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Affiliation(s)
- Niels C Pedersen
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and Center for Companion Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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52
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Duan XF, Ma ZQ, Zhang F, Zhang ZB. Magnesiation of Pyridine N-Oxides via Iodine or Bromine−Magnesium Exchange: A Useful Tool for Functionalizing Pyridine N-Oxides. J Org Chem 2008; 74:939-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802172f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Fang Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zi-Qian Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhan-Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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53
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Deng G, Ueda K, Yanagisawa S, Itami K, Li CJ. Coupling of Nitrogen Heteroaromatics and Alkanes without Transition Metals: A New Oxidative Cross-Coupling at CH/CH Bonds. Chemistry 2008; 15:333-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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54
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Kim HY, Shin HS, Park H, Kim YC, Yun YG, Park S, Shin HJ, Kim K. In vitro inhibition of coronavirus replications by the traditionally used medicinal herbal extracts, Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizoma, and Phellodendron cortex. J Clin Virol 2008; 41:122-8. [PMID: 18036887 PMCID: PMC7108295 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A search for new anti-coronaviral drugs to treat coronaviral infections was motivated by an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). OBJECTIVES In order to find drugs that treat coronavirus infections, including SARS, we screened traditional medicinal herbal extracts and evaluated their antiviral activities on coronavirus replication. STUDY DESIGN We employed a plaque assay to evaluate the effect of 22 medicinal herbal extracts on virus replication. We determined the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of each extract that was necessary to inhibit the replication of mouse hepatitis virus A59 (MHV-A59); we also determined 50% cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) for each extract. Northern and Western blot analyzes were performed to investigate antiviral activity in MHV-infected DBT cells, including virus entry, viral RNA and protein expression, and virus release. Coronavirus specific inhibition was also demonstrated using porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). RESULTS Cimicifuga rhizoma, Meliae cortex, Coptidis rhizoma, Phellodendron cortex and Sophora subprostrata radix decreased the MHV production and the intracellular viral RNA and protein expression with EC50 values ranging from 2.0 to 27.5 microg/ml. These extracts also significantly decreased PEDV production and less dramatically decreased vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) production in vitro. CONCLUSIONS The extracts selected strongly inhibited MHV replication and could be potential candidates for new anti-coronavirus drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Youn-Chul Kim
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong Gab Yun
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
| | - Sun Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kyongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- Zoonosis Research Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chonbuk, South Korea
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55
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus as an agent of emerging and reemerging infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:660-94. [PMID: 17934078 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00023-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 657] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. The discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat SARS-CoV and the human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. Surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. The explosive nature of the first SARS epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reemergence a year later, and economic disruptions led to a rush on research of the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the virus and the disease. This research resulted in over 4,000 publications, only some of the most representative works of which could be reviewed in this article. The marked increase in the understanding of the virus and the disease within such a short time has allowed the development of diagnostic tests, animal models, antivirals, vaccines, and epidemiological and infection control measures, which could prove to be useful in randomized control trials if SARS should return. The findings that horseshoe bats are the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-like virus and that civets are the amplification host highlight the importance of wildlife and biosecurity in farms and wet markets, which can serve as the source and amplification centers for emerging infections.
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56
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Sivasubramanian G, Parameswaran VR. Oxidation of N-heterocyclics: A green approach. J Heterocycl Chem 2007; 44:1223-1230. [PMID: 32336783 PMCID: PMC7166534 DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
chemical structure image Environmentally benign oxidation methods satisfy the postulates of green chemistry. Heterocyclic Noxides have applications in synthetic organic chemistry, chemotherapy and agrochemicals. Synthesis of Noxides using green oxidants will be attractive over the conventional methods. The presence of the N-oxide group in the azine ring makes it more subject to electrophilic and nucleophilic attack and substantially expands the synthetic approaches for the modification of nitrogen-containing heterocyclics. That is the reason for the increasing interest in the chemistry of heterocyclic N-oxides. Some reactions adopted for oxidation of N-heterocyclics have been discussed. Stereochemical and spectroscopic aspects have been mentioned. It will be advantageous if anchored catalysts are employed for industrial exploitation. Several physiochemical aspects of various methods have been discussed.
