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Hou HY, Wang D, Zou XP, Yang ZH, Li TC, Chen YQ. Does ambient air pollutants increase the risk of fetal loss? A case-control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:285-91. [PMID: 23864201 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-2962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between the ambient air pollution and early fetal loss. STUDY DESIGN A retrospective case-control study was conducted. 959 fetal losses and 959 normal intrauterine pregnancies within 14 weeks of pregnancy in 15 general or obstetrics and gynecology hospitals were selected into case and control groups, respectively. Data based on hospital records and national pollution monitor station records were collected. Logistic regression model was conducted to examine the associations between 4 ambient air pollutants (SO2, PM10, NO2 and TSP) exposures and fetal loss. RESULTS The ratio of fetal loss to termination of pregnancy for heating months (2.28 %) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that for the non-heating months (1.77 %). Logistic regression suggested that fetal loss within 14 weeks was associated with higher exposure to SO2 (OR = 19.76, 95 % CI 2.34-166.71) and TSP (OR = 2.04, 95 % CI 1.01-4.13) in the first month of pregnancy. CONCLUSION Exposure to high levels of SO2 and TSP during the first month of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of fetal loss in early pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Hou
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces Logistics College, 220 Chenglin Road, Tianjin, 300162, People's Republic of China
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Madar T, Shahaf G, Sheiner E, Brazg J, Levinson J, Yaniv Salem S, Twina G, Baron J, Mazor M, Holcberg G, Lewis EC. Low levels of circulating alpha-1 antitrypsin are associated with spontaneous abortions. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 26:1782-7. [DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2013.801955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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53
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Decreased endometrial vascularity in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies–associated recurrent miscarriage during midluteal phase. Fertil Steril 2012; 98:1495-502.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Daponte A, Deligeoroglou E, Pournaras S, Tsezou A, Garas A, Anastasiadou F, Hadjichristodoulou C, Messinis IE. Angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2 as serum biomarkers for ectopic pregnancy and missed abortion: a case-control study. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 415:145-51. [PMID: 23099117 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A case-control study to evaluate whether a single serum measurement of angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1) and angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2) at 6-8 weeks gestation can differentiate failed pregnancies, whether ectopic pregnancies (EP) or missed abortions (MA), from healthy intrauterine pregnancies (IUP). INTERVENTION(S) Serum and tissue mRNA determination of ANG-1 and ANG-2 levels by ELISA and RTPCR, from 60 (30 EP and 30 MA) patients with failed early pregnancy and 33 IUPs. RESULTS ANG-1 and ANG-2 concentrations and their ratio are lower in EP (median, 689 and 302 pg/ml, respectively) and MA cases (median, 810 and 402 pg/ml, respectively) compared to IUP (median, 963 and 1477 pg/ml, respectively) (p<0.05, for all). Unlike ANG-2, serum ANG-1 discriminates an EP from a MA (p=0.011). Trophoblastic ANG-1 mRNA expression levels are lower in EP compared to MA and IUP (p<0.05), while ANG-2 mRNA is higher in EP and MA than in IUP (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS A single measurement of serum ANG-1 and ANG-2 at 6-8 weeks of gestation designate the outcome of a pregnancy, as their levels are significantly decreased in failed than normal pregnancies. Serum ANG-1 showed potential to discriminate MA from EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larissa, Greece.
