The relationship between BcI2, Bax and p53: consequences for cell cycle progression and cell death

ANO1: More Than Just Calcium-Activated Chloride Channel in Cancer

ANO1, a calcium-activated chloride channel (CACC), is also known as transmembrane protein 16A (TMEM16A). It plays a vital role in the occurrence, development, metastasis, proliferation, and apoptosis of various malignant tumors. This article reviews the mechanism of ANO1 involved in the replication, proliferation, invasion and apoptosis of various malignant tumors. Various molecules and Stimuli control the expression of ANO1, and the regulatory mechanism of ANO1 is different in tumor cells. To explore the mechanism of ANO1 overexpression and activation of tumor cells by studying the different effects of ANO1. Current studies have shown that ANO1 expression is controlled by 11q13 gene amplification and may also exert cell-specific effects through its interconnected protein network, phosphorylation of different kinases, and signaling pathways. At the same time, ANO1 also resists tumor apoptosis and promotes tumor immune escape. ANO1 can be used as a promising biomarker for detecting certain malignant tumors. Further studies on the channels and the mechanism of protein activity of ANO1 are needed. Finally, the latest inhibitors of ANO1 are summarized, which provides the research direction for the tumor-promoting mechanism of ANO1.

Haematococcus pluvialis Microalgae Extract Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Induces Apoptosis in Breast Cancer Cells

Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant cancer in females worldwide. Drug resistance, toxicity, and the failure of current therapies to completely cure BC has challenged conventional medicine. Consequently, complementary alternative medicine has become popular due to its safety and efficacy. Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pulvialis) is a green microalga living in fresh water, and its crude extract is rich of bioactives, including carotenoids, known to inhibit cancer cell growth. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a methanol crude extract called “T1” of H. pulvialis on cell growth and migration/invasion of the BC cell line MDA-MB-231 in comparison to the fibroblast control cells. TI significantly suppressed BC cell growth, inhibited migration and invasion and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, apoptosis was mediated by a significant loss of mutant p53 protein, and increased Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Our findings support our hypothesis that T1 exerts its anti-cancer effects by inhibiting BC invasion and inducing apoptosis mediated, at least, via the p53/Bax/Bcl2 pathway. Ongoing experiments aim to identify the molecular mechanisms underpinning T1-inhibited BC cell invasion using pre-designed metastasis gene-based array method.

Apoptotic effects of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium on human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

Introduction

Breast cancer, as the most common malignancy among women, is shown to have a high mortality rate and resistance to chemotherapy. Research has shown the possible inhibitory role of Mesenchymal stem cells in curing cancer. Thus, the present work used human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium (hAFMSCs-CM) as an apoptotic reagent on the human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line.

Methods

Conditioned medium (CM) was prepared from hAFMSCs. After treating MCF-7 cells with CM, a number of analytical procedures (MTT, real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry) were recruited to evaluate the cell viability, Bax and Bcl-2 gene expression, P53 protein expression, and apoptosis, respectively. Human fibroblast cells (Hu02) were used as the negative control. In addition, an integrated approach to meta-analysis was performed.

Results

The MCF-7 cells' viability was decreased significantly after 24 hours (P < 0.0001) and 72 hours (P < 0.05) of treatment. Compared with the control cells, Bax gene's mRNA expression increased and Bcl-2's mRNA expression decreased considerably after treating for 24 hours with 80% hAFMSCs-CM (P = 0.0012, P < 0.0001, respectively); an increasing pattern in P53 protein expression could also be observed. The flow cytometry analysis indicated apoptosis. Results from literature mining and the integrated meta-analysis showed that hAFMSCs-CM is able to activate a molecular network where Bcl2 downregulation stands in harmony with the upregulation of P53, EIF5A, DDB2, and Bax, leading to the activation of apoptosis.

Conclusion

Our finding demonstrated that hAFMSCs-CM presents apoptotic effect on MCF-7 cells; therefore, the application of hAFMSCs-CM, as a therapeutic reagent, can suppress breast cancer cells' viabilities and induce apoptosis.

Normal and Neoplastic Growth Suppression by the Extended Myc Network

Among the first discovered and most prominent cellular oncogenes is MYC, which encodes a bHLH-ZIP transcription factor (Myc) that both activates and suppresses numerous genes involved in proliferation, energy production, metabolism and translation. Myc belongs to a small group of bHLH-ZIP transcriptional regulators (the Myc Network) that includes its obligate heterodimerization partner Max and six "Mxd proteins" (Mxd1-4, Mnt and Mga), each of which heterodimerizes with Max and largely opposes Myc's functions. More recently, a second group of bHLH-ZIP proteins (the Mlx Network) has emerged that bears many parallels with the Myc Network. It is comprised of the Myc-like factors ChREBP and MondoA, which, in association with the Max-like member Mlx, regulate smaller and more functionally restricted repertoires of target genes, some of which are shared with Myc. Opposing ChREBP and MondoA are heterodimers comprised of Mlx and Mxd1, Mxd4 and Mnt, which also structurally and operationally link the two Networks. We discuss here the functions of these "Extended Myc Network" members, with particular emphasis on their roles in suppressing normal and neoplastic growth. These roles are complex due to the temporal- and tissue-restricted expression of Extended Myc Network proteins in normal cells, their regulation of both common and unique target genes and, in some cases, their functional redundancy.

