51
|
Naseer MI, Abdulkareem AA, Muthaffar OY, Sogaty S, Alkhatabi H, Almaghrabi S, Chaudhary AG. Whole Exome Sequencing Identifies Three Novel Mutations in the ASPM Gene From Saudi Families Leading to Primary Microcephaly. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:627122. [PMID: 33643967 PMCID: PMC7904689 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.627122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental defect that is characterized by reduced head circumference at birth along with non-progressive intellectual disability. Till date, 25 genes related to MCPH have been reported so far in humans. The ASPM (abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly-associated) gene is among the most frequently mutated MCPH gene. We studied three different families having primary microcephaly from different regions of Saudi Arabia. Whole exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were done to identify the genetic defect. Collectively, three novel variants were identified in the ASPM gene from three different primary microcephaly families. Family 1, showed a deletion mutation leading to a frameshift mutation c.1003del. (p.Val335*) in exon 3 of the ASPM gene and family 2, also showed deletion mutation leading to frameshift mutation c.1047del (p.Gln349Hisfs*18), while in family 3, we identified a missense mutation c.5623A>G leading to a change in protein (p.Lys1875Glu) in exon 18 of the ASPM gene underlying the disorder. The identified respective mutations were ruled out in 100 healthy control samples. In conclusion, we found three novel mutations in the ASPM gene in Saudi families that will help to establish a disease database for specified mutations in Saudi population and will further help to identify strategies to tackle primary microcephaly in the kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angham Abdulrahman Abdulkareem
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sameera Sogaty
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Fahed General Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba Alkhatabi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Almaghrabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel G Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center for Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Timaner M, Shaked Y. Elucidating the roles of ASPM isoforms reveals a novel prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer. J Pathol 2019; 250:123-125. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Timaner
- Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| | - Yuval Shaked
- Cell Biology and Cancer Science, Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion – Israel Institute of Technology Haifa Israel
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Hsu CC, Liao WY, Chan TS, Chen WY, Lee CT, Shan YS, Huang PJ, Hou YC, Li CR, Tsai KK. The differential distributions of ASPM isoforms and their roles in Wnt signaling, cell cycle progression, and pancreatic cancer prognosis. J Pathol 2019; 249:498-508. [PMID: 31465125 PMCID: PMC6899738 DOI: 10.1002/path.5341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive and treatment‐resistant malignancy. The lack of pathway‐informed biomarkers hampers the development of rational diagnostics or therapies. Recently, the protein abnormal spindle‐like microcephaly‐associated (ASPM) was identified as a novel Wnt and stemness regulator in PDAC, while the pathogenic roles of its protein isoforms remain unclarified. We developed novel isoform‐specific antibodies and genetic knockdown (KD) of putative ASPM isoforms, whereby we uncovered that the levels of ASPM isoform 1 (iI) and ASPM‐iII are variably upregulated in PDAC cells. ASPM isoforms show remarkably different subcellular locations; specifically, ASPM‐iI is exclusively localized to the cortical cytoplasm of PDAC cells, while ASPM‐iII is predominantly expressed in cell nuclei. Mechanistically, ASPM‐iI co‐localizes with disheveled‐2 and active β‐catenin as well as the stemness marker aldehyde dehydrogenase‐1 (ALDH‐1), and its expression is indispensable for the Wnt activity, stemness, and the tumorigenicity of PDAC cells. By contrast, ASPM‐iII selectively regulates the expression level of cyclin E and cell cycle progression in PDAC cells. The expression of ASPM‐iI and ASPM‐iII displays considerable intratumoral heterogeneity in PDAC tissues and only that of ASPM‐iI was prognostically significant; it outperformed ALDH‐1 staining and clinico‐pathological variables in a multivariant analysis. Collectively, the distinct expression patterns and biological functions of ASPM isoforms may illuminate novel molecular mechanisms and prognosticators in PDAC and may pave the way for the development of therapies targeting this novel oncoprotein. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chi Hsu
- Laboratory of Advanced Molecular Therapeutics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Liao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Sian Chan
- Laboratory of Advanced Molecular Therapeutics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jui Huang
- Laboratory of Advanced Molecular Therapeutics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Hou
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Rong Li
- Department of Teaching and Research, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kelvin K Tsai
- Laboratory of Advanced Molecular Therapeutics, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Integrative Therapy Center for Gastroenterologic Cancers, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes (NHRIs), Zhunan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Singh SV, Staes N, Guevara EE, Schapiro SJ, Ely JJ, Hopkins WD, Sherwood CC, Bradley BJ. Evolution of ASPM coding variation in apes and associations with brain structure in chimpanzees. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 18:e12582. [PMID: 31119860 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying genetic mechanisms underlying primate brain morphology can provide insight into the evolution of human brain structure and cognition. In humans, loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding for ASPM (Abnormal Spindle Microtubule Assembly) have been associated with primary microcephaly, which is defined by a significantly reduced brain volume, intellectual disability and delayed development. However, less is known about the effects of common ASPM variation in humans and other primates. In this study, we characterized the degree of coding variation at ASPM in a large sample of chimpanzees (N = 241), and examined potential associations between genotype and various measures of brain morphology. We identified and genotyped five non-synonymous polymorphisms in exons 3 (V588G), 18 (Q2772K, K2796E, C2811Y) and 27 (I3427V). Using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging of brains, we measured total brain volume, cerebral gray and white matter volume, cerebral ventricular volume, and cortical surface area in the same chimpanzees. We found a potential association between ASPM V588G genotype and cerebral ventricular volume but not with the other measures. Additionally, we found that chimpanzee, bonobo, and human lineages each independently show a signature of accelerated ASPM protein evolution. Overall, our results suggest the potential effects of ASPM variation on cerebral cortical development, and emphasize the need for further functional studies. These results are the first evidence suggesting ASPM variation might play a role in shaping natural variation in brain structure in nonhuman primates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheel V Singh
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicky Staes
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elaine E Guevara
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | | | - William D Hopkins
- Michael E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Brenda J Bradley
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Gharbaran R, Somenarain L. Putative Cellular and Molecular Roles of Zika Virus in Fetal and Pediatric Neuropathologies. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019; 22:5-21. [PMID: 30149771 DOI: 10.1177/1093526618790742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization declared an end to the recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak and its association with adverse fetal and pediatric outcome, on November 18, 2016, the virus still remains a severe public health threat. Laboratory experiments thus far supported the suspicions that ZIKV is a teratogenic agent. Evidence indicated that ZIKV infection cripples the host cells' innate immune responses, allowing productive replication and potential dissemination of the virus. In addition, studies suggest potential transplacental passage of the virus and subsequent selective targeting of neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Depletion of NPCs by ZIKV is associated with restricted brain growth. And while microcephaly can result from infection at any gestational stages, the risk is greater during the first trimester. Although a number of recent studies revealed some of specific molecular and cellular roles of ZIKV proteins of this mosquito-borne flavivirus, the mechanisms by which it produces it suspected pathophysiological effects are not completely understood. Thus, this review highlights the cellular and molecular evidence that implicate ZIKV in fetal and pediatric neuropathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Gharbaran
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
| | - Latchman Somenarain
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Xu Z, Zhang Q, Luh F, Jin B, Liu X. Overexpression of the ASPM gene is associated with aggressiveness and poor outcome in bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:1865-1876. [PMID: 30675249 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated (ASPM) protein is essential for mitotic spindle function during cell replication. The present study aimed to evaluate the hypothesis that ASPM serves a critical role in cancer invasiveness and may act as a prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer. In total, 6 independent worldwide bladder cancer microarray mRNA expression datasets (n=1,355) with clinical and follow-up annotations were collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that ASPM mRNA expression was higher in bladder cancer tissue compared with adjacent normal bladder mucosae in 10 paired human tissue samples (P=0.004). ASPM overexpression in human bladder cancer samples was consistent with the mRNA expression datasets from GEO and TCGA. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that ASPM mRNA expression was significantly associated with grade and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage in bladder cancer, based on pooled GEO and TCGA datasets (P<0.05). Stratification analysis indicated that the clinical significance of ASPM was particularly pronounced in low-grade or papillary subtypes of bladder cancer. Individual Cox and pooled Kaplan-Meier analyses suggested that ASPM expression was significantly directly correlated with poor overall (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in bladder cancer. Multivariate and stratification analyses demonstrated that the prognostic significance of ASPM was evident in low-grade or papillary bladder cancers, yet not in high-grade or non-papillary subgroups. Increased expression of ASPM was associated with poor OS in muscle-invasive bladder cancer and with poor PFS in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (P<0.05). Bioinformatics analysis identified the top 11 ASPM-related genes on STRING-DB.org. The expression of the majority of these genes was associated with poor outcomes of bladder cancer with statistical significance. Gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the high expression of ASPM could enrich gene signatures involved in mitosis, differentiation and metastasis in bladder cancer. Further analysis of TCGA datasets indicated that increased ASPM expression was significantly associated with higher Gleason score, T stage, N stage and poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. It was also significantly associated with late TNM stage and poor PFS in renal cell carcinoma. In summary, ASPM may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for low-grade or papillary bladder cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglin Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China.,Department of Urologic Surgery, Affiliated Dongyang People's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Dongyang, Zhejiang 322100, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Statistics, Hangzhou Hope Biotechnology, Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, P.R. China