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57
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Gurzyński Ł, Puszko A, Makowski M, Chmurzyński L. Experimental and theoretical studies of solvent effects on the hydrogen bonds in homoconjugated cations of substituted 4-halo (Cl, Br) pyridine N-oxide derivatives. THE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS 2007; 39:1272-1278. [PMID: 32226128 PMCID: PMC7094268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jct.2007.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 01/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bond OHO-type bridges formed between six substituted 4-halo (Cl, Br) pyridine N-oxide systems and their simple cations have been investigated by using the potentiometric titration method. The formation constants of these complexes (expressed as lg K BHB + ) have been determined in two non-aqueous aprotic solvents with different polarity, i.e., acetone (AC) and acetonitrile (AN). It has been observed that tri- and tetra-substituted pyridine N-oxides [B] and their cationic acids [BH+] form stable homocomplexed cations [BHB+] stabilized by O⋯H⋯O bridges in both solvents used. It has been found that the most stable homocomplexed system is formed by 3,5-dimethyl-4-chloropyridine N-oxide (3,5Me24ClPyO). The lg K BHB + values for this compound in acetone and acetonitrile are 3.15 and 2.82, respectively. Furthermore, by using ab initio methods at the RHF and MP2 levels utilizing the Gaussian 6-31++G∗∗ basis set, the energies of formation of the homocomplexed cations and Gibbs free energies have been determined in vacuo. The calculated energy parameters in vacuo have been compared with the cationic homoconjugation constants determined potentiometrically in acetone and acetonitrile to establish a correlation between these magnitudes. Additionally, the results of potentiometric measurements have been used to determine the acidity constants of the conjugate acids of N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gurzyński
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aniela Puszko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Economics, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Makowski
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Chmurzyński
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Sobieskiego 18, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland
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58
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Laihia K, Puszko A, Kolehmainen E, Lorenc J. 1H, 13C and 15N NMR study of 2-alkylnitrosoamino-4-nitropyridines and N-oxides: An example on restricted inversion of sp3 nitrogen. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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59
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Haagmans BL, Osterhaus ADME. Coronaviruses and their therapy. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:397-403. [PMID: 16837072 PMCID: PMC7114240 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses may cause respiratory, enteric and central nervous system diseases in many species, including humans. Until recently, the relatively low burden of disease in humans caused by few of these viruses hampered development of coronavirus specific therapeutics. However, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has prompted the discovery of such drugs. Subsequent studies in animal models demonstrated the efficacy of SARS-CoV specific monoclonal antibodies, pegylated-interferon-alpha and siRNAs against SARS-CoV. Furthermore, several antivirals shown to be effective against other viruses were tested in vitro. Because of availability and shown efficacy, the use of interferons may be considered should SARS-CoV or a related coronavirus (re)-emerge. The more recent design of wide-spectrum inhibitors targeting the coronavirus main proteases may lead to the discovery of new antivirals against multiple coronavirus induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Balzarini J, Keyaerts E, Vijgen L, Egberink H, De Clercq E, Van Ranst M, Printsevskaya SS, Olsufyeva EN, Solovieva SE, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Inhibition of feline (FIPV) and human (SARS) coronavirus by semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:20-33. [PMID: 16675038 PMCID: PMC7114212 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Several glycopeptide derivatives modified with hydrophobic substituents showed selective antiviral activity. For the most active compounds, the 50% effective concentrations (EC50) were in the lower micromolar range. In general, removal of the carbohydrate parts of the molecules did not affect the antiviral activity of the compounds. Some compounds showed inhibitory activity against both, whereas other compounds proved inhibitory to either, FIPV or SARS-CoV. There was no close correlation between the EC50 values of the glycopeptide derivatives for FIPV or SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K.U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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