, and disease progression that leads to right ventriclular dysfunction and death. A review that underlines the current knowledge of PAH due to disturbed flow is still lacking. In this review we will summarize the current knowledge obtained from PAH animal models associated with disturbed pulmonary blood flow and address questions for future treatment strategies for PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Dickinson
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, Division of Pediatric Cardiology Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Chechi K, Gelinas Y, Mathieu P, Deshaies Y, Richard D. Validation of reference genes for the relative quantification of gene expression in human epicardial adipose tissue. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32265. [PMID: 22511915 PMCID: PMC3325221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Relative quantification is a commonly used method for assessing gene expression, however its accuracy and reliability is dependent upon the choice of an optimal endogenous control gene, and such choice cannot be made a priori. There is limited information available on suitable reference genes to be used for studies involving human epicardial adipose tissue. The objective of the current study was to evaluate and identify optimal reference genes for use in the relative quantification of gene expression in human epicardial fat depots of lean, overweight and obese subjects. Methodology/Principal Findings Some of the commonly used reference genes including 18S, ACTB, RPL27, HPRT, CYCA, GAPDH, RPLPO, POLR2A and B2M were quantified using real-time PCR analysis. The expression stability of these genes was evaluated using Genorm, Normfinder and Bestkeeper algorithms. In addition, the effect of sample size on the validation process was studied by randomly categorizing subjects in two cohorts of n = 2 and n = 33. Conclusions/Significance CYCA, GAPDH and RPL27 were identified as the most stable genes common to all three algorithms and both sample sizes. Their use as reference gene pairs might contribute to the enhanced robustness of relative quantification in the studies involving the human epicardial adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Gelinas
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Yves Deshaies
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Hong S, Li X, Zhao Y, Yang Q, Kong B. 53BP1 suppresses tumor growth and promotes susceptibility to apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells through modulation of the Akt pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 27:1251-7. [PMID: 22266878 PMCID: PMC3583484 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
53BP1 has been extensively studied as a key component of the DNA damage response, but little is known regarding the role of 53BP1 in preventing tumor development. The present study was designed to assess the impact of the modification of 53BP1 gene expression on the biological behavior of ovarian cancer cell lines and to elucidate the cellular pathway(s) triggered by 53BP1 in cancer cells. DNA liposome transfection technology was employed to increase and to knock down the expression of 53BP1 in A2780 and HO-8910PM cells, respectively. Viability, clonogenicity and cell cycle profiles were evaluated. Cell apoptosis was analyzed using flow cytometric assay. The expression of proteins related to apoptosis and cell signal transduction was assessed using western blotting. Increased expression of 53BP1 decreased the viability and the clonogenicity, and induced G2/M arrest and apoptosis of the treated cells. The protein expression of Bax, P21 and caspase-3 was upregulated, while the levels of Bcl-2 and p-Akt were reduced to a statistically significant level. In contrast, deregulation of 53BP1 significantly increased proliferative ability. Collectively, our data suggest that 53BP1 is involved in several important steps in controlling cell proliferation and growth and preventing tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
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