| | - Frank Luh
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, California Cancer Institute, Temple City, CA 91780, USA.,Tumor Biomarker Development, California Cancer Institute, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
| | - Baiye Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, P.R. China
| | - Xiyong Liu
- Sino-American Cancer Foundation, California Cancer Institute, Temple City, CA 91780, USA.,Tumor Biomarker Development, California Cancer Institute, Temple City, CA 91780, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
ASPM promotes prostate cancer stemness and progression by augmenting Wnt−Dvl-3−β-catenin signaling. Oncogene 2018; 38:1340-1353. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
58
|
Comprehensive review on the molecular genetics of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH). Genet Res (Camb) 2018; 100:e7. [PMID: 30086807 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672318000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is an autosomal recessive sporadic neurodevelopmental ailment with a trivial head size characteristic that is below 3-4 standard deviations. MCPH is the smaller upshot of an architecturally normal brain; a significant decrease in size is seen in the cerebral cortex. At birth MCPH presents with non-progressive mental retardation, while secondary microcephaly (onset after birth) presents with and without other syndromic features. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic syndrome nevertheless pretentious patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Eighteen MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH18) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1, CDK6, CENPE, SASS6, MFSD2A, ANKLE2, CIT and WDFY3, clarifying our understanding about the molecular basis of microcephaly genetic disorder. It has previously been reported that phenotype disease is caused by MCB gene mutations and the causes of this phenotype are disarrangement of positions and organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle as a result of mutated DNA, centriole duplication, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control and the cell cycle checkpoint having some invisible centrosomal process that can manage the number of neurons that are produced by neuronal precursor cells. Furthermore, researchers inform us about the clinical management of families that are suffering from MCPH. Establishment of both molecular understanding and genetic advocating may help to decrease the rate of this ailment. This current review study examines newly identified genes along with previously identified genes involved in autosomal recessive MCPH.
Collapse
|
59
|
Lasser M, Tiber J, Lowery LA. The Role of the Microtubule Cytoskeleton in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:165. [PMID: 29962938 PMCID: PMC6010848 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons depend on the highly dynamic microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton for many different processes during early embryonic development including cell division and migration, intracellular trafficking and signal transduction, as well as proper axon guidance and synapse formation. The coordination and support from MTs is crucial for newly formed neurons to migrate appropriately in order to establish neural connections. Once connections are made, MTs provide structural integrity and support to maintain neural connectivity throughout development. Abnormalities in neural migration and connectivity due to genetic mutations of MT-associated proteins can lead to detrimental developmental defects. Growing evidence suggests that these mutations are associated with many different neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disabilities (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this review article, we highlight the crucial role of the MT cytoskeleton in the context of neurodevelopment and summarize genetic mutations of various MT related proteins that may underlie or contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Micaela Lasser
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Tiber
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Laura Anne Lowery
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lang PY, Gershon TR. A New Way to Treat Brain Tumors: Targeting Proteins Coded by Microcephaly Genes?: Brain tumors and microcephaly arise from opposing derangements regulating progenitor growth. Drivers of microcephaly could be attractive brain tumor targets. Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700243. [PMID: 29577351 PMCID: PMC5910257 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
New targets for brain tumor therapies may be identified by mutations that cause hereditary microcephaly. Brain growth depends on the repeated proliferation of stem and progenitor cells. Microcephaly syndromes result from mutations that specifically impair the ability of brain progenitor or stem cells to proliferate, by inducing either premature differentiation or apoptosis. Brain tumors that derive from brain progenitor or stem cells may share many of the specific requirements of their cells of origin. These tumors may therefore be susceptible to disruptions of the protein products of genes that are mutated in microcephaly. The potential for the products of microcephaly genes to be therapeutic targets in brain tumors are highlighted hereby reviewing research on EG5, KIF14, ASPM, CDK6, and ATR. Treatments that disrupt these proteins may open new avenues for brain tumor therapy that have increased efficacy and decreased toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Y. Lang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Timothy R. Gershon
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Létard P, Drunat S, Vial Y, Duerinckx S, Ernault A, Amram D, Arpin S, Bertoli M, Busa T, Ceulemans B, Desir J, Doco-Fenzy M, Elalaoui SC, Devriendt K, Faivre L, Francannet C, Geneviève D, Gérard M, Gitiaux C, Julia S, Lebon S, Lubala T, Mathieu-Dramard M, Maurey H, Metreau J, Nasserereddine S, Nizon M, Pierquin G, Pouvreau N, Rivier-Ringenbach C, Rossi M, Schaefer E, Sefiani A, Sigaudy S, Sznajer Y, Tunca Y, Guilmin Crepon S, Alberti C, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Benzacken B, Wollnick B, Woods CG, Rauch A, Abramowicz M, El Ghouzzi V, Gressens P, Verloes A, Passemard S. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly due to ASPM mutations: An update. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:319-332. [PMID: 29243349 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive microcephaly or microcephaly primary hereditary (MCPH) is a genetically heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a reduction in brain volume, indirectly measured by an occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) 2 standard deviations or more below the age- and sex-matched mean (-2SD) at birth and -3SD after 6 months, and leading to intellectual disability of variable severity. The abnormal spindle-like microcephaly gene (ASPM), the human ortholog of the Drosophila melanogaster "abnormal spindle" gene (asp), encodes ASPM, a protein localized at the centrosome of apical neuroprogenitor cells and involved in spindle pole positioning during neurogenesis. Loss-of-function mutations in ASPM cause MCPH5, which affects the majority of all MCPH patients worldwide. Here, we report 47 unpublished patients from 39 families carrying 28 new ASPM mutations, and conduct an exhaustive review of the molecular, clinical, neuroradiological, and neuropsychological features of the 282 families previously reported (with 161 distinct ASPM mutations). Furthermore, we show that ASPM-related microcephaly is not systematically associated with intellectual deficiency and discuss the association between the structural brain defects (strong reduction in cortical volume and surface area) that modify the cortical map of these patients and their cognitive abilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascaline Létard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie et de cytologie pathologiques, Hôpital Universitaire Jean Verdier, APHP, Bondy, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France
| | - Séverine Drunat
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Vial
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Duerinckx
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Anais Ernault
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Amram
- Unité de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Stéphanie Arpin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marta Bertoli
- Northern Genetics Service, Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiffany Busa
- Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Berten Ceulemans
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie Desir
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Doco-Fenzy
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Reims, Hôpital Maison blanche, et EA3801 SFR CAPSANTE, Reims, France
| | - Siham Chafai Elalaoui
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de médecine te de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- Service de Génétique Médicale et Centre de Référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christine Francannet
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Geneviève
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Maladies rares et Médecine Personnalisée, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Gérard
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Cyril Gitiaux
- Département de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Julia
- Service de génétique médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Lebon
- Unité de neuropédiatrie et neuroréhabilitation pédiatrique, Département Femme Mère Enfant, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Toni Lubala
- Department of Pediatrics, Sendwe University Hospitals, University of Lubumbashi, Lumbumbashi, DR Congo
| | - Michèle Mathieu-Dramard
- Centre d'Activité Génétique Clinique et Oncogénétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Amiens, Amiens, France
| | - Hélène Maurey
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, APHP, France
| | - Julia Metreau
- Service de neurologie pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, APHP, France
| | - Sanaa Nasserereddine
- Laboratoire de génétique et pathologie moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Rochd, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- Département de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Geneviève Pierquin
- Département de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Liège, Belgique
| | - Nathalie Pouvreau
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Département de Génétique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GENDEV Team, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Abdelaziz Sefiani
- Centre de Génomique Humaine, Faculté de médecine te de Pharmacie de Rabat, Université Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco.,Département de Génétique Médicale, Institut National d'Hygiène, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Service de Génétique Clinique, AP-HM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Yves Sznajer
- Centre for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yusuf Tunca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Gulhane School of Medicine, Gulhane Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sophie Guilmin Crepon
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm, CIC-EC 1426, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Alberti
- Unité d'Epidémiologie Clinique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Inserm, CIC-EC 1426, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | | | - Brigitte Benzacken
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Bobigny, France.,Laboratoire d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique-BDR-CECOS, Hôpital Universitaire Jean Verdier, APHP, Bondy, France
| | - Bernd Wollnick