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Hanssens S, Salzet M, Vinatier D. [Immunological aspect of pregnancy]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 41:595-611. [PMID: 22921357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a temporary semi-allograft that survives for nine months. The importance of this event for the survival of the species justifies several tolerance mechanisms that are put into place at the beginning of pregnancy, some of which occur even at the time of implantation. The presence of multiple tolerance mechanisms and the richness of the means employed underline the central importance of the trophoblast. Understanding these mechanisms, and in particular, their integration into an overall scheme, enables the anomalies encountered in certain pathologies of pregnancy to be placed into context. Understanding these mechanisms and their interruption at the end of pregnancy should improve our understanding of disappointing results from current immunological treatments facilitate the implementation of new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hanssens
- Service de chirurgie gynécologique, hôpital Jeanne-de-Flandre, Lille cedex, France
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56
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Abstract
To investigate the existence and the distribution of decidual apoptosis in normal pregnancies and miscarriages (spontaneous and recurrent), a comparative immunofluorescent tissue labelling of normal control (n = 12) and miscarried pregnancies (n = 24) was designed. Evaluation of the existence and distribution of decidual apoptosis in normal pregnancies and miscarriages, characterization of the apoptotic cell types and the involvement of caspase-dependent pathways was analyzed with TUNEL, anti-active caspase-3, anti-pancytokeratin and anti-CD45 antibodies. Normal decidua showed few apoptotic cells, whereas decidua from recurrent miscarriages had a significantly higher number of apoptotic cells preferentially localized to the sub-epithelial and periarteriolar regions, where the onset of decidualization occurs. Apoptosis occurred via a caspase-dependent pathway. Neither immune nor epithelial cells were positively stained for any apoptotic markers. The increased number of apoptotic cells, which are strictly restricted to the periarteriolar stroma particularly in recurrent miscarriages leads us to suggest that decidual apoptosis could result a series of cellular dysfunctions that may threaten the course of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Cinar
- Etlik Zubeyde Hanim Women's Health Teaching and Research Hospital, Center for Assisted Reproductive Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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57
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Andraweera PH, Dekker GA, Roberts CT. The vascular endothelial growth factor family in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Hum Reprod Update 2012; 18:436-57. [PMID: 22495259 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dms011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-eclampsia, small-for-gestational-age infants, preterm birth and recurrent miscarriage complicate a significant number of pregnancies. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of angiogenic growth factors is implicated in the pathophysiology of these complications. We aimed to elucidate the role of these angiogenic factors in placentation and to evaluate the predictive value of their protein concentrations and genetic variations in pregnancy complications. METHODS We performed a systematic search of PubMed, and retrieved original articles. The search included a combination of terms such as VEGF-A, placental growth factor (PlGF), kinase insert domain receptor, fms-like-tyrosine-kinase receptor 1, soluble fms-like-tyrosine-kinase receptor 1, pre-eclampsia, small-for-gestational-age infants, preterm birth, recurrent miscarriage, placenta, prediction and polymorphisms. RESULTS This review summarizes the current knowledge of the roles of the VEGF family in early placentation and of the abnormalities in maternal plasma and placental expression of angiogenic proteins in adverse pregnancy outcomes compared with normal pregnancy. PlGF and sFLT-1 in combination with other clinical and biochemical markers in late first or second trimester appear to predict early-onset pre-eclampsia with a high sensitivity and specificity. However, VEGF family proteins do not have sufficient power to accurately predict late-onset pre-eclampsia, small-for-gestational age pregnancies or preterm birth. Functional polymorphisms in these angiogenic genes are implicated in pregnancy complications, but their contribution appears to be minor. CONCLUSIONS Although the VEGF family has important roles in normal and complicated pregnancy, the current predictive value of the VEGF family as biomarkers appears to be limited to early-onset pre-eclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Andraweera
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
