51
|
Li X, Shin S, Heinen S, Dill-Macky R, Berthiller F, Nersesian N, Clemente T, McCormick S, Muehlbauer GJ. Transgenic Wheat Expressing a Barley UDP-Glucosyltransferase Detoxifies Deoxynivalenol and Provides High Levels of Resistance to Fusarium graminearum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015. [PMID: 26214711 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-15-0062-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat that results in economic losses worldwide. During infection, F. graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), that increase fungal virulence and reduce grain quality. Transgenic wheat expressing a barley UDP-glucosyltransferase (HvUGT13248) were developed and evaluated for FHB resistance, DON accumulation, and the ability to metabolize DON to the less toxic DON-3-O-glucoside (D3G). Point-inoculation tests in the greenhouse showed that transgenic wheat carrying HvUGT13248 exhibited significantly higher resistance to disease spread in the spike (type II resistance) compared with nontransformed controls. Two transgenic events displayed complete suppression of disease spread in the spikes. Expression of HvUGT13248 in transgenic wheat rapidly and efficiently conjugated DON to D3G, suggesting that the enzymatic rate of DON detoxification translates to type II resistance. Under field conditions, FHB severity was variable; nonetheless, transgenic events showed significantly less-severe disease phenotypes compared with the nontransformed controls. In addition, a seedling assay demonstrated that the transformed plants had a higher tolerance to DON-inhibited root growth than nontransformed plants. These results demonstrate the utility of detoxifying DON as a FHB control strategy in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
| | | | - Shane Heinen
- 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, and
| | - Ruth Dill-Macky
- 3 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A
| | - Franz Berthiller
- 4 Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Natalya Nersesian
- 5 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Clemente
- 5 Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, U.S.A
| | - Susan McCormick
- 6 USDA-ARS, Bacterial Foodborne Pathogen and Mycology Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604, U.S.A
| | - Gary J Muehlbauer
- 1 Department of Plant Biology
- 2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, and
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Brewer HC, Hammond-Kosack KE. Host to a Stranger: Arabidopsis and Fusarium Ear Blight. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:651-663. [PMID: 26440434 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium ear blight (FEB) is a devastating fungal disease of cereal crops. Outbreaks are sporadic and current control strategies are severely limited. This review highlights the use of Arabidopsis to study plant-FEB interactions. Use of this pathosystem has identified natural variation in Fusarium susceptibility in Arabidopsis, and native plant genes and signalling processes modulating the interaction. Recent breakthroughs include the identification of plant- and insect-derived small molecules which increase disease resistance, and the use of a host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) construct to silence an important Fusarium gene to prevent infection. Arabidopsis has also been used to study other fungi that cause cereal diseases. These findings offer the potential for translational research in cereals which could yield much-needed novel control strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Brewer
- Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
McLaughlin JE, Bin-Umer MA, Widiez T, Finn D, McCormick S, Tumer NE. A Lipid Transfer Protein Increases the Glutathione Content and Enhances Arabidopsis Resistance to a Trichothecene Mycotoxin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130204. [PMID: 26057253 PMCID: PMC4461264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) or scab is one of the most important plant diseases worldwide, affecting wheat, barley and other small grains. Trichothecene mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulate in the grain, presenting a food safety risk and health hazard to humans and animals. Despite considerable breeding efforts, highly resistant wheat or barley cultivars are not available. We screened an activation tagged Arabidopsis thaliana population for resistance to trichothecin (Tcin), a type B trichothecene in the same class as DON. Here we show that one of the resistant lines identified, trichothecene resistant 1 (trr1) contains a T-DNA insertion upstream of two nonspecific lipid transfer protein (nsLTP) genes, AtLTP4.4 and AtLTP4.5. Expression of both nsLTP genes was induced in trr1 over 10-fold relative to wild type. Overexpression of AtLTP4.4 provided greater resistance to Tcin than AtLTP4.5 in Arabidopsis thaliana and in Saccharomyces cerevisiae relative to wild type or vector transformed lines, suggesting a conserved protection mechanism. Tcin treatment increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Arabidopsis and ROS stain was associated with the chloroplast, the cell wall and the apoplast. ROS levels were attenuated in Arabidopsis and in yeast overexpressing AtLTP4.4 relative to the controls. Exogenous addition of glutathione and other antioxidants enhanced resistance of Arabidopsis to Tcin while the addition of buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, increased sensitivity, suggesting that resistance was mediated by glutathione. Total glutathione content was significantly higher in Arabidopsis and in yeast overexpressing AtLTP4.4 relative to the controls, highlighting the importance of AtLTP4.4 in maintaining the redox state. These results demonstrate that trichothecenes cause ROS accumulation and overexpression of AtLTP4.4 protects against trichothecene-induced oxidative stress by increasing the glutathione-based antioxidant defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E. McLaughlin