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Rauch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zurich, Schlieren, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc Abramowicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hôpital Erasme and IRIBHM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Center for Developing Brain, King's College, St. Thomas' Campus, London, United Kingdom.,Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- PROTECT, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France.,Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, APHP, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Lin JJ, Chin TY, Chen CP, Chan HL, Wu TY. Zika virus: An emerging challenge for obstetrics and gynecology. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 56:585-592. [PMID: 29037541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcephaly is a rare birth defect, however, the re-emerging mosquito and sexual transmitted flavivirus, Zika virus (ZIKV), had changed the situation and caused an urgent challenge for the obstetrics and gynecology. This review will brief summarize the epidemiology and virology of ZIKV. And compared the animal models that had developed for the ZIKV infections. These animal models will be benefit for the development of vaccines and anti-ZIKV drugs. Furthermore, the genes that are involved in the causation of microcephaly were also summarized. Finally, the Wnt signal is critical for the brain development as well as innate immune response. Based on previous literatures, we proposed that ZIKV-induced microcephaly might result from the influence of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway through the regulation of miRNA-34.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhe-Jhih Lin
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Chin
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Chan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Merfeld E, Ben‐Avi L, Kennon M, Cerveny KL. Potential mechanisms of Zika-linked microcephaly. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:e273. [PMID: 28383800 PMCID: PMC5516183 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A recent outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) in Brazil is associated with microcephaly in infants born of infected mothers. As this pandemic spreads, rapid scientific investigation is shedding new light on how prenatal infection with ZIKV causes microcephaly. In this analysis we provide an overview of both microcephaly and ZIKV, explore the connection between prenatal ZIKV infection and microcephaly, and highlight recent insights into how prenatal ZIKV infection depletes the pool of neural progenitors in the developing brain. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e273. doi: 10.1002/wdev.273 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Collapse
|
64
|
Decreased Axon Caliber Underlies Loss of Fiber Tract Integrity, Disproportional Reductions in White Matter Volume, and Microcephaly in Angelman Syndrome Model Mice. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7347-7361. [PMID: 28663201 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0037-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman syndrome (AS) is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder caused by loss of function of the maternally inherited UBE3A allele. It is currently unclear how the consequences of this genetic insult unfold to impair neurodevelopment. We reasoned that by elucidating the basis of microcephaly in AS, a highly penetrant syndromic feature with early postnatal onset, we would gain new insights into the mechanisms by which maternal UBE3A loss derails neurotypical brain growth and function. Detailed anatomical analysis of both male and female maternal Ube3a-null mice reveals that microcephaly in the AS mouse model is primarily driven by deficits in the growth of white matter tracts, which by adulthood are characterized by densely packed axons of disproportionately small caliber. Our results implicate impaired axon growth in the pathogenesis of AS and identify noninvasive structural neuroimaging as a potentially valuable tool for gauging therapeutic efficacy in the disorder.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT People who maternally inherit a deletion or nonfunctional copy of the UBE3A gene develop Angelman syndrome (AS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. To better understand how loss of maternal UBE3A function derails brain development, we analyzed brain structure in a maternal Ube3a knock-out mouse model of AS. We report that the volume of white matter (WM) is disproportionately reduced in AS mice, indicating that deficits in WM development are a major factor underlying impaired brain growth and microcephaly in the disorder. Notably, we find that axons within the WM pathways of AS model mice are abnormally small in caliber. This defect is associated with slowed nerve conduction, which could contribute to behavioral deficits in AS, including motor dysfunction.
Collapse
|
65
|
Disruptions in asymmetric centrosome inheritance and WDR62-Aurora kinase B interactions in primary microcephaly. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43708. [PMID: 28272472 PMCID: PMC5341122 DOI: 10.1038/srep43708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recessive mutations in WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) cause microcephaly and a wide spectrum of severe brain malformations. Disruption of the mouse ortholog results in microcephaly underlain by reduced proliferation of neocortical progenitors during late neurogenesis, abnormalities in asymmetric centrosome inheritance leading to neuronal migration delays, and altered neuronal differentiation. Spindle pole localization of WDR62 and mitotic progression are defective in patient-derived fibroblasts, which, similar to mouse neocortical progenitors, transiently arrest at prometaphase. Expression of WDR62 is closely correlated with components of the chromosome passenger complex (CPC), a key regulator of mitosis. Wild type WDR62, but not disease-associated mutant forms, interacts with the CPC core enzyme Aurora kinase B and staining of CPC components at centromeres is altered in patient-derived fibroblasts. Our findings demonstrate critical and diverse functions of WDR62 in neocortical development and provide insight into the mechanisms by which its disruption leads to a plethora of structural abnormalities.
Collapse
|
66
|
High expression of ASPM correlates with tumor progression and predicts poor outcome in patients with prostate cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 2017; 49:817-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-017-1545-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
67
|
Tungadi EA, Ito A, Kiyomitsu T, Goshima G. Human microcephaly ASPM protein is a spindle pole-focusing factor that functions redundantly with CDK5RAP2. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:3676-3684. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsense mutations in the ASPM gene have been most frequently identified among familial microcephaly patients. Depletion of the Drosophila orthologue causes spindle pole unfocusing during mitosis in multiple cell types. However, it remains unknown whether human ASPM has a similar function. Here, using CRISPR-based gene knockout (KO) and RNA interference combined with auxin-inducible degron, we show that ASPM functions in spindle pole organisation during mitotic metaphase redundantly with another microcephaly protein CDK5RAP2 (also called CEP215) in human tissue culture cells. Deletion of the ASPM gene alone did not affect spindle morphology or mitotic progression. However, when the pericentriolar material protein CDK5RAP2 was depleted in ASPM KO cells, spindle poles were unfocused during prometaphase and anaphase onset was significantly delayed. The phenotypic analysis of CDK5RAP2-depleted cells suggested that the pole-focusing function of CDK5RAP2 is independent of its known function to localise the kinesin-14 motor HSET or activate the γ-tubulin complex. Finally, a hypomorphic mutation identified in ASPM microcephaly patients similarly caused spindle pole unfocusing in the absence of CDK5RAP2, suggesting a possible link between spindle pole disorganisation and microcephaly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa A. Tungadi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Ami Ito
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kiyomitsu
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Gohta Goshima
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Compagnucci C, Petrini S, Higuraschi N, Trivisano M, Specchio N, Hirose S, Bertini E, Terracciano A. Characterizing PCDH19 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and iPSC-derived developing neurons: emerging role of a protein involved in controlling polarity during neurogenesis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:26804-13. [PMID: 26450854 PMCID: PMC4694954 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PCDH19 (Protocadherin 19), a member of the cadherin superfamily, is involved in the pathogenic mechanism of an X-linked model of neurological disease. The biological function of PCHD19 in human neurons and during neurogenesis is currently unknown. Therefore, we decided to use the model of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to characterize the location and timing of expression of PCDH19 during cortical neuronal differentiation. Our data show that PCDH19 is expressed in pluripotent cells before differentiation in a homogeneous pattern, despite its localization is often limited to one pole of the cell. During neuronal differentiation, positional information on the progenitor cells assumes an important role in acquiring polarization. The proper control of the cell orientation ensures a fine balancing between symmetric (giving rise to two progenitor sister cells) versus asymmetric (giving rise to one progenitor cell and one newborn neuron) division. This process results in the polar organization of the neural tube with a lumen indicating the basal part of the polarized neuronal progenitor cell; in the iPSC model the cells are organized in the ‘neural rosette’ and interestingly, PCDH19 is located at the center of the rosette, with other well-known markers of the lumen (N-cadherin and ZO-1). These data suggest that PCDH19 has a role in instructing the apico-basal polarity of the progenitor cells, thus regulating the development of a properly organized human brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Compagnucci
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Norimichi Higuraschi
- Central Research Institute for the Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Marina Trivisano
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Division of Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Shinichi Hirose
- Central Research Institute for the Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Terracciano
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Dong C, Hu X, Dinu CZ. Current status and perspectives in atomic force microscopy-based identification of cellular transformation. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:2107-18. [PMID: 27274238 PMCID: PMC4876801 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s103501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex interplay between cells and their biomechanics and how the interplay is influenced by the extracellular microenvironment, as well as how the transforming potential of a tissue from a benign to a cancerous one is related to the dynamics of both the cell and its surroundings, holds promise for the development of targeted translational therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of atomic force microscopy-based technology and its applications for identification of cellular progression to a cancerous phenotype. The review also offers insights into the advancements that are required for the next user-controlled tool to allow for the identification of early cell transformation and thus potentially lead to improved therapeutic outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning for genomics studies and synthetic biology. Chromosoma 2016; 125:621-32. [PMID: 27116033 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0588-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) cloning represents a unique tool for isolation and manipulation of large DNA molecules. The technique exploits a high level of homologous recombination in the yeast Sacharomyces cerevisiae. So far, TAR cloning is the only method available to selectively recover chromosomal segments up to 300 kb in length from complex and simple genomes. In addition, TAR cloning allows the assembly and cloning of entire microbe genomes up to several Mb as well as engineering of large metabolic pathways. In this review, we summarize applications of TAR cloning for functional/structural genomics and synthetic biology.