The Significant Influence of a Second Metal on the Antiproliferative Properties of the Complex [Ru(η6 -C10 H14 )(Cl2 )(dmoPTA)]

Complexes [Ru(η6 -C10 H14 )(Cl2 )(HdmoPTA)](OSO2 CF3 ) (1), [Ru(η6 -C10 H14 )(Cl2 )(dmoPTA)] (2) and [Ru(η6 -C10 H14 )(Cl2 )-μ-dmoPTA-1κP:2κ2 N,N'-MCl2 ] (M=Zn (3), Co (4), Ni (5), dmoPTA=3,7-dimethyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structures of 1, 3 and 5 were obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The antiproliferative activity of the complexes was evaluated against colon cancer cell line Caco-2/TC7 by using the MTT protocol. The monometallic ruthenium complexes 1 and 2 were found to be inactive, but the bimetallic complexes 3, 4 and 5 display an increased activity (IC50 3: 9.07±0.27, 4: 5.40±0.19, 5: 7.15±0.30 μM) compared to cisplatin (IC50 =45.6±8.08 μM). Importantly, no reduction in normal cell viability was observed in the presence of the complexes. Experiments targeted to obtain information on the possible action mechanism of the complexes, such as cell cycle, ROS and gene expression studies, were performed. The results showed that the complexes display different properties and action mechanism depending on the nature of metal, M, bonded to the CH3 NdmoPTA atoms.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells cause Telomere Length Reduction of Molt-4 Cells via Caspase-3, BAD and P53 Apoptotic Pathway

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as undifferentiated cells are specially considered in cell-based cancer therapy due to unique features such as multi-potency, pluripotency, and self-renewal. A multitude of cytokines secreted from MSCs are known to give such multifunctional attributes, but details of their role are yet to be unknown. In the present study, MSCs were cultured, characterized and co-cultured with Molt-4 cells as acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line in a trans-well plate. Then, cultured Molt-4 alone and Molt-4 co-cultured with MSCs (10:1) were collected on day 7 and subjected to real time-PCR and Western blotting for gene and protein expression assessment, respectively. Ki-67/caspase-3 as well as telomere length were investigated by flow cytometry and real time-PCR, respectively. The results showed that MSCs caused significant decrease in telomere length as well as hTERT gene expression of Molt-4 cells. Also, gene and protein expression of BAD and P53 were significantly increased. Furthermore, the flow cytometry analysis indicated the decrease and increase of the Ki-67 and caspaspase-3 expression, respectively. It was concluded that MSCs co-cultured with Molt-4 cells could be involved in the promotion of Molt-4 cell apoptosis via caspase-3, BAD, and P53 expression. In addition, the decrease of telomere length is another effect of MSCs on Molt-4 leukemic cells.

17β-Estradiol Abrogates Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation after Cortical Stab Wound Injury

Disruptions in brain energy metabolism, oxidative damage, and neuroinflammation are commonly seen in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Microglial activation is the hallmark of neuroinflammation. After brain injury, microglia also act as a double-edged sword with distinctive phenotypic changes. Therefore, therapeutic applications to potentiate microglia towards pro-inflammatory response following brain injury have become the focus of attention in recent years. Here, in the current study, we investigated the hypothesis that 17β-estradiol could rescue the mouse brain against apoptotic cell death and neurodegeneration by suppressing deleterious proinflammatory response probably by abrogating metabolic stress and oxidative damage after brain injury. Male C57BL/6N mice were used to establish a cortical stab wound injury (SWI) model. Immediately after brain injury, the mice were treated with 17β-estradiol (10 mg/kg, once every day via i.p. injection) for one week. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the cortical and hippocampal brain regions. For the evaluation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), we used specific kits. Our findings revealed that 17β-estradiol treatment significantly alleviated SWI-induced energy dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress by increasing the activity of phospho-AMPK (Thr172) and by regulating the expression of an antioxidant gene (Nrf2) and cytoprotective enzymes (HO-1 and GSH) to mitigate ROS. Importantly, 17β-estradiol treatment downregulated gliosis and proinflammatory markers (iNOS and CD64) while significantly augmenting an anti-inflammatory response as evidenced by the robust expression of TGF-β and IGF-1 after brain injury. The treatment with 17β-estradiol also reduced inflammatory mediators (Tnf-α, IL-1β, and COX-2) in the injured mouse. Moreover, 17β-estradiol administration rescued p53-associated apoptotic cell death in the SWI model by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins (Bax and Bcl-2) and caspase-3 activation. Finally, SWI + 17β-estradiol-treated mice illustrated reduced brain lesion volume and enhanced neurotrophic effect and the expression of synaptic proteins. These findings suggest that 17β-estradiol is an effective therapy against the brain secondary injury-induced pathological cascade following trauma, although further studies may be conducted to explore the exact mechanisms.

DT389-YP7, a Recombinant Immunotoxin against Glypican-3 That Inhibits Hepatocellular Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Study

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the high-metastatic types of cancer, and metastasis occurs in one-third of patients with HCC. To maintain the effectiveness of drug compounds on cancer cells and minimize their side effects on normal cells, it is important to use new approaches for overcoming malignancies. Immunotoxins (ITs), an example of such a new approach, are protein-structured compounds consisting of toxic and binding moieties which can specifically bind to cancer cells and efficiently induce cell death. Here, we design and scrutinize a novel immunotoxin against an oncofetal marker on HCC cells. We applied a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT389) without binding domain as a toxin moiety to be fused with a humanized YP7 scFv against a high-expressed Glypican-3 (GPC3) antigen on the surface of HCC cells. Cytotoxic effects of this IT were investigated on HepG2 (GPC3⁺) and SkBr3 (GPC3⁻) cell lines as positive- and negative-expressed GPC3 antigens. The dissociation constant (Kd) was calculated 11.39 nM and 18.02 nM for IT and YP7 scfv, respectively, whereas only IT showed toxic effects on the HepG2 cell line, and decreased cell viability (IC50 = 848.2 ng/mL). Changing morphology (up to 85%), cell cycle arrest at G2 phase (up to 13%), increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROSs) (up to 50%), inducing apoptosis (up to 38% for apoptosis and 23% for necrosis), and an almost complete inhibition of cell movement were other effects of immunotoxin treatment on HepG2 cells, not on SkBr3 cell line. These promising results reveal that this new recombinant immunotoxin can be considered as an option as an HCC inhibitor. However, more extensive studies are needed to accomplish this concept.