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Anwar Bin-Umer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Thomas Widiez
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel Finn
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Susan McCormick
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nilgun E. Tumer
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
McCormick SP, Kato T, Maragos C, Busman M, Lattanzio VMT, Galaverna G, Dall-Asta C, Crich D, Price NPJ, Kurtzman CP. Anomericity of T-2 toxin-glucoside: masked mycotoxin in cereal crops. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:731-8. [PMID: 25520274 PMCID: PMC4303552 DOI: 10.1021/jf504737f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin produced when Fusarium fungi infect grains, especially oats and wheat. Ingestion of T-2 toxin contaminated grain can cause diarrhea, hemorrhaging, and feed refusal in livestock. Cereal crops infected with mycotoxin-producing fungi form toxin glycosides, sometimes called masked mycotoxins, which are a potential food safety concern because they are not detectable by standard approaches and may be converted back to the parent toxin during digestion or food processing. The work reported here addresses four aspects of T-2 toxin-glucosides: phytotoxicity, stability after ingestion, antibody detection, and the anomericity of the naturally occurring T-2 toxin-glucoside found in cereal plants. T-2 toxin-β-glucoside was chemically synthesized and compared to T-2 toxin-α-glucoside prepared with Blastobotrys muscicola cultures and the T-2 toxin-glucoside found in naturally contaminated oats and wheat. The anomeric forms were separated chromatographically and differ in both NMR and mass spectrometry. Both anomers were significantly degraded to T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin under conditions that mimic human digestion, but with different kinetics and metabolic end products. The naturally occurring T-2 toxin-glucoside from plants was found to be identical to T-2 toxin-α-glucoside prepared with B. muscicola. An antibody test for the detection of T-2 toxin was not effective for the detection of T-2 toxin-α-glucoside. This anomer was produced in sufficient quantity to assess its animal toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. McCormick
- Bacterial
Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Takayuki Kato
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Chris
M. Maragos
- Bacterial
Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Mark Busman
- Bacterial
Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | | | - Gianni Galaverna
- Department
of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall-Asta
- Department
of Food Science, University of Parma, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - David Crich
- Department
of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Neil P. J. Price
- Renewable
Product Technology Research Unit, National
Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| | - Cletus P. Kurtzman
- Bacterial
Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Low toxicity of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in microbial cells. Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:187-200. [PMID: 25609182 PMCID: PMC4303822 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Host plants excrete a glucosylation enzyme onto the plant surface that changes mycotoxins derived from fungal secondary metabolites to glucosylated products. Deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON3G) is synthesized by grain uridine diphosphate-glucosyltransferase, and is found worldwide, although information on its toxicity is lacking. Here, we conducted growth tests and DNA microarray analysis to elucidate the characteristics of DON3G. The Saccharomyces cerevisiaePDR5 mutant strain exposed to DON3G demonstrated similar growth to the dimethyl sulfoxide control, and DNA microarray analysis revealed limited differences. Only 10 genes were extracted, and the expression profile of stress response genes was similar to that of DON, in contrast to metabolism genes like SER3, which encodes 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase. Growth tests with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii also showed a similar growth rate to the control sample. These results suggest that DON3G has extremely low toxicity to these cells, and the glucosylation of mycotoxins is a useful protective mechanism not only for host plants, but also for other species.