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Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Whitehead CL, Ngian GL, Permezel M, Tong S. Serum concentrations of soluble Flt-1 are decreased among women with a viable fetus and no symptoms of miscarriage destined for pregnancy loss. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32509. [PMID: 22389705 PMCID: PMC3289655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. Pre-clinical miscarriage has an estimated incidence of 30%, whilst clinical miscarriage has an incidence of 12-15%. Two thirds of pregnancies lost to miscarriage are believed to be attributable to defective placentation, thus a number of studies have sought to identify markers of defective placentation that could be used as clinical biomarkers of miscarriage. Decreased soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1), placental growth factor (PlGF), and soluble endoglin (sEng) in the maternal circulation during the first trimester have recently been proposed as potential markers of pregnancy loss. However, in these studies clinical samples were only obtained once women had presented with symptoms of miscarriage. In this study we prospectively screened serum samples collected from asymptomatic women with a viable fetus. We assessed maternal serum levels of sFlt1, PlGF and sEng across the first trimester of normal pregnancy and compared levels between women who continued to a live birth, to those who subsequently miscarried. Both sFlt1 and PlGF significantly (p≤0.05) increased across gestation in normal pregnancy with serum levels rising from 0.65±0.12 ng/ml at 6 weeks to 1.85±0.24 ng/ml at 12 weeks for sFlt1, and 57.2±19.2 pg/ml to 106±22.7 pg/ml for PlGF. sEng remained unchanged throughout the the first trimester. Importantly we detected a significant (35%, p≤0.05) decrease in sFlt1 levels between our control and miscarriage cohort, however there was significant overlap between cases and controls, suggesting serum sFlt1 is unlikely to be useful as a clinical biomarker in asymptomatic women. Nevertheless, our data suggests a dysregulation of angiogenic factors may be involved in the pathophysiology of miscarriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu'uhevaha J Kaitu'u-Lino
- Translational Obstetrics Group, Mercy Hospital for Women, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Wehrum MJ, Buhimschi IA, Salafia C, Thung S, Bahtiyar MO, Werner EF, Campbell KH, Laky C, Sfakianaki AK, Zhao G, Funai EF, Buhimschi CS. Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:411.e1-411.e11. [PMID: 21316642 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize serum angiogenic factor profile of women with complete placenta previa and determine if invasive trophoblast differentiation characteristic of accreta, increta, or percreta shares features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. STUDY DESIGN We analyzed gestational age-matched serum samples from 90 pregnant women with either complete placenta previa (n = 45) or uncomplicated pregnancies (n = 45). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor, and soluble form of fms-like-tyrosine-kinase-1 were immunoassayed. VEGF and phosphotyrosine immunoreactivity was surveyed in histological specimens relative to expression of vimentin and cytokeratin-7. RESULTS Women with previa and invasive placentation (accreta, n = 5; increta, n = 6; percreta, n = 2) had lower systemic VEGF (invasive previa: median 0.8 [0.02-3.4] vs control 6.5 [2.7-10.5] pg/mL, P = .02). VEGF and phosphotyrosine immunostaining predominated in the invasive extravillous trophoblasts that coexpressed vimentin and cytokeratin-7, an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition feature and tumorlike cell phenotype. CONCLUSION Lower systemic free VEGF and a switch of the interstitial extravillous trophoblasts to a metastable cell phenotype characterize placenta previa with excessive myometrial invasion.
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Lash GE, Bulmer JN. Do uterine natural killer (uNK) cells contribute to female reproductive disorders? J Reprod Immunol 2011; 88:156-64. [PMID: 21334072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant immune cells in the uterine decidua around the time of implantation and early placental development are the uterine natural killer (uNK) cells. Altered numbers of uNK cells have been associated with several human reproductive disorders, including recurrent miscarriage, recurrent implantation failure, uterine fibroids, sporadic miscarriage, fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. Understanding of the function of uNK cells in non-pregnant and pregnant endometrium is now increasing; the potential contribution of altered numbers and function of uNK cells to reproductive disorders is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gendie E Lash
- Reproductive and Vascular Biology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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61
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CD34+ hematopoietic precursors are present in human decidua and differentiate into natural killer cells upon interaction with stromal cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2402-7. [PMID: 21248224 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016257108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the main lymphoid population in the maternal decidua during the first trimester of pregnancy. Decidual NK (dNK) cells display a unique functional profile and play a key role in promoting tissue remodeling, neoangiogenesis, and immune modulation. However, little information exists on their origin and development. Here we discovered CD34(+) hematopoietic precursors in human decidua (dCD34(+)). We show that dCD34(+) cells differ from cord blood- or peripheral blood-derived CD34(+) precursors. The expression of IL-15/IL-2 receptor common β-chain (CD122), IL-7 receptor α-chain (CD127), and mRNA for E4BP4 and ID2 transcription factors suggested that dCD34(+) cells are committed to the NK cell lineage. Moreover, they could undergo in vitro differentiation into functional (i.e., IL-8- and IL-22-producing) CD56(bright)CD16(-)KIR(+/-) NK cells in the presence of growth factors or even upon coculture with decidual stromal cells. Their NK cell commitment was further supported by the failure to undergo myeloid differentiation in the presence of GM-CSF. Our findings strongly suggest that decidual NK cells may directly derive from CD34(+) cell precursors present in the decidua upon specific cellular interactions with components of the decidual microenvironment.