Recent Advances in Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) for Cancer Diagnosis, Target Drug Delivery, and Treatment

Cancer is regarded as one of the most deadly and mirthless diseases and it develops due to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells. To date, varieties of traditional medications and chemotherapies have been utilized to fight tumors. However, their immense drawbacks, such as reduced bioavailability, insufficient supply, and significant adverse effects, make their use limited. Nanotechnology has evolved rapidly in recent years and offers a wide spectrum of applications in the healthcare sectors. Nanoscale materials offer strong potential for curing cancer as they pose low risk and fewer complications. Several metal oxide NPs are being developed to diagnose or treat malignancies, but zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have remarkably demonstrated their potential in the diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancers due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique physico-chemical attributes. ZnO NPs showed cancer cell specific toxicity via generation of reactive oxygen species and destruction of mitochondrial membrane potential, which leads to the activation of caspase cascades followed by apoptosis of cancerous cells. ZnO NPs have also been used as an effective carrier for targeted and sustained delivery of various plant bioactive and chemotherapeutic anticancerous drugs into tumor cells. In this review, at first we have discussed the role of ZnO NPs in diagnosis and bio-imaging of cancer cells. Secondly, we have extensively reviewed the capability of ZnO NPs as carriers of anticancerous drugs for targeted drug delivery into tumor cells, with a special focus on surface functionalization, drug-loading mechanism, and stimuli-responsive controlled release of drugs. Finally, we have critically discussed the anticancerous activity of ZnO NPs on different types of cancers along with their mode of actions. Furthermore, this review also highlights the limitations and future prospects of ZnO NPs in cancer theranostic.

Antitumor Effects of Carvacrol and Thymol: A Systematic Review

Background: It is estimated that one in five people worldwide faces a diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm during their lifetime. Carvacrol and its isomer, thymol, are natural compounds that act against several diseases, including cancer. Thus, this systematic review aimed to examine and synthesize the knowledge on the antitumor effects of carvacrol and thymol.

Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Lilacs databases in April 2020 (updated in March 2021) based on the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The following combination of health descriptors, MeSH terms and their synonyms were used: carvacrol, thymol, antitumor, antineoplastic, anticancer, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, in vitro and in vivo. To assess the risk of bias in in vivo studies, the SYRCLE Risk of Bias tool was used, and for in vitro studies, a modified version was used.

Results: A total of 1,170 records were identified, with 77 meeting the established criteria. The studies were published between 2003 and 2021, with 69 being in vitro and 10 in vivo. Forty-three used carvacrol, 19 thymol, and 15 studies tested both monoterpenes. It was attested that carvacrol and thymol induced apoptosis, cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest, antimetastatic activity, and also displayed different antiproliferative effects and inhibition of signaling pathways (MAPKs and PI3K/AKT/mTOR).

Conclusions: Carvacrol and thymol exhibited antitumor and antiproliferative activity through several signaling pathways. In vitro, carvacrol appears to be more potent than thymol. However, further in vivo studies with robust methodology are required to define a standard and safe dose, determine their toxic or side effects, and clarify its exact mechanisms of action.

This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020176736) and the protocol is available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=176736.

Delivery of melittin-loaded niosomes for breast cancer treatment: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation of anti-cancer effect

Background

Melittin, a peptide component of honey bee venom, is an appealing candidate for cancer therapy. In the current study, melittin, melittin-loaded niosome, and empty niosome had been optimized and the anticancer effect assessed in vitro on 4T1 and SKBR3 breast cell lines and in vivo on BALB/C inbred mice. "Thin-layer hydration method" was used for preparing the niosomes; different niosomal formulations of melittin were prepared and characterized in terms of morphology, size, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency, release kinetics, and stability. A niosome was formulated and loaded with melittin as a promising drug carrier system for chemotherapy of the breast cancer cells. Hemolysis, apoptosis, cell cytotoxicity, invasion and migration of selected concentrations of melittin, and melittin-loaded niosome were evaluated on 4T1 and SKBR3 cells using hemolytic activity assay, flow cytometry, MTT assay, soft agar colony assay, and wound healing assay. Real-time PCR was used to determine the gene expression. 40 BALB/c inbred mice were used; then, the histopathology, P53 immunohistochemical assay and estimate of renal and liver enzyme activity for all groups had been done.

Results

This study showed melittin-loaded niosome is an excellent substitute in breast cancer treatment due to enhanced targeting, encapsulation efficiency, PDI, and release rate and shows a high anticancer effect on cell lines. The melittin-loaded niosome affects the genes expression by studied cells were higher than other samples; down-regulates the expression of Bcl2, MMP2, and MMP9 genes while they up-regulate the expression of Bax, Caspase3 and Caspase9 genes. They have also enhanced the apoptosis rate and inhibited cell migration, invasion in both cell lines compared to the melittin samples. Results of histopathology showed reduce mitosis index, invasion and pleomorphism in melittin-loaded niosome. Renal and hepatic biomarker activity did not significantly differ in melittin-loaded niosome and melittin compared to healthy control. In immunohistochemistry, P53 expression did not show a significant change in all groups.

Conclusions

Our study successfully declares that melittin-loaded niosome had more anti-cancer effects than free melittin. This project has demonstrated that niosomes are suitable vesicle carriers for melittin, compare to the free form.

Lithium and Atypical Antipsychotics: The Possible WNT/β Pathway Target in Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that represents the major cause of irreversible blindness. Recent findings have shown which oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamatergic pathway have main roles in the causes of glaucoma. Lithium is the major commonly used drug for the therapy of chronic mental illness. Lithium therapeutic mechanisms remain complex, including several pathways and gene expression, such as neurotransmitter and receptors, circadian modulation, ion transport, and signal transduction processes. Recent studies have shown that the benefits of lithium extend beyond just the therapy of mood. Neuroprotection against excitotoxicity or brain damages are other actions of lithium. Moreover, recent findings have investigated the role of lithium in glaucoma. The combination of lithium and atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) has been the main common choice for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Due to the possible side effects gradually introduced in therapy. Currently, no studies have focused on the possible actions of AAPs in glaucoma. Recent studies have shown a down regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway in glaucoma, associated with the overactivation of the GSK-3β signaling. The WNT/β-catenin pathway is mainly associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway. Lithium is correlated with upregulation the WNT/β-catenin pathway and downregulation of the GSK-3β activity. Thus, this review focuses on the possible actions of lithium and AAPs, as possible therapeutic strategies, on glaucoma and some of the presumed mechanisms by which these drugs provide their possible benefit properties through the WNT/β-catenin pathway.