Collapse
|
56
|
De Boevre M, Vanheule A, Audenaert K, Bekaert B, Di Mavungu JD, Werbrouck S, Haesaert G, De Saeger S. Detached leaf in vitro model for masked mycotoxin biosynthesis and subsequent analysis of unknown conjugates. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The manuscript details the development of an in vitro model plant system using detached leaves because there is a need for biosynthetic methods for the production and isolation of masked mycotoxins. This detached leaf in vitro model was firstly applied to deoxynivalenol with satisfying results. The biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was confirmed using its respective commercially available reference standard. Secondly, the detached leaf in vitro model was applied to T-2 toxin. Mono- and tri-glucoside derivatives of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, T-2-(3)-glucoside, T-2-(3)-triglucoside and HT-2-(3)-glucoside were identified and characterised using Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first report on a triglucoside of T-2 toxin. The discovery of new masked forms implies the importance of the development of analytical methods for their detection, the constitution of toxicity studies, and proving the relevance of their presence in the food and feed chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. De Boevre
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - A. Vanheule
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - K. Audenaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - B. Bekaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. Werbrouck
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - G. Haesaert
- Department of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Building C, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty of Applied Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S. De Saeger
- Department of Bioanalysis, Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Analysis of deoxynivalenol and deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside in hard red spring wheat inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:2522-32. [PMID: 24351715 PMCID: PMC3873699 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin affecting wheat quality. The formation of the “masked” mycotoxin deoxinyvalenol-3-glucoside (D3G) results from a defense mechanism the plant uses for detoxification. Both mycotoxins are important from a food safety point of view. The aim of this work was to analyze DON and D3G content in inoculated near-isogenic wheat lines grown at two locations in Minnesota, USA during three different years. Regression analysis showed positive correlation between DON content measured with LC and GC among wheat lines, locality and year. The relationship between DON and D3G showed a linear increase until a certain point, after which the DON content and the D3G increased. Wheat lines having higher susceptibility to Fusarium showed the opposite trend. ANOVA demonstrated that the line and location have a greater effect on variation of DON and D3G than do their interaction among years. The most important factor affecting DON and D3G was the growing location. In conclusion, the year, environmental conditions and location have an effect on the D3G/DON ratio in response to Fusarium infection.
Collapse
|
58
|
Schweiger W, Steiner B, Ametz C, Siegwart G, Wiesenberger G, Berthiller F, Lemmens M, Jia H, Adam G, Muehlbauer GJ, Kreil DP, Buerstmayr H. Transcriptomic characterization of two major Fusarium resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Fhb1 and Qfhs.ifa-5A, identifies novel candidate genes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:772-85. [PMID: 23738863 PMCID: PMC3902993 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight, caused by Fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease of wheat. We developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in the two strongest known F. graminearum resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs), Qfhs.ndsu-3BS (also known as resistance gene Fhb1) and Qfhs.ifa-5A, which are located on the short arm of chromosome 3B and on chromosome 5A, respectively. These NILs showing different levels of resistance were used to identify transcripts that are changed significantly in a QTL-specific manner in response to the pathogen and between mock-inoculated samples. After inoculation with F. graminearum spores, 16 transcripts showed a significantly different response for Fhb1 and 352 for Qfhs.ifa-5A. Notably, we identified a lipid transfer protein which is constitutively at least 50-fold more abundant in plants carrying the resistant allele of Qfhs.ifa-5A. In addition to this candidate gene associated with Qfhs.ifa-5A, we identified a uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase gene, designated TaUGT12887, exhibiting a positive difference in response to the pathogen in lines harbouring both QTLs relative to lines carrying only the Qfhs.ifa-5A resistance allele, suggesting Fhb1 dependence of this transcript. Yet, this dependence was observed only in the NIL with already higher basal resistance. The complete cDNA of TaUGT12887 was reconstituted from available wheat genomic sequences, and a synthetic recoded gene was expressed in a toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This gene conferred deoxynivalenol resistance, albeit much weaker than that observed with the previously characterized barley HvUGT13248.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schweiger