Collapse
|
71
|
Zhu HH, Zhuang G, Gao WQ. A candidate gastric stem/progenitor cell marker revealed by genome-wide analysis. J Pathol 2015; 238:3-6. [PMID: 26310200 DOI: 10.1002/path.4601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen He Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Guanglei Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Wei-Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Systems Biomedicine; Shanghai China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Vange P, Bruland T, Beisvag V, Erlandsen SE, Flatberg A, Doseth B, Sandvik AK, Bakke I. Genome-wide analysis of the oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone reveals ASPM as a possible gastric stem/progenitor cell marker over-expressed in cancer. J Pathol 2015; 237:447-59. [PMID: 26178168 PMCID: PMC5049620 DOI: 10.1002/path.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The oxyntic proliferative isthmus zone contains the main stem/progenitor cells that provide for physiological renewal of the distinct mature cell lineages in the oxyntic epithelium of the stomach. These cells are also proposed to be the potential cells-of-origin of gastric cancer, although little is known about their molecular characteristics and specific biological markers are lacking. In this study, we developed a method for serial section-navigated laser microdissection to isolate cells from the proliferative isthmus zone of rat gastric oxyntic mucosa for genome-wide microarray gene expression analysis. Enrichment analysis showed a distinct gene expression profile for the isthmus zone, with genes regulating intracellular processes such as the cell cycle and ribosomal activity. The profile was also related to stem cell transcriptional networks and stomach neoplasia. Genes expressed uniquely in the isthmus zone were associated with E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), which participates in the self-renewal of stem cells and in gastric carcinogenesis. One of the unique genes was Aspm [Asp (abnormal spindle) homologue, microcephaly-associated (Drosophila)]. Here we show ASPM in single scattered epithelial cells located in the proliferative isthmus zone of rat, mouse and human oxyntic mucosa, which do not seem to be actively dividing. The ASPM-expressing cells are mainly mature cell marker-deficient, except for a limited overlap with cells with neuroendocrine and tuft cell features. Further, both ASPM and E2F1 were expressed in human gastric cancer cell lines and increased and correlated in human gastric adenocarcinomas compared to non-tumour mucosa, as shown by expression profile analyses and immunohistochemistry. The association between ASPM and the transcription factor E2F1 in gastric tissue is relevant, due to their common involvement in crucial cell fate-regulatory mechanisms. Our results thus introduce ASPM as a novel possible oxyntic stem/progenitor cell marker that may be involved in both normal gastric physiology and gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Vange
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Torunn Bruland
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Vidar Beisvag
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sten Even Erlandsen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Berit Doseth
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Arne K Sandvik
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research (CEMIR), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Bakke
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Central Norway Regional Health Authority (RHA), Stjørdal, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Wan Q, Dingerdissen H, Fan Y, Gulzar N, Pan Y, Wu TJ, Yan C, Zhang H, Mazumder R. BioXpress: an integrated RNA-seq-derived gene expression database for pan-cancer analysis. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav019. [PMID: 25819073 PMCID: PMC4377087 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BioXpress is a gene expression and cancer association database in which the expression levels are mapped to genes using RNA-seq data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas, International Cancer Genome Consortium, Expression Atlas and publications. The BioXpress database includes expression data from 64 cancer types, 6361 patients and 17 469 genes with 9513 of the genes displaying differential expression between tumor and normal samples. In addition to data directly retrieved from RNA-seq data repositories, manual biocuration of publications supplements the available cancer association annotations in the database. All cancer types are mapped to Disease Ontology terms to facilitate a uniform pan-cancer analysis. The BioXpress database is easily searched using HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee gene symbol, UniProtKB/RefSeq accession or, alternatively, can be queried by cancer type with specified significance filters. This interface along with availability of pre-computed downloadable files containing differentially expressed genes in multiple cancers enables straightforward retrieval and display of a broad set of cancer-related genes. Database URL:http://hive.biochemistry.gwu.edu/tools/bioxpress
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Hayley Dingerdissen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Naila Gulzar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Tsung-Jung Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Haichen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Raja Mazumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and McCormick Genomic and Proteomic Center, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Lee NCO, Larionov V, Kouprina N. Highly efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TAR cloning of genes and chromosomal loci from complex genomes in yeast. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:e55. [PMID: 25690893 PMCID: PMC4417148 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transformation-associated recombination (TAR) protocol allowing the selective isolation of full-length genes complete with their distal enhancer regions and entire genomic loci with sizes up to 250 kb from complex genomes in yeast S. cerevisiae has been developed more than a decade ago. However, its wide spread usage has been impeded by a low efficiency (0.5–2%) of chromosomal region capture during yeast transformants which in turn requires a time-consuming screen of hundreds of colonies. Here, we demonstrate that pre-treatment of genomic DNA with CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases to generate double-strand breaks near the targeted genomic region results in a dramatic increase in the fraction of gene-positive colonies (up to 32%). As only a dozen or less yeast transformants need to be screened to obtain a clone with the desired chromosomal region, extensive experience with yeast is no longer required. A TAR-CRISPR protocol may help to create a bank of human genes, each represented by a genomic copy containing its native regulatory elements, that would lead to a significant advance in functional, structural and comparative genomics, in diagnostics, gene replacement, generation of animal models for human diseases and has a potential for gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C O Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vladimir Larionov
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Natalay Kouprina
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Abstract
The centrosome was discovered in the late 19th century when mitosis was first described. Long recognized as a key organelle of the spindle pole, its core component, the centriole, was realized more than 50 or so years later also to comprise the basal body of the cilium. Here, we chart the more recent acquisition of a molecular understanding of centrosome structure and function. The strategies for gaining such knowledge were quickly developed in the yeasts to decipher the structure and function of their distinctive spindle pole bodies. Only within the past decade have studies with model eukaryotes and cultured cells brought a similar degree of sophistication to our understanding of the centrosome duplication cycle and the multiple roles of this organelle and its component parts in cell division and signaling. Now as we begin to understand these functions in the context of development, the way is being opened up for studies of the roles of centrosomes in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Fu
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| | - Iain M Hagan
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - David M Glover
- Cancer Research UK Cell Cycle Genetics Group, Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Faheem M, Naseer MI, Rasool M, Chaudhary AG, Kumosani TA, Ilyas AM, Pushparaj P, Ahmed F, Algahtani HA, Al-Qahtani MH, Saleh Jamal H. Molecular genetics of human primary microcephaly: an overview. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8 Suppl 1:S4. [PMID: 25951892 PMCID: PMC4315316 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-8-s1-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterised by microcephaly present at birth and non-progressive mental retardation. Microcephaly is the outcome of a smaller but architecturally normal brain; the cerebral cortex exhibits a significant decrease in size. MCPH is a neurogenic mitotic disorder, though affected patients demonstrate normal neuronal migration, neuronal apoptosis and neural function. Twelve MCPH loci (MCPH1-MCPH12) have been mapped to date from various populations around the world and contain the following genes: Microcephalin, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CASC5, ASPM, CENPJ, STIL, CEP135, CEP152, ZNF335, PHC1 and CDK6. It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. Additional findings have further elucidated the microcephaly aetiology and pathophysiology, which has informed the clinical management of families suffering from MCPH. The provision of molecular diagnosis and genetic counselling may help to decrease the frequency of this disorder.