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62
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Plaisier M. Decidualisation and angiogenesis. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2010; 25:259-71. [PMID: 21144801 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The timing of decidualisation and vascular processes during the implantation period is of paramount importance for the development of a receptive endometrium suitable for implantation. The endometrium transforms during the secretory phase into a well-vascularised receptive tissue characterised by increased vascular permeability, oedema, proliferation and differentiation of stromal cells into decidual cells, invasion of leucocytes, vascular remodelling and angiogenesis. Decidualisation continues in the presence of conception and an influx of immune cells, trophoblasts and vascular adaptation will occur. Vascular changes include spiral artery remodelling, angiogenesis and the induction of angiogenic factors. Disturbances in uterine blood supply are associated with first-trimester miscarriages and third-trimester perinatal morbidity and mortality caused by pre-eclampsia and foetal growth restriction. This article assesses decidual vascular changes during human implantation, and evaluates the involvement of angiogenesis in the pathogenesis of miscarriages, pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margreet Plaisier
- Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Germeyer A, von Wolff M, Jauckus J, Strowitzki T, Sharma T, Grazul-Bilska AT. Changes in cell proliferation, but not in vascularisation are characteristic for human endometrium in different reproductive failures--a pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2010; 8:67. [PMID: 20565916 PMCID: PMC2904337 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-8-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive failure, determined as recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA) or recurrent implantation failure (RIF) in women is not well understood. Several factors, including embryo quality, and cellular and molecular changes in endometrium may contribute to the insufficient feto-maternal interaction resulting in reproductive failure. Prior clinical studies suggest an inadequate endometrial growth and development of the endometrium, leading to a lesser endometrial thickness. METHODS We therefore aimed to determine the cellular proliferation using Ki67, and the expression of markers of vascularisation, such as factor VIII (a marker of endothelial cells) and smooth muscle cell actin (SMCA; a marker of pericytes and smooth muscle cells) in endometrium of healthy women and women with RSA or RIF. LH-dated mid-secretory endometrial biopsies of seven healthy women and twenty women with reproductive failure were examined via immunohistochemistry followed by image analysis. RESULTS Cellular proliferation but not expression of factor VIII or SMCA was decreased (P < 0.0004) in endometrium of women with RSA and RIF compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that reproductive failure is due to insufficient cell proliferation/tissue growth rather than inadequate vascularisation in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Germeyer
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael von Wolff
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Julia Jauckus
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Strowitzki
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanuj Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences and Cell Biology Center, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
| | - Anna T Grazul-Bilska
- Department of Animal Sciences and Cell Biology Center, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Nagamatsu T, Schust DJ. The immunomodulatory roles of macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface. Reprod Sci 2010; 17:209-18. [PMID: 20065301 DOI: 10.1177/1933719109349962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile cells that play a central role in innate and adaptive immunity and participate in a wide variety of biological processes. In the uterine decidua, macrophages represent a major leukocyte subset throughout pregnancy. Here, decidual macrophages exert an immunosuppressive phenotype characterized by abundant production of interleukin (IL)-10 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity. Their polarized cytokine secretion pattern has recently been classified as an M2 phenotype. These features of decidual macrophages favor maternal immune tolerance to semiallogenic fetus. In addition, macrophages cooperate with trophoblast cells during the early stages of human pregnancy to support uterine vasculature remodeling by removing apoptotic cells and through the production of proteases that degrade the extracellular matrix. In the peripartum period, macrophages also participate in the regulation of cervical ripening and the initiation of parturition through the production of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Aberrant activity of uterine macrophages is linked to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and preterm delivery. Here, we review the immunomodulatory roles of decidual macrophages during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nagamatsu