ZEB2 Knock-down Induces Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukemia HL-60 Cells

INTRODUCTION

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most prevalent type of cancer in the adult hematopoietic system. Conventional therapies are associated with unfavorable side effects in individuals diagnosed with AML. These after-effects with partial remission reflect the urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches for inducing apoptosis, specifically in malignant cells, without affecting other cells. As a transcription factor (TF), ZEB2 (Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 2) regulates the expression of specific genes in normal conditions. However, increased expression of ZEB2 is reported in various cancers, especially in AML, which is related to a higher degree of apoptosis inhibition of malignant cells. In this work, the role of ZEB2 in apoptosis inhibition is surveyed through ZEB2 specific knocking-down in human myeloid leukemia HL-60 cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Transfection of HL-60 cells was conducted using ZEB2-siRNA at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, and 80 pmol within 24, 48, and 72 h. After determining the optimum dose and time, flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis rate. The MTT assay was also utilized to evaluate the cytotoxic impact of transfection on the cells. The expression of candidate genes was measured before and after transfection using qRT-PCR.

RESULTS

According to obtained results, suppression of ZEB2 expression through siRNA was associated with the induction of apoptosis, increased pro-apoptotic, and decreased anti-apoptotic gene expression. Transfection of ZEB2-siRNA was also associated with reduced cell proliferation and viability.

CONCLUSION

Our study results suggest that ZEB2 suppression in myeloid leukemia cells through apoptosis induction could be a proper therapeutic method.

Lithium: a potential therapeutic strategy in obsessive-compulsive disorder by targeting the canonical WNT/β pathway

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized b-y recurrent and distinctive obsessions and/or compulsions. The etiologies remain unclear. Recent findings have shown that oxidative stress, inflammation, and the glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the causes of OCD. However, first-line therapies include cognitive-behavioral therapy but only 40% of the patients respond to this first-line therapy. Research for a new treatment is mandatory. This review focuses on the potential effects of lithium, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on OCD and some of the presumed mechanisms by which lithium provides its benefit properties. Lithium medication downregulates GSK-3β, the main inhibitor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. The activation of the WNT/β-catenin could be associated with the control of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamatergic pathway. Future prospective clinical trials could focus on lithium and its different and multiple interactions in OCD.

Development of p53 knockout U87MG cell line for unbiased drug delivery testing system using CRISPR-Cas9 and transcriptomic analysis

Antibody-drug conjugates offers many advantages as a drug delivery platform that allows for highly specific targeting of cell types and genes. Ideally, testing the efficacy of these systems requires two cell types to be different only in the gene targeted by the drug, with the rest of the cellular machinery unchanged, in order to minimize other potential differences from obscuring the effects of the drug. In this study, we created multiple variants of U87MG cells with targeted mutation in the TP53 gene using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, and determined that their major transcriptional differences stem from the loss of p53 function. Using the transcriptome data, we predicted which mutant clones would have less divergent phenotypes from the wild type and thereby serve as the best candidates to be used as drug delivery testing platforms. Further in vitro and in vivo assays of cell morphology, proliferation rate and target antigen-mediated uptake supported our predictions. Based on the combined analysis results, we successfully selected the best qualifying mutant clone. This study serves as proof-of-principle of the approach and paves the way for extending to additional cell types and target genes.

Melatonin protects rats testes against bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin-induced toxicity via mitigating nitro-oxidative stress and apoptosis

There is growing concern that some cytotoxic regimens for cancer adversely affect spermatogenesis and male fertility. Increasing evidence demonstrated that melatonin has beneficial impacts on reproductive processes; however, whether melatonin can protect against bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) chemotherapy regimen-induced testicular toxicity, remains obscure. The present study aimed to explore the effect of melatonin on BEP-evoked testicular injury in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 10/group) were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with one cycle of 21 days of 0.33 therapeutically relevant dose levels of BEP (.5 mg/kg bleomycin, 5 mg/kg etoposide, and 1 mg/kg cisplatin) with or without melatonin. At the end of the study, sperm parameters, testosterone level, stereology of testes, testicular levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), the expression of apoptosis-associated genes such as Bcl2, Bax, Caspase-3, p53, and TNF-α (Real-time PCR and Immunohistochemistry) were evaluated. Our findings showed that melatonin restored spermatogenesis by improving sperm count, motility, viability, and morphology. Testosterone level, histopathology, and stereology of testes were significantly improved in melatonin-administrated groups. Furthermore, melatonin recovered the oxidative status of the testes through elevating TAC and ameliorating MDA and NO levels. More importantly, melatonin therapy suppressed BEP-evoked apoptosis by modulating Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3, p53, and TNF-α expression in testes. In conclusion, melatonin protects the testes against BEP-induced testicular damage by attenuating nitro-oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, which provides evidence for melatonin as a possible clinical therapy against BEP-associated gonadotoxicity and male sub/infertility.

Adipokines change the balance of proliferation/apoptosis in the ovarian cells of human and domestic animals: A comparative review

Adipose tissue secretes multiple hormones termed adipokines, which are important regulators of many processes. There are four types of evidence supporting an association between adipokines and female fertility which are effects that occur: centrally at the pituitary; peripherally and locally at the ovary and reproductive tract; directly on the oocyte/embryo and during pregnancy. In this review, there was a focus on the description of adipokines (leptin, apelin, resistin, chemerin, adiponectin, vaspin and visfatin) on ovarian cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis in comparison to effects on human and domestic animal ovaries including pigs, cattle and chickens. Knowledge about molecules which regulate the balance between proliferation and apoptosis so that these processes are optimal for ovarian function is essential for understanding the physiology and reducing the incidence of infertility. Furthermore, oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte loss/selection and atresia are important processes for optimal ovarian physiological functions. There, however, is ovulation from only a few follicles, while the majority undergo atresia that is induced by apoptosis.