Collapse
|
77
|
Molecular and cellular basis of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:547986. [PMID: 25548773 PMCID: PMC4274849 DOI: 10.1155/2014/547986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a marked reduction in brain size and intellectual disability. MCPH is genetically heterogeneous and can exhibit additional clinical features that overlap with related disorders including Seckel syndrome, Meier-Gorlin syndrome, and microcephalic osteodysplastic dwarfism. In this review, we discuss the key proteins mutated in MCPH. To date, MCPH-causing mutations have been identified in twelve different genes, many of which encode proteins that are involved in cell cycle regulation or are present at the centrosome, an organelle crucial for mitotic spindle assembly and cell division. We highlight recent findings on MCPH proteins with regard to their role in cell cycle progression, centrosome function, and early brain development.
Collapse
|
78
|
Hayano T, Yokota Y, Hosomichi K, Nakaoka H, Yoshihara K, Adachi S, Kashima K, Tsuda H, Moriya T, Tanaka K, Enomoto T, Inoue I. Molecular characterization of an intact p53 pathway subtype in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114491. [PMID: 25460179 PMCID: PMC4252108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most aggressive histological type of epithelial ovarian cancer, which is characterized by a high frequency of somatic TP53 mutations. We performed exome analyses of tumors and matched normal tissues of 34 Japanese patients with HGSOC and observed a substantial number of patients without TP53 mutation (24%, 8/34). Combined with the results of copy number variation analyses, we subdivided the 34 patients with HGSOC into subtypes designated ST1 and ST2. ST1 showed intact p53 pathway and was characterized by fewer somatic mutations and copy number alterations. In contrast, the p53 pathway was impaired in ST2, which is characterized by abundant somatic mutations and copy number alterations. Gene expression profiles combined with analyses using the Gene Ontology resource indicate the involvement of specific biological processes (mitosis and DNA helicase) that are relevant to genomic stability and cancer etiology. In particular we demonstrate the presence of a novel subtype of patients with HGSOC that is characterized by an intact p53 pathway, with limited genomic alterations and specific gene expression profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Hayano
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Yuki Yokota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Hirofumi Nakaoka
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Kosuke Yoshihara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sosuke Adachi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsunori Kashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Moriya
- Department of Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Niigata Medical Center Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takayuki Enomoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ituro Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Chavali PL, Pütz M, Gergely F. Small organelle, big responsibility: the role of centrosomes in development and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130468. [PMID: 25047622 PMCID: PMC4113112 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, a key microtubule organizing centre, is composed of centrioles, embedded in a protein-rich matrix. Centrosomes control the internal spatial organization of somatic cells, and as such contribute to cell division, cell polarity and migration. Upon exiting the cell cycle, most cell types in the human body convert their centrioles into basal bodies, which drive the assembly of primary cilia, involved in sensing and signal transduction at the cell surface. Centrosomal genes are targeted by mutations in numerous human developmental disorders, ranging from diseases exclusively affecting brain development, through global growth failure syndromes to diverse pathologies associated with ciliary malfunction. Despite our much-improved understanding of centrosome function in cellular processes, we know remarkably little of its role in the organismal context, especially in mammals. In this review, we examine how centrosome dysfunction impacts on complex physiological processes and speculate on the challenges we face when applying knowledge generated from in vitro and in vivo model systems to human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavithra L Chavali
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Monika Pütz
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Fanni Gergely
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Fujimori A, Itoh K, Goto S, Hirakawa H, Wang B, Kokubo T, Kito S, Tsukamoto S, Fushiki S. Disruption of Aspm causes microcephaly with abnormal neuronal differentiation. Brain Dev 2014; 36:661-9. [PMID: 24220505 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A number of ASPM mutations have been detected in primary microcephaly patients. In order to evaluate the function of ASPM in brain development, we generated model animals of human autosomal recessive primary microcephaly-5 (MCPH5). METHODS In the Aspm knock-out mice, the exon 2-3 of the Aspm gene was encompassed by a pair of loxP signals so that cre-recombinase activity switched the allele from wild-type to null zygotes as frequently, as expected from the Mendelian inheritance. We precisely analyzed the brains of adults and fetuses using immunohistochemistry and morphometry. RESULTS The adult brains of the Aspm(-/-) mice were smaller, especially in the cerebrum. In the barrel field of the somatosensory cortex, layer I was significantly thicker, whereas layer VI was significantly thinner in Aspm(-/-) mice, compared with Aspm(+/+) mice. The total number of cells and the thickness of the cortical plate at embryonic day 16.5 was significantly decreased in Aspm(-/-) mice, compared with Aspm(+/+) mice. Furthermore, the expression of transcription factors, such as Tbr1 and Satb2, was significantly increased in the subplate of the Aspm(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that Aspm is essential to the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem/progenitor cells. The Aspm gene loss model provided a novel pathogenetic insight into acquired microcephaly, which can be caused by in utero exposure to both known and unknown teratogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Fujimori
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kyoko Itoh
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Shoko Goto
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirakawa
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Bing Wang
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kokubo
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Seiji Kito
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsukamoto
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shinji Fushiki
- Department of Pathology and Applied Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Jang HM, Erf GF, Rowland KC, Kong BW. Genome resequencing and bioinformatic analysis of SNP containing candidate genes in the autoimmune vitiligo Smyth line chicken model. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:707. [PMID: 25151476 PMCID: PMC4152579 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Smyth line (SL) chicken is the only animal model for autoimmune vitiligo that spontaneously displays all clinical and biological manifestations of the human disorder. To understand the genetic components underlying the susceptibility to develop SL vitiligo (SLV), whole genome resequencing analysis was performed in SLV chickens compared with non-vitiliginous parental Brown line (BL) chickens, which maintain a very low incidence rate of vitiligo. RESULTS Illumina sequencing technology and reference based assembly on Red Jungle Fowl genome sequences were used. Results of genome resequencing of pooled DNA of each 10 BL and SL chickens reached 5.1x and 7.0x coverage, respectively. The total number of SNPs was 4.8 and 5.5 million in BL and SL genome, respectively. Through a series of filtering processes, a total of ~1 million unique SNPs were found in the SL alone. Eventually of the 156 reliable marker SNPs, which can induce non-synonymous-, frameshift-, nonsense-, and no-start mutations in amino acid sequences in proteins, 139 genes were chosen for further analysis. Of these, 14 randomly chosen SNPs were examined for SNP verification by PCR and Sanger sequencing to detect SNP positions in 20 BL and 70 SL chickens. The results of the analysis of the 14 SNPs clearly showed differential frequencies of nucleotide bases in the SNP positions between BL and SL chickens. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the 156 most reliable marker SNPs included genes involved in dermatological diseases/conditions such as ADAMTS13, ASPM, ATP6V0A2, BRCA2, COL12A1, GRM5, LRP2, OBSCN, PLAU, RNF168, STAB2, and XIRP1. Intermolecular gene network analysis revealed that candidate genes identified in SLV play a role in networks centered on protein kinases (MAPK, ERK1/2, PKC, PRKDC), phosphatase (PPP1CA), ubiquitinylation (UBC) and amyloid production (APP). CONCLUSIONS Various potential genetic markers showing amino acid changes and potential roles in vitiligo development were identified in the SLV chicken through genome resequencing. The genetic markers and bioinformatic interpretations of amino acid mutations found in SLV chickens may provide insight into the genetic component responsible for the onset and the progression of autoimmune vitiligo and serve as valuable markers to develop diagnostic tools to detect vitiligo susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Min Jang
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Gisela F Erf
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Kaylee C Rowland
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| | - Byung-Whi Kong
- Department of Poultry Science, Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, POSC O-404, 1260 West Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Deregulation of microcephalin and ASPM expression are correlated with epithelial ovarian cancer progression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97059. [PMID: 24830737 PMCID: PMC4022499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the MCPH1 (Microcephalin) and ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) genes cause primary microcephaly. Both are centrosomal associated proteins involved in mitosis. Microcephalin plays an important role in DNA damage response and ASPM is required for correct division of proliferative neuro-epithelial cells of the developing brain. Reduced MCPH1 mRNA expression and ASPM mRNA over-expression have been implicated in the development of human carcinomas. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterised by highly aneuploid tumours. Previously we have reported low Microcephalin and high ASPM protein levels and associations with clinico-pathological parameters in malignant cells from ascitic fluids. To confirm these previous findings on a larger scale Microcephalin and ASPM expression levels and localisations were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in two cohorts; a training set of 25 samples and a validation set of 322 EOC tissue samples. Results were correlated to the associated histopathological data. In normal ovarian tissues the Microcephalin nuclear staining pattern was consistently strong. In the cancer tissues, we identified low nuclear Microcephalin expression in high grade and advanced stage tumours (p<0.0001 and p = 0.0438 respectively). ASPM had moderate to high nuclear and low to moderate cytoplasmic expression in normal tissue. Cytoplasmic ASPM expression decreased with tumour grade and stage in the serous subtype of EOC (p = 0.023 and p = 0.011 respectively). Cytoplasmic ASPM increased with tumour stage in the endometrioid subtype (p = 0.023). Increasing tumour invasiveness (T3) and lymph node involvement (N1) also correlated with a decrease in cytoplasmic ASPM in EOC (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04 respectively). We have validated previous findings of deregulated expression of Microcephalin and ASPM in EOC by confirming associations for low nuclear Microcephalin levels and high cytoplasmic ASPM levels in a larger scale tumour tissue study. Microcephalin and ASPM may prove useful biomarkers in EOC.