- Institute for Biotechnology in Plant Production, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Straße 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Schweiger W, Pasquet JC, Nussbaumer T, Paris MPK, Wiesenberger G, Macadré C, Ametz C, Berthiller F, Lemmens M, Saindrenan P, Mewes HW, Mayer KFX, Dufresne M, Adam G. Functional characterization of two clusters of Brachypodium distachyon UDP-glycosyltransferases encoding putative deoxynivalenol detoxification genes. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2013; 26:781-92. [PMID: 23550529 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-12-0205-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant small-molecule UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) glycosylate a vast number of endogenous substances but also act in detoxification of metabolites produced by plant-pathogenic microorganisms. The ability to inactivate the Fusarium graminearum mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) into DON-3-O-glucoside is crucial for resistance of cereals. We analyzed the UGT gene family of the monocot model species Brachypodium distachyon and functionally characterized two gene clusters containing putative orthologs of previously identified DON-detoxification genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and barley. Analysis of transcription showed that UGT encoded in both clusters are highly inducible by DON and expressed at much higher levels upon infection with a wild-type DON-producing F. graminearum strain compared with infection with a mutant deficient in DON production. Expression of these genes in a toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that only two B. distachyon UGT encoded by members of a cluster of six genes homologous to the DON-inactivating barley HvUGT13248 were able to convert DON into DON-3-O-glucoside. Also, a single copy gene from Sorghum bicolor orthologous to this cluster and one of three putative orthologs of rice exhibit this ability. Seemingly, the UGT genes undergo rapid evolution and changes in copy number, making it difficult to identify orthologs with conserved substrate specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schweiger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wang YL, Wang YJ, Luan JB, Yan GH, Liu SS, Wang XW. Analysis of the transcriptional differences between indigenous and invasive whiteflies reveals possible mechanisms of whitefly invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62176. [PMID: 23667457 PMCID: PMC3648516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The whitefly Bemisa tabaci is a species complex of more than 31 cryptic species which include some of the most destructive invasive pests of crops worldwide. Among them, Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean have invaded many countries and displaced the native whitefly species. The successful invasion of the two species is largely due to their wide range of host plants, high resistance to insecticides and remarkable tolerance to environmental stresses. However, the molecular differences between invasive and indigenous whiteflies remain largely unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here the global transcriptional difference between the two invasive whitefly species (MEAM1, MED) and one indigenous whitefly species (Asia II 3) were analyzed using the Illumina sequencing. Our analysis indicated that 2,422 genes between MEAM1 and MED; 3,073 genes between MEAM1 and Asia II 3; and 3,644 genes between MED and Asia II 3 were differentially expressed. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that the differently expressed genes between the invasive and indigenous whiteflies were significantly enriched in the term of 'oxidoreductase activity'. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that carbohydrate, amino acid and glycerolipid metabolisms were more active in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3, which may contribute to their differences in biological characteristics. Our analysis also illustrated that the majority of genes involved in 'drug metabolic pathway' were expressed at a higher level in MEAM1 and MED than in Asia II 3. Taken together, these results revealed that the genes related to basic metabolism and detoxification were expressed at an elevated level in the invasive whiteflies, which might be responsible for their higher resistance to insecticides and environmental stresses. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The extensive comparison of MEAM1, MED and Asia II 3 gene expression may serve as an invaluable resource for revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying their biological differences and the whitefly invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Jun Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Bo Luan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gen-Hong Yan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SSL); (XWW)
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (SSL); (XWW)
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Scherm B, Balmas V, Spanu F, Pani G, Delogu G, Pasquali M, Migheli Q. Fusarium culmorum: causal agent of foot and root rot and head blight on wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2013; 14:323-41. [PMID: 23279114 PMCID: PMC6638779 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen. TAXONOMY Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue. HOST RANGE Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp. USEFUL WEBSITES http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Scherm
- Dipartimento di Agraria-Sezione di Patologia Vegetale ed Entomologia and Centro Interdisciplinare per lo Sviluppo della Ricerca Biotecnologica e per lo Studio della Biodiversità della Sardegna e dell'Area Mediterranea, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, I-07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|