Role of inhibiting Chk1-p53 pathway in hepatotoxicity caused by chronic arsenic exposure from coal-burning

Arsenic is a naturally occurring environmental toxicant, chronic exposure to arsenic can cause multiorgan damage, except for typical skin lesions, liver damage is the main problem for health concern in population with arsenic poisoning. Abnormal apoptosis is closely related to liver-related diseases, and p53 is one of the important hallmark proteins in apoptosis progression. This study was to investigate whether arsenic poisoning-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and the underlying role of p53 signaling pathway. A rat model of arsenic poisoning was established by feeding corn powder for 90 days, which was baked with high arsenic coal, then were treated with Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) for 45 days by gavage. The results showed that arsenic induced liver damage, increased hepatocyte apoptosis and elevated the expression level of Chk1 and the ratios of p-p53/p53 and Bax/Bcl-2 in liver tissues, which were significantly attenuated by GBE. Additionally, to further demonstrate the potential apoptosis-associated mechanism, L-02 cells were pre-incubated with p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFTα), ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM)/ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) inhibitor (CGK733) or GBE, then treated with sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂) for 24 h. The results showed that GBE, PFTα or CGK733 significantly reduced arsenic-induced Chk1 expression and the ratios of p-p53/p53 and Bax/Bcl-2. In conclusion, Chk1-p53 pathway was involved in arsenic poisoning-induced hepatotoxicity, and inhibiting of Chk1-p53 pathway ameliorated hepatocyte apoptosis caused by coal-burning arsenic poisoning. The study provides a pivotal clue for understanding of the mechanism of arsenic poisoning-induced liver damage, and possible intervention strategies.

Parkinson's Disease: Potential Actions of Lithium by Targeting the WNT/β-Catenin Pathway, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Glutamatergic Pathway

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the major neurodegenerative diseases (ND) which presents a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by loss of dopamine in the substantia nigra pars compacta. It is well known that oxidative stress, inflammation and glutamatergic pathway play key roles in the development of PD. However, therapies remain uncertain and research for new treatment is mandatory. This review focuses on the potential effects of lithium, as a potential therapeutic strategy, on PD and some of the presumed mechanisms by which lithium provides its benefit properties. Lithium medication downregulates GSK-3beta, the main inhibitor of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. The stimulation of the WNT/β-catenin could be associated with the control of oxidative stress, inflammation, and glutamatergic pathway. Future prospective clinical trials could focus on lithium and its different and multiple interactions in PD.

Discovery of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potent inhibitor of cervical cancer via dual inhibition of PI3K/mTOR

This study describes the synthesis of novel 1,3,5-triazine derivatives as potent inhibitors of cervical cancer. The compounds were initially tested for inhibition of PI3K/mTOR, where they showed significant inhibitory activity. The top-ranking molecule (compound 6 h) was further tested against class I PI3K isoforms, such as PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ, where it showed the most significant activity against PI3Kα. Compound 6 h was then tested for anti-cancer activity against triple-negative breast cancer cells (MDA-MB321), human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), human cervical cancer cells (HeLa) and human liver cancer cells (HepG2), and it showed the greatest potency against HeLa cells. The effects of compound 6 h were further evaluated against the HeLa cells, where it showed significant attenuation of cell viability by inducing cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Compound 6 h induced apoptosis and reduced migration and invasion of HeLa cells. Western blotting analysis showed that 6 h inhibited PI3K and mTOR with positive modulation of Bcl-2 and Bax levels in HeLa cells. The effects of compound 6 h were also investigated in a tumour xenograft mouse model, where it showed reduction of tumour volume and weight. It also inhibited the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling cascade in xenograft tumour tissues, as evidenced by western blotting analysis. The results of the present study suggest the possible utility of the designed 1,3,5-triazine derivative as a potent inhibitor of cervical cancer.

Tuftsin-Bearing Liposomes Co-Encapsulated with Doxorubicin and Curcumin Efficiently Inhibit EAC Tumor Growth in Mice

Background

Targeted multidrug-loaded delivery systems have emerged as an advanced strategy for cancer treatment. In this context, antibodies, hormones, and small peptides have been coupled to the surface of drug carriers, such as liposomes, polymeric and metallic nanoparticles loaded with drugs, as tumor-specific ligands. In the present study, we have grafted a natural macrophage stimulating peptide, tuftsin, on the surface of the liposomes (LPs) that were loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and/or curcumin (CUR), by attaching to its C-terminus a palmitoyl residue (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-CO-NH-(CH₂)₂-NH-COC₁₅H₃₁, P.Tuft) to enable its grafting within the liposome’s bilayer.

Methods

The prepared drug-loaded liposomes (DOX LPs, CUR LPs, DOX-CUR LPs, P.Tuft-LPs, P.Tuft-DOX LPs, P.Tuft-CUR LPs, P.Tuft-DOX-CUR LPs) were thoroughly characterised in terms of particle size, drug content, encapsulation efficiency and structural properties using UV–visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The anti-cancer activity and drug toxicity of the liposomal formulations were examined on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor-induced mice model.

Results

A significant reduction in the tumor weight and volume was observed upon treating the tumor-bearing mice with palmitoyl tuftsin-grafted dual drug-loaded liposomes (P.Tuft-DOX-CUR LPs), as compared to the single drug/peptide-loaded formulation (DOX LPs, CUR LPs, DOX-CUR LPs, P.Tuft- LPs, P.Tuft-DOX LPs, P.Tuft-CUR LPs). Western blot analysis revealed that the tumor inhibition was associated with p53-mediated apoptotic pathway. Further, the biochemical and histological analysis revealed that the various liposomal preparation used in this study were non-toxic to the animals at the specified dose (10mg/kg).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we have developed a targeted liposomal formulation of P.Tuftsin-bearing liposomes co-encapsulated with effective anti-cancer drugs such as doxorubicin and curcumin. In experimental animals, tumor inhibition by P.Tuft-DOX-CUR LPs indicates the synergistic therapeutic effect of the peptide and the dual drug.