Collapse
|
83
|
Wang WY, Hsu CC, Wang TY, Li CR, Hou YC, Chu JM, Lee CT, Liu MS, Su JJM, Jian KY, Huang SS, Jiang SS, Shan YS, Lin PW, Shen YY, Lee MTL, Chan TS, Chang CC, Chen CH, Chang IS, Lee YL, Chen LT, Tsai KK. A gene expression signature of epithelial tubulogenesis and a role for ASPM in pancreatic tumor progression. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1110-20. [PMID: 23896173 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Many patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) develop recurrent or metastatic diseases after surgery, so it is important to identify those most likely to benefit from aggressive therapy. Disruption of tissue microarchitecture is an early step in pancreatic tumorigenesis and a parameter used in pathology grading of glandular tumors. We investigated whether changes in gene expression during pancreatic epithelial morphogenesis were associated with outcomes of patients with PDAC after surgery. METHODS We generated architectures of human pancreatic duct epithelial cells in a 3-dimensional basement membrane matrix. We identified gene expression profiles of the cells during different stages of tubular morphogenesis (tubulogenesis) and of PANC-1 cells during spheroid formation. Differential expression of genes was confirmed by immunoblot analysis. We compared the gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis with that of PDAC samples from 27 patients, as well as with their outcomes after surgery. RESULTS We identified a gene expression profile associated with tubulogenesis that resembled the profile of human pancreatic tissue with differentiated morphology and exocrine function. Patients with PDACs with this profile fared well after surgery. Based on this profile, we established a 6-28 gene tubulogenesis-specific signature that accurately determined the prognosis of independent cohorts of patients with PDAC (total n = 128; accuracy = 81.2%-95.0%). One gene, ASPM, was down-regulated during tubulogenesis but up-regulated in human PDAC cell lines and tumor samples; up-regulation correlated with patient outcomes (Cox regression P = .0028). Bioinformatic, genetic, biochemical, functional, and clinical correlative studies showed that ASPM promotes aggressiveness of PDAC by maintaining Wnt-β-catenin signaling and stem cell features of PDAC cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified a gene expression profile associated with pancreatic epithelial tubulogenesis and a tissue architecture-specific signature of PDAC cells that is associated with patient outcomes after surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yu Wang
- Laboratory for Tumor Epigenetics and Stemness, National Institute of Cancer Research and Translational Center for Glandular Malignancies, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Pathology, National Cheng-Kung University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Novorol C, Burkhardt J, Wood KJ, Iqbal A, Roque C, Coutts N, Almeida AD, He J, Wilkinson CJ, Harris WA. Microcephaly models in the developing zebrafish retinal neuroepithelium point to an underlying defect in metaphase progression. Open Biol 2013; 3:130065. [PMID: 24153002 PMCID: PMC3814721 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.130065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a congenital disorder characterized by significantly reduced brain size and mental retardation. Nine genes are currently known to be associated with the condition, all of which encode centrosomal or spindle pole proteins. MCPH is associated with a reduction in proliferation of neural progenitors during fetal development. The cellular mechanisms underlying the proliferation defect, however, are not fully understood. The zebrafish retinal neuroepithelium provides an ideal system to investigate this question. Mutant or morpholino-mediated knockdown of three known MCPH genes (stil, aspm and wdr62) and a fourth centrosomal gene, odf2, which is linked to several MCPH proteins, results in a marked reduction in head and eye size. Imaging studies reveal a dramatic rise in the fraction of proliferating cells in mitosis in all cases, and time-lapse microscopy points to a failure of progression through prometaphase. There was also increased apoptosis in all the MCPH models but this appears to be secondary to the mitotic defect as we frequently saw mitotically arrested cells disappear, and knocking down p53 apoptosis did not rescue the mitotic phenotype, either in whole retinas or clones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Novorol
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Noatynska A, Gotta M, Meraldi P. Mitotic spindle (DIS)orientation and DISease: cause or consequence? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 199:1025-35. [PMID: 23266953 PMCID: PMC3529530 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201209015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Correct alignment of the mitotic spindle during cell division is crucial for cell fate determination, tissue organization, and development. Mutations causing brain diseases and cancer in humans and mice have been associated with spindle orientation defects. These defects are thought to lead to an imbalance between symmetric and asymmetric divisions, causing reduced or excessive cell proliferation. However, most of these disease-linked genes encode proteins that carry out multiple cellular functions. Here, we discuss whether spindle orientation defects are the direct cause for these diseases, or just a correlative side effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Noatynska
- Department of Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Xu XL, Ma W, Zhu YB, Wang C, Wang BY, An N, An L, Liu Y, Wu ZH, Tian JH. The microtubule-associated protein ASPM regulates spindle assembly and meiotic progression in mouse oocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49303. [PMID: 23152892 PMCID: PMC3496685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The microtubule-associated protein ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated) plays an important role in spindle organization and cell division in mitosis and meiosis in lower animals, but its function in mouse oocyte meiosis has not been investigated. In this study, we characterized the localization and expression dynamics of ASPM during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and analyzed the effects of the downregulation of ASPM expression on meiotic spindle assembly and meiotic progression. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that ASPM localized to the entire spindle at metaphase I (MI) and metaphase II (MII), colocalizing with the spindle microtubule protein acetylated tubulin (Ac-tubulin). In taxol-treated oocytes, ASPM colocalized with Ac-tubulin on the excessively polymerized microtubule fibers of enlarged spindles and the numerous asters in the cytoplasm. Nocodazole treatment induced the gradual disassembly of microtubule fibers, during which ASPM remained colocalized with the dynamic Ac-tubulin. The downregulation of ASPM expression by a gene-specific morpholino resulted in an abnormal meiotic spindle and inhibited meiotic progression; most of the treated oocytes were blocked in the MI stage with elongated meiotic spindles. Furthermore, coimmunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry and western blot analysis revealed that ASPM interacted with calmodulin in MI oocytes and that these proteins colocalized at the spindle. Our results provide strong evidence that ASPM plays a critical role in meiotic spindle assembly and meiotic progression in mouse oocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing-Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Municipal Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Villanea FA, Perry GH, Gutiérrez-Espeleta GA, Dominy NJ. ASPM and the evolution of cerebral cortical size in a community of New World monkeys. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44928. [PMID: 23028686 PMCID: PMC3459963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) gene has been proposed as a major determinant of cerebral cortical size among primates, including humans. Yet the specific functions of ASPM and its connection to human intelligence remain controversial. This debate is limited in part by a taxonomic focus on Old World monkeys and apes. Here we expand the comparative context of ASPM sequence analyses with a study of New World monkeys, a radiation of primates in which enlarged brain size has evolved in parallel in spider monkeys (genus Ateles) and capuchins (genus Cebus). The primate community of Costa Rica is perhaps a model system because it allows for independent pairwise comparisons of smaller- and larger-brained species within two taxonomic families. Accordingly, we analyzed the complete sequence of exon 18 of ASPM in Ateles geoffroyi, Alouatta palliata, Cebus capucinus, and Saimiri oerstedii. As the analysis of multiple species in a genus improves phylogenetic reconstruction, we also analyzed eleven published sequences from other New World monkeys. Our exon-wide, lineage-specific analysis of eleven genera and the ratio of rates of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) on ASPM revealed no detectable evidence for positive selection in the lineages leading to Ateles or Cebus, as indicated by dN/dS ratios of <1.0 (0.6502 and 0.4268, respectively). Our results suggest that a multitude of interacting genes have driven the evolution of larger brains among primates, with different genes involved in this process in different encephalized lineages, or at least with evidence for positive selection not readily apparent for the same genes in all lineages. The primate community of Costa Rica may serve as a model system for future studies that aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive capacity and cortical size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Villanea
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Wu Q, Wang X. Neuronal stem cells in the central nervous system and in human diseases. Protein Cell 2012; 3:262-70. [PMID: 22528753 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of cortical expansion in the central nervous system is a key step of mammalian brain development to ensure its physiological function. Radial glial (RG) cells are a glial cell type contributing to this progress as intermediate neural progenitor cells responsible for an increase in the number of cortical neurons. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of RG cells during neurogenesis and provide further information on the mechanisms of neurodevelopmental diseases and stem cell-related brain tumorigenesis. Knowledge of neuronal stem cell and relative diseases will bridge benchmark research through translational studies to clinical therapeutic treatments of these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