- Division of Perinatal Research, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri 65201, USA
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Chen SU, Chou CH, Lin CW, Lee H, Wu JC, Lu HF, Chen CD, Yang YS. Signal mechanisms of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8 in ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome: dopamine targets their common pathways. Hum Reprod 2009; 25:757-67. [PMID: 20008399 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dep432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a serious complication of ovarian stimulation with massive ascites, pleural effusion and hemoconcentration. The pathophysiological signal mechanisms of OHSS are still unclear and merit further investigation. METHODS Various angiogenic cytokines of follicular fluid and ascites of patients with risk of OHSS were measured, and examined for inducing endothelial permeability. These include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta and platelet-derived growth factor. We explore the molecular signal pathways of major contributing cytokines in granulosa-lutein cells and endothelial cells possibly involved in OHSS. RESULTS Neutralizing antibodies of VEGF or IL-8 significantly decreased follicular fluid- and ascites-induced endothelial permeability. Human chorionic gonadotrophin induced VEGF secretion of granulosa-lutein cells through the Sp1 and CREB dependent pathways. IL-8 activated CXCR1/2 of endothelial cells leading to VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 transactivation. Both VEGF and IL-8 of follicular fluid enhanced endothelial permeability via VEGFR-2-mediated Rho/Rock activation, actin polymerization and phosphorylations of VE-cadherin and occludin, resulting in opening of adherens junctions and tight junctions. Dopamine (2 microM) inhibited follicular fluid-induced VEGFR-2 signals and endothelial permeability, without diminishing migration and tube formation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VEGF and IL-8 secreted from corpora luteae may play major roles in OHSS. Delineation of signal pathways would be helpful for treatment. Dopamine may block VEGF- and IL-8-induced endothelial permeability by inhibiting common VEGFR-2 dependent signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee-Uan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, No 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, Taiwan
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2009; 16:470-80. [PMID: 19858911 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283339a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li M, Huang SJ. Innate immunity, coagulation and placenta-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. Thromb Res 2009; 124:656-62. [PMID: 19683334 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Maternal immunity undergoes subtle adjustment in order to tolerate the semi-allogeneic embryo and maintain the host defense against potential pathogens. Concomitantly, coagulation systems change from an anti-coagulant state to a pro-coagulant state to meet the hemostatic challenge of placentation and delivery. Innate immunity and blood coagulation systems are the first line of defense to protect a host against exogenous challenges, including alloantigens and mechanical insults, and preserve the integrity of an organism. The interactions between coagulation and immune systems have been extensively studied. Immune cells play a pivotal role in the initiation of the coagulation cascade, whereas coagulation proteases display substantial immuno-modulatory effects. Upon exogenous challenges, the immune and coagulation systems are capable of potentiating each other leading to a vicious cycle. Natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages (Mphis) and dendritic cells (DCs) are three major innate immune cells that have been demonstrated to play essential roles in early pregnancy. However, immune maladaptation and hemostatic imbalance have been suggested to be responsible for adverse pregnant outcomes, such as preeclampsia (PE), miscarriage, recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In this review, we will summarize the mutual regulation between blood coagulation and innate immune systems as well as their roles in the maintenance of normal pregnancy and in the pathogenesis of adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8063, USA
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