Dual EGFR/VEGFR2 inhibitors and apoptosis inducers: Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel pyrazoline derivatives

Novel derivatives of the pyrazoline scaffold were synthesized and investigated for their cytotoxicity against prostate (PC-3), hepatocellular (HepG2), and breast (MDA-MB-231) carcinoma cells. The most active compounds, 4a, 4b, 5b, and 7c, revealed significant and broad-spectrum anticancer activities with IC₅₀ values of 1.30-7.18 μM in comparison with doxorubicin (IC₅₀  = 5.12-7.33 μM). Additionally, they exhibited lower cytotoxicity against normal WI-38 cells, indicating their high safety profiles. Aiming to enlighten the inhibitory potential on receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), compounds 4a, 4b, 5b, and 7c were assessed for their activities against four different RTKs (EGFR, FGFR2, HER2, and VEGFR2) and their apoptotic potencies on PC-3 cells. The results revealed that compounds 5b and 7c are potent dual EGFR and VEGFR2 inhibitors (IC₅₀  = 0.21 and 0.23 μM, respectively, against EGFR; 0.22 and 0.21 μM, respectively, against VEGFR2), whereas they displayed moderate inhibitory activities against HER2 and FGFR2. Besides, compounds 4a, 4b, 5b, and 7c prompted apoptosis via the upregulation of Bax, p53, and caspase-3, together with the downregulation of the levels of Bcl-2. Also, it was found that compounds 5b and 7c are more potent as apoptosis inducers than the other tested derivatives. Furthermore, molecular docking analyses of compounds 4a, 4b, 5b, and 7c in the EGFR and VEGFR ATP binding sites were performed, to confirm the in vitro assays.

Perfluoroheptanoic acid induces Leydig cell hyperplasia but inhibits spermatogenesis in rats after pubertal exposure

Perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) is a short-chain alternative to long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances, which have been reported to possess reproductive toxicity. However, it is unclear whether PFHpA affects Leydig cell development during puberty. The 35-day-old Sprague Dawley male rats were exposed to PFHpA by gavage with 0 (corn oil), 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day for 21 days. PFHpA did not affect the body weight of rats, but it reduced testis weight, relative testis weight, and epididymis weight at 100 mg/kg. It significantly increased serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone levels at a dose of 100 mg/kg without affecting serum estradiol levels. PFHpA suppressed sperm production at a dose of 100 mg/kg. PFHpA induced Leydig cell hyperplasia (increased number of CYP11A1-positive Leydig cells) at a dose of 100 mg/kg, but down-regulated the expression of Cyp11a1, Hsd3b1, and Cyp17a1 in individual Leydig cell pe se and up-regulated the expression of Fshr in the Sertoli cell pe se. PFHpA did not affect the number of HSD11B1 (a biomarker for more mature Leydig cells) positive Leydig cells and SOX9 positive Sertoli cells. PFHpA increased BCL2, and the phosphorylation of AKT1, AKT2, ERK1/2, and JNK, but decreased BAX levels. However, it had no effect on SIRT1 and PGC-1α levels. In conclusion, PFHpA induces Leydig cell hyperplasia due to the increase in the secretion of luteinizing hormone through negative feedback after down-regulating the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and inhibiting testosterone production in individual Leydig cells. This proliferation may be mediated by increasing BCL2 and phosphorylation of AKT, ERK1/2, and JNK, and decreasing BAX level.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal new insights into the regulation of immune pathways during cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection in vitro

Carassius auratus gibelio is susceptible to the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (HVHN) disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) infection during the breeding process. Nevertheless, the report on biological response of CyHV-2 with C. auratus gibelio was limited, especially in vitro. In this study, host gene expression profiling was mostly analyzed in caudal fin cells of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) underlying CyHV-2 infection. Transcriptomics and proteomics were employed to study the differential expression gene and revealed the host genes involved in pathway during the CyHV-2 infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed that compared with the control group, there were 11 335 and 19 421 differentially expressed unigenes at 48 h and at 96 h, respectively. Furthermore, proteome analysis showed that there were a total of 9008 proteins, among which 169 proteins were differential expression in the 48 h group and 502 proteins in the 96 h group. Notably, 10 and 158 differentially co-expressed genes at mRNA and protein levels (cDEGs) were reliably quantified at 48 h and 96 h, respectively. Interestingly, significantly different expressed genes both in the transcriptome and the proteome were identified, including GNG7, Hsp90a, THBS1 and RRM2. The result suggested that PI3k-AKT pathway was activated, but the p53 signaling pathway was suppressed. The above result will lay the foundation for understanding the mechanisms of host defense virus invasion during CyHV-2 infection.

Novel Insights on the Corpus Luteum Function: Role of Vaspin on Porcine Luteal Cell Angiogenesis, Proliferation and Apoptosis by Activation of GRP78 Receptor and MAP3/1 Kinase Pathways

Formation and limited lifespan of corpus luteum (CL) are important for proper ovarian periodicity and fertility. Failed vascularization, imbalance between proliferation and apoptosis leads to luteal phase deficiency and infertility. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of vaspin on angiogenesis, apoptosis and proliferation as well as the involvement of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein receptor (GRP78) and mitogen-activated kinase (MAP3/1) in these processes. Porcine luteal cells were incubated with vaspin (0.1-10 ng/mL) for 24 h to 72 h and then mRNA and protein expression of angiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA), fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), angiopoietin 1 (ANGPT1), VEGFA receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2), apoptosis: caspase 3, bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX), B-cell lymphoma (BCL2), and proliferation: proliferating cells nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A factors as well as secretion of VEGFA, FGF2, ANGT1 were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Moreover, apoptosis was assessed by caspase activity using the Caspase-Glo 3/7 assay, while proliferation was by alamarBlue. We found that vaspin enhanced luteal cell angiogenesis, proliferation, and significantly decreased apoptosis. Additionally, using GRP78 siRNA and the pharmacological inhibitor of MAP3/1 (PD98059), we observed that the effect of vaspin was reversed to the control level in all investigated processes. Taken together, our results suggest that vaspin is a new regulator of female fertility by direct regulation of CL formation and maintenance of luteal cell function.

Gene analysis of major signaling pathways regulated by gonadotropins in human ovarian granulosa tumor cells (KGN)†

The female reproductive function largely depends on timing and coordination between follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone. Even though it was suggested that these hormones act on granulosa cells via shared signaling pathways, mainly protein kinases A, B, and C (PKA, PKB, and PKC), there is still very little information available on how these signaling pathways are regulated by each hormone to provide such differences in gene expression throughout folliculogenesis. To obtain a global picture of the principal upstream factors involved in PKA, PKB, and PKC signaling in granulosa cells, human granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) were treated with FSH or specific activators (forskolin, SC79, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) for each pathway to analyze gene expression with RNA-seq technology. Normalization and cutoffs (FC 1.5, P ≤ 0.05) revealed 3864 differentially expressed genes between treatments. Analysis of major upstream regulators showed that PKA is a master kinase of early cell differentiation as its activation resulted in the gene expression profile that accompanies granulosa cell differentiation. Our data also revealed that the activation of PKC in granulosa cells is also a strong differentiation signal that could control "advanced" differentiation in granulosa cells and the inflammatory cascade that occurs in the dominant follicle. According to our results, PKB activation provides support for PKA-stimulated gene expression and is also involved in granulosa cell survival throughout follicular development. Taken together, our results provide new information on PKA, PKB, and PKC signaling pathways and their roles in stimulating a follicle at the crossroad between maturation/ovulation and atresia.