LaMonica BE, Lui JH, Wang X, Kriegstein AR. OSVZ progenitors in the human cortex: an updated perspective on neurodevelopmental disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2012; 22:747-53. [PMID: 22487088 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent discoveries concerning the architecture and cellular dynamics of the developing human brain are revealing new differences between mouse and human cortical development. In mice, neurons are produced by ventricular radial glial (RG) cells and subventricular zone intermediate progenitor (IP) cells. In the human cortex, both ventricular RG and highly motile outer RG cells generate IP cells, which undergo multiple rounds of transit amplification in the outer subventricular zone before producing neurons. This creates a more complex environment for neurogenesis and neuronal migration, adding new arenas in which neurodevelopmental disease gene mutation could disrupt corticogenesis. A more complete understanding of disease mechanisms will involve use of emerging model systems with developmental programs more similar to that of the human neocortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E LaMonica
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCSF, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Kato TA, Okayasu R, Jeggo PA, Fujimori A. ASPM influences DNA double-strand break repair and represents a potential target for radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1189-95. [PMID: 21923303 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.624152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous study using HiCEP (High coverage expression profiling), we demonstrated that ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated) or the most common-type microcephaly (MCPH5) gene was selectively down-regulated by IR (ionizing radiation). The roles of ASPM on radiosensitivity, however, have never been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using glioblastoma cell lines and normal human fibroblasts, we investigated how IR sensitivity (survived fraction, DNA repair and chromosome aberration) was affected by the reduction of ASPM by specific siRNA (small interfering RNA). RESULTS Down-regulation of ASPM by siRNA enhanced radiosensitivity in three human cell lines examined. Constant-field gel electrophoreses and γ-H2AX (phosphorylated form of Histone H2A variant H2AX) foci analysis showed that ASPM-specific siRNA impaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) in irradiated cells. Elevated levels of abnormal chromosomes were also observed following ASPM siRNA. In addition IR-sensitization by ASPM knockdown was not enhanced in DNA-PK (DNA-dependent protein kinase) deficient glioblastoma cells suggesting that ASPM impacts upon a DNA-PK-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that ASPM is required for efficient non-homologous end-joining in mammalian cells. In clinical applications, ASPM could be a novel target for combination therapy with radiation as well as a useful biomarker for tumor prognosis as ever described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu A Kato
- Heavy-Ion Radiobiology Research Group, Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Buchman JJ, Durak O, Tsai LH. ASPM regulates Wnt signaling pathway activity in the developing brain. Genes Dev 2011; 25:1909-14. [PMID: 21937711 DOI: 10.1101/gad.16830211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a neural developmental disorder in which patients display significantly reduced brain size. Mutations in Abnormal Spindle Microcephaly (ASPM) are the most common cause of MCPH. Here, we investigate the underlying functions of Aspm in brain development and find that Aspm expression is critical for proper neurogenesis and neuronal migration. The Wnt signaling pathway is known for its roles in embryogenesis, and genome-wide siRNA screens indicate that ASPM is a positive regulator of Wnt signaling. We demonstrate that knockdown of Aspm results in decreased Wnt-mediated transcription, and that expression of stabilized β-catenin can rescue this deficit. Finally, coexpression of stabilized β-catenin can rescue defects observed upon in vivo knockdown of Aspm. Our findings provide an impetus to further explore Aspm's role in facilitating Wnt-mediated neurogenesis programs, which may contribute to psychiatric illness etiology when perturbed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Buchman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Expression analysis of stem cell-related genes reveal OCT4 as a predictor of poor clinical outcome in medulloblastoma. J Neurooncol 2011; 106:71-9. [PMID: 21725800 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of stem cell-related genes in tumors may confer more primitive and aggressive traits affecting clinical outcome. Here, we investigated expression and prognostic value of the neural stem cell marker CD133, as well as of the pluripotency genes LIN28 and OCT4 in 37 samples of pediatric medulloblastoma, the most common and challenging type of embryonal tumor. While most medulloblastoma samples expressed CD133 and LIN28, OCT4 expression was found to be more sporadic, with detectable levels occurring in 48% of tumors. Expression levels of OCT4, but not CD133 or LIN28, were significantly correlated with shorter survival (P ≤ 0.0001). Median survival time of patients with tumors hyperexpressing OCT4 and tumors displaying low/undetectable OCT4 expression were 6 and 153 months, respectively. More importantly, when patients were clinically stratified according to their risk of tumor recurrence, positive OCT4 expression in primary tumor specimens could discriminate patients classified as average risk but which further deceased within 5 years of diagnosis (median survival time of 28 months), a poor clinical outcome typical of high risk patients. Our findings reveal a previously unknown prognostic value for OCT4 expression status in medulloblastoma, which might be used as a further indicator of poor survival and aid postoperative treatment selection, with a particular potential benefit for clinically average risk patients.
Collapse
|
93
|
Mahmood S, Ahmad W, Hassan MJ. Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH): clinical manifestations, genetic heterogeneity and mutation continuum. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2011; 6:39. [PMID: 21668957 PMCID: PMC3123551 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1172-6-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare disorder of neurogenic mitosis characterized by reduced head circumference at birth with variable degree of mental retardation. In MCPH patients, brain size reduced to almost one-third of its original volume due to reduced number of generated cerebral cortical neurons during embryonic neurogensis. So far, seven genetic loci (MCPH1-7) for this condition have been mapped with seven corresponding genes (MCPH1, WDR62, CDK5RAP2, CEP152, ASPM, CENPJ, and STIL) identified from different world populations. Contribution of ASPM and WDR62 gene mutations in MCPH World wide is more than 50%. By and large, primary microcephaly patients are phenotypically indistinguishable, however, recent studies in patients with mutations in MCPH1, WDR62 and ASPM genes showed a broader clinical and/or cellular phenotype. It has been proposed that mutations in MCPH genes can cause the disease phenotype by disturbing: 1) orientation of mitotic spindles, 2) chromosome condensation mechanism during embryonic neurogenesis, 3) DNA damage-response signaling, 4) transcriptional regulations and microtubule dynamics, 5) certain unknown centrosomal mechanisms that control the number of neurons generated by neural precursor cells. Recent discoveries of mammalian models for MCPH have open up horizons for researchers to add more knowledge regarding the etiology and pathophysiology of MCPH. High incidence of MCPH in Pakistani population reflects the most probable involvement of consanguinity. Genetic counseling and clinical management through carrier detection/prenatal diagnosis in MCPH families can help reducing the incidence of this autosomal recessive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Mahmood
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences, Khayaban-e-Jamia Punjab, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Singhmar P, Kumar A. Angelman syndrome protein UBE3A interacts with primary microcephaly protein ASPM, localizes to centrosomes and regulates chromosome segregation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20397. [PMID: 21633703 PMCID: PMC3102111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many proteins associated with the phenotype microcephaly have been localized to the centrosome or linked to it functionally. All the seven autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) proteins localize at the centrosome. Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II protein PCNT and Seckel syndrome (also characterized by severe microcephaly) protein ATR are also centrosomal proteins. All of the above findings show the importance of centrosomal proteins as the key players in neurogenesis and brain development. However, the exact mechanism as to how the loss-of-function of these proteins leads to microcephaly remains to be elucidated. To gain insight into the function of the most commonly mutated MCPH gene ASPM, we used the yeast two-hybrid technique to screen a human fetal brain cDNA library with an ASPM bait. The analysis identified Angelman syndrome gene product UBE3A as an ASPM interactor. Like ASPM, UBE3A also localizes to the centrosome. The identification of UBE3A as an ASPM interactor is not surprising as more than 80% of Angelman syndrome patients have microcephaly. However, unlike in MCPH, microcephaly is postnatal in Angelman syndrome patients. Our results show that UBE3A is a cell cycle regulated protein and its level peaks in mitosis. The shRNA knockdown of UBE3A in HEK293 cells led to many mitotic abnormalities including chromosome missegregation, abnormal cytokinesis and apoptosis. Thus our study links Angelman syndrome protein UBE3A to ASPM, centrosome and mitosis for the first time. We suggest that a defective chromosome segregation mechanism is responsible for the development of microcephaly in Angelman syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singhmar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Kim HT, Lee MS, Choi JH, Jung JY, Ahn DG, Yeo SY, Choi DK, Kim CH. The microcephaly gene aspm is involved in brain development in zebrafish. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 409:640-4. [PMID: 21620798 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
MCPH is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a global reduction in cerebral cortical volume. Homozygous mutation of the MCPH5 gene, also known as ASPM, is the most common cause of the MCPH phenotype. To elucidate the roles of ASPM during embryonic development, the zebrafish aspm was identified, which is specifically expressed in proliferating cells in the CNS. Morpholino-mediated knock-down of aspm resulted in a significant reduction in head size. Furthermore, aspm-deficient embryos exhibited a mitotic arrest during early development. These findings suggest that the reduction in brain size in MCPH might be caused by lack of aspm function in the mitotic cell cycle and demonstrate that the zebrafish can provide a model system for congenital diseases of the human nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Taek Kim
- Department of Biology and GRAST, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Brüning-Richardson A, Bond J, Alsiary R, Richardson J, Cairns DA, McCormack L, Hutson R, Burns P, Wilkinson N, Hall GD, Morrison EE, Bell SM. ASPM and microcephalin expression in epithelial ovarian cancer correlates with tumour grade and survival. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1602-10. [PMID: 21505456 PMCID: PMC3101901 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinico-pathological and molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) complicates its early diagnosis and successful treatment. Highly aneuploid tumours and the presence of ascitic fluids are hallmarks of EOC. Two microcephaly-associated proteins, abnormal spindle-like microcephaly-associated protein (ASPM) and microcephalin, are involved in mitosis and DNA damage repair. Their expression is deregulated at the RNA level in EOC. Here, ASPM and microcephalin protein expression in primary cultures established from the ascites of patients with EOC was determined and correlated with clinical data to assess their suitability as biomarkers. METHODS Five established ovarian cancer cell lines, cells derived from two benign ovarian ascites samples and 40 primary cultures of EOC derived from ovarian ascites samples were analysed by protein slot blotting and/or immunofluorescence to determine ASPM and microcephalin protein levels and their cellular localisation. Results were correlated with clinico-pathological data. RESULTS A statistically significant correlation was identified for ASPM localisation and tumour grade, with high levels of cytoplasmic ASPM correlating with grade 1 tumours. Conversely, cytoplasmic microcephalin was only identified in high-grade tumours. Furthermore, low levels of nuclear microcephalin correlated with reduced patient survival. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that ASPM and microcephalin have the potential to be biomarkers in ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Brüning-Richardson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - J Bond
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - R Alsiary
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - J Richardson
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - D A Cairns
- Section of Oncology and Clinical Research, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - L McCormack
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - R Hutson
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - P Burns
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - N Wilkinson
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - G D Hall
- St James's Institute of Oncology, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - E E Morrison
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - S M Bell
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Welcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
97
|
Nakano E, Mushtaq S, Heath PR, Lee ES, Bury JP, Riley SA, Powers HJ, Corfe BM. Riboflavin depletion impairs cell proliferation in adult human duodenum: identification of potential effectors. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:1007-19. [PMID: 20848206 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-010-1374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is an essential dietary component with a known function in oxidative metabolism. Our previous data using a rat model of riboflavin deficiency suggested that riboflavin also functions as a luminal signaling molecule regulating crypt development and cell turnover. Riboflavin deficiency is prevalent in both high- and low-income countries across the globe. This study aims to establish whether riboflavin deficiency has consequences for gastrointestinal (GI) morphology in adults and what the effects and effectors of any such alteration may be. METHODS Duodenal biopsies and blood samples were collected from a cross-section of gastroscopy patients. Crypt morphology and cell division were studied by immunohistochemistry, and biochemical riboflavin status was determined. Additionally a cell culture model of riboflavin deficiency was developed and analyzed using a combination of flow cytometry, and microarray and clonogenic assays. RESULT Duodenal crypts from subjects in the lowest quartile of riboflavin status were significantly shorter (P=0.023), less cellular (P=0.007), and had fewer cell divisions (P=0.034) than the crypts of subjects in the top quartile of riboflavin status. Following riboflavin depletion of colon cells in culture, cell cycle slowed. Microscopy revealed impaired mitosis and accumulation of aneuploid cells. Alterations in gene expression profiles reflected this alteration, with several mitosis-related genes altered, including AspM, cyclin B1, and Birc5 downregulated and Kif23 upregulated. Riboflavin depletion in vitro caused irreversible loss of proliferative potential of cells. CONCLUSIONS Riboflavin depletion in adult humans impairs proliferation and proliferative potential of intestinal cells, which may have implications for gastrointestinal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Nakano
- Human Nutrition Unit; Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Mahjoub MR, Xie Z, Stearns T. Cep120 is asymmetrically localized to the daughter centriole and is essential for centriole assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 191:331-46. [PMID: 20956381 PMCID: PMC2958470 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201003009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cep120, a protein involved in maintenance of neural progenitor cells, is required for centriole duplication in cycling cells and for centriole amplification in tracheal epithelial cells. Centrioles form the core of the centrosome in animal cells and function as basal bodies that nucleate and anchor cilia at the plasma membrane. In this paper, we report that Cep120 (Ccdc100), a protein previously shown to be involved in maintaining the neural progenitor pool in mouse brain, is associated with centriole structure and function. Cep120 is up-regulated sevenfold during differentiation of mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs) and localizes to basal bodies. Cep120 localizes preferentially to the daughter centriole in cycling cells, and this asymmetry between mother and daughter centrioles is relieved coincident with new centriole assembly. Photobleaching recovery analysis identifies two pools of Cep120, differing in their halftime at the centriole. We find that Cep120 is required for centriole duplication in cycling cells, centriole amplification in MTECs, and centriole overduplication in S phase–arrested cells. We propose that Cep120 is required for centriole assembly and that the observed defect in neuronal migration might derive from a defect in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moe R Mahjoub
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Yong KJ, Yan B. The relevance of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions to human central nervous system diseases. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:458-63. [PMID: 21288724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During development of the embryonic central nervous system (CNS), large numbers of neurons and glia are generated from the neuroepithelium and its progenitor derivatives as a result of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions. We describe the biology of symmetric and asymmetric cell divisions in the CNS as gleaned from animal models, and discuss the relevance of these processes to human CNS development and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kol Jia Yong
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant tumors of the central nervous system in childhood. The incidence is about 19-20% between children younger than 16 years old with peak incidence between 4 and 7 years. Despite its sensibility to no specific therapeutic means like chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the treatment is very aggressive and frequently results in regression, growth deficit, and endocrine dysfunction. From this point of view, new treatment approaches are needed such as molecular targeted therapies. Studies in glioblastoma demonstrated that ASPM gene was overexpressed when compared to normal brain and ASPM inhibition by siRNA-mediated inhibits tumor cell proliferation and neural stem cell proliferation, supporting ASPM gene as a potential molecular target in glioblastoma. The aim of this work was to evaluate ASPM expression in medulloblastoma fragment samples, and to compare the results with the patient clinical features. METHODS Analysis of gene expression was performed by quantitative PCR real time using SYBR Green system in tumor samples from 37 children. The t test was used to analyze the gene expression, and Mann-Whitney test was performed to analyze the relationship between gene expressions and clinical characteristics. Kaplan-Meier test evaluated curve survival. RESULTS All samples overexpressed ASPM gene more than 40-fold. However, we did not find any association between the overexpressed samples and the clinical parameters. CONCLUSION ASPM overexpression may modify the ability of stem cells to differentiate during the development of the central nervous system, contributing to the development of medulloblastoma, a tumor of embryonic origin from cerebellar progenitor cells.
Collapse
|