Multi-omics analysis of pathological changes in the amygdala of rats subjected to chronic restraint stress

OBJECTIVE

Overwhelming stress potentially results in the occurrence of many mental diseases. The amygdala is one region in the brain targeted by stress. Recent studies have shown that changes in the amygdala of subjects under stress are related to depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, researchers have not clearly elucidated the changes in the amygdala in response to stress and the underlying mechanism. We conducted several experiments to understand this mechanism.

METHODS

In this study, we first established a rat model of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and observed the changes in behavior and neurons in the amygdala. Second, an integrated metabolomics and proteomics experiment was conducted to identify potential stress-related biomarkers. Finally, we validated two molecules of interest and detected four apoptosis-related proteins using Western blotting to further determine the related mechanisms.

RESULTS

Our study revealed the presence of anxiety-like behaviors and pathological changes in amygdalar neurons in the rat model. In the multi-omics analysis, 19 potential molecules were identified. Western blotting confirmed consistent changes in the levels of Cry1 and Brcc36 obtained in previous results. The levels of proteins in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway were increased in the CRS group.

CONCLUSIONS

CRS causes anxiety-like behaviors that are potentially related to decreased levels of GABA in the amygdala. Moreover, CRS potentially alters the levels of Cry1 and Brcc36 and results in circadian rhythm disorder and impairments in DNA repair and apoptosis in the amygdala through a mechanism mediated by the ATM pathway.

BReast CAncer susceptibility gene 2 deficiency exacerbates oxidized LDL-induced DNA damage and endothelial apoptosis

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 (BReast CAncer susceptibility gene 2) predispose carriers to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. In response to DNA damage, BRCA2 participates in homology-directed DNA damage repair to maintain genome stability. Genome-wide association studies have identified an association between BRCA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma-lipid levels and lipid deregulation in humans. To date, DNA damage, apoptosis, and lipid deregulation are recognized as central pathways for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis; however, the role of BRCA2 in endothelial dysfunction remains to be elucidated. To determine the role of BRCA2 in endothelial dysfunction, BRCA2 was silenced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) and assessed for markers of DNA damage, apoptosis, and endothelial function following oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) treatment. OxLDL was found to induce significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRCA2-silenced ECs. This increase in ROS production was associated with exacerbated DNA damage evidenced by increased expression and activation of DNA double-stranded break (DSB) marker γH2AX and reduced RAD51-foci formation-an essential regulator of DSB repair. Increased DSBs were associated with enhanced expression and activation of pro-apoptotic p53 and significant apoptosis in oxLDL-treated BRCA2-silenced ECs. Loss of BRCA2 in ECs was further associated with oxLDL-induced impaired tube-forming potential and eNOS expression. Collectively, the data reveals, for the first time, a novel role of BRCA2 as a regulator of EC survival and function in the setting of oxLDL treatment in vitro. Additionally, the data provide important clues regarding the potential susceptibility of BRCA2 mutation carriers to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases.

Down-Regulation of circNRIP1 Promotes the Apoptosis and Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Gastric Cancer Cells by miR-182/ROCK1 Axis

Aim

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in the progression of human cancers. circRNA nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (circNRIP1) has been reported to play as an oncogene in gastric cancer. However, the mechanism underlying circNRIP1 in gastric cancer progression is far from understood.

Patients and Methods

Forty-five gastric cancer patients were recruited and overall survival of patients was analyzed. Gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803 and AGS cells were cultured for study in vitro. The expression levels of circNRIP1, microRNA (miR)-182 and rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction or Western blot. Cell migration, invasion, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were determined by transwell, flow cytometry and Western blot assays, respectively. The target association between miR-182 and circNRIP1 or ROCK1 was assessed by luciferase reporter assay and RNA immunoprecipitation.

Results

circNRIP1 expression was enhanced in gastric cancer tissues and cells and high expression of circNRIP1 indicated poor survival of patients. Knockdown of circNRIP1 suppressed cell migration and invasion, arrested cell cycle at G0-G1 phase and promoted apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. miR-182 was a target of circNRIP1 and its deficiency reversed the effect of circNRIP1 silence on cell migration, invasion, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Moreover, ROCK1 was validated as a target of miR-182 and competitively regulated by circNRIP1.

Conclusion

Silence of circNRIP1 inhibited progression of gastric cancer by increasing miR-182 and decreasing ROCK1, providing a novel target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Characterization and anti-uterine tumor effect of extract from Prunella vulgaris L

BACKGROUND

The flowers and dried fruit spikes of Prunella vulgaris L. (P. vulgaris L.) have been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and food. P. vulgaris L. is regarded as a good option for treating uterine myoma (UM). However, scientific evidence of anti-UM activity of the extract of P. vulgaris L. (PVE) is lacking. The present study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of PVE and evaluate the pharmacodynamics and mechanism of PVE against UM.

METHODS

The chemical composition of PVE was analyzed by GC-MS. MTT was used to screen and evaluate cell proliferation and toxicity. Double fluorescence flow cytometry method were used to determine the apoptosis and cell cycle progression of UM cells under PVE treatment. The anti-UM activity of PVE was investigated by using a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rat model of UM. TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis of UM cells. The concentrations of estrogen and progesterone in the serum of SPF rats were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of PCNA, estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, progesterone receptor, survivin, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 in the uterus of SPF rats was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

RESULTS

The extraction rate of PVE was 8.1%. The main components were squalene (28.3%), linoleic acid (9.96%), linolenic acid (9.95%), stearic acid (6.26%) and oleic acid (5.51%). In vitro, PVE had significant anti-human UM cell activity, exhibited no drug toxicity, promoted the apoptosis of human UM cells, and inhibited the transition of UM cells from the G0/G1 stage into the G2 stage, in which DNA replication occurs. In vivo, PVE had significant anti-UM activity. PVE decreased the concentrations of estrogen and progesterone and downregulated the expression levels of the estrogen and progesterone receptors through the estrogen signaling pathway. PVE also promoted the apoptosis of UM cells by downregulating the expression levels of the survivin and Bcl-2 proteins and upregulating the expression levels of caspase-3 and Bax through the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.

CONCLUSION

PVE has marked anti-UM activity. PVE can be used as an ideal candidate drug to treat UM.

Upregulated Circular RNA hsa_circ_0008433 Regulates Pathogenesis in Endometriosis Via miRNA

circRNAs (circular RNAs) play important roles in the development of endometriosis. This study aimed to explore the functions of circRNAs on endometriosis. Two ectopic, two paired eutopic, and two normal endometrial tissue samples were collected for RNA-seq to obtain circRNA profiles and construct a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. The validation of 9 circRNAs in 15 patients was assessed by qRT-PCR. We selected hsa_circ_0008433 as the potential biomarker, followed by examining cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, angiopoiesis, cell cycle, and apoptosis. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins was detected using immunofluorescence (IF) and Western blotting. Bioinformatic analysis was used to select the potential target miRNA and genes of hsa_circ_0008433. A total of 209 upregulated and 117 downregulated differentially expressed circRNAs were identified from the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissue samples. Eight circRNA levels were significantly increased in ectopic endometrial tissue sample compared with eutopic endometrial tissue. The hsa_circ_0008433 knockdown inhibited endometrial stromal cell proliferation, migration, colony formation, and angiopoiesis; promoted cell apoptosis; and downregulated Ki67 and PCNA expression levels. Moreover, the hsa_circ_0008433 knockdown increased Bax and E-CAD expression and decreased Bcl2, CDKN1B, and CyclinD1 levels. Ten potential target miRNAs of hsa_circ_0008433 were selected, and six of them occur significantly aberrant in hsa_circ_0008433-expressing cells. Increased hsa_circ_0008433 levels regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in endometriosis through the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA axis.

A Regulatory Circuit Orchestrated by Novel-miR-3880 Modulates Mammary Gland Development

Milk casein and triglyceride content are important production traits in goats. Studies on mechanisms in milk casein secretion and mammary gland development is essential for milk goat breeding. miRNAs play an important role in goat lactation. While novel-miR-3880 is highly expressed at goat peak lactation stage, its molecular mechanism has not been studied. The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between novel-miR-3880 and lactation, as well as to construct a network among novel-miR-3880, ciRNA13761, and E74 like ETS transcription factor 2 (ELF2), thus further exploring their potential roles in milk components and mammary gland development. ELF2 was previously proven to be important in cell survival and proliferation, and 3′-UTR of ELF2 was predicted to have binding sites of novel-miR-3880. Our study found that the overexpression of novel-miR-3880 exerted anti-apoptotic and proliferative roles in GMEC, induced a boost in triglyceride synthesis, and caused a decrease in α s1-, α s2-, and β-casein, but an increase in κ-casein secretion. Furthermore, treatment in mice indicated that novel-miR-3880 could promote mammary gland development and extend the lactation period, while novel-miR-3880 expression was found to be suppressed by ciRNA13761 as a miRNA sponge. The present study explores a mechanism of triglyceride synthesis and casein secretion, and reveals a crosstalk between ciRNA13761/novel-miR-3880/ELF2 axis and PI3K/AKT/mTOR/S6K1 pathway, to gain a better understanding of lactation traits in dairy goats.

CLN5 in heterozygosis may protect against the development of tumors in a VHL patient

Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL) is a rare disease of dominant inheritance that increases susceptibility to tumor development, with a complete penetrance at the age of 60. In this report, we present the unprecedented case of a VHL carrier who remains healthy at 72. Under the course of this study, it was discovered that this patient carries a mutation for a second rare disease, Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (NCL or CNL). We hypothesize that the CLN mutation she carries offers a protective effect, preventing tumor development in the cells potentially suffering a VHL second hit mutation. To test this hypothesis, we ran a series of molecular experiments and confirmed that cell viability of primary endothelial cells decreases upon CLN5 silencing. Our results further elucidate the cell biology implications of two rare diseases interacting.

Developmental and Degenerative Characterization of Porcine Parthenogenetic Fetuses during Early Pregnancy

Simple Summary

To increase the early implantation rate, oocytes and zygotes have been subjected to various artificial stimulations before and/or after in vitro fertilization, nuclear transfer, or sperm (spermatid) injection, etc. However, the stimulation process may induce parthenogenetic development. It is difficult to identify whether the embryo or fetus is normally fertilized or parthenogenetically activated in early pregnancy. In the present study, the porcine parthenotes originated from electric stimulation implanted and developed normally during the first month, in a manner similar to artificially inseminated embryos and fetuses. There were no statistical differences in the formation of the major organs such as the brain, liver, kidney, or heart in both groups. However, the implanted parthenotes radically ceased their development and degenerated after one month. It can be postulated that the parthenotes are one of the reasons for the gap between early pregnancy and delivery rate in assisted reproduction techniques.

Abstract

The difference between early pregnancy and delivery rate is quite large in assisted reproduction techniques (ARTs), including animal cloning. However, it is not clear why the implanted fetuses aborted after the early pregnancy stage. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the developmental and morphological characteristics of porcine parthenogenetically activated (PA) embryos or fetuses by electric stimulation during the early pregnancy period. The implanted PA and artificially inseminated (AI) embryos and fetuses were collected at day 26 and 35 after embryo transfer, respectively. The developmental and morphological parameters in the PA embryos at day 26 were similar to the AI embryos. The size, weight, formation of major organs, and apoptotic cells were not statistically different in both embryos at day 26. However, the PA fetuses at day 35 showed ceased fetal development and degenerated with abnormal morphologies in their organs. The day 35 PA fetuses showed significantly higher apoptotic cells and lower methylation status in three differentially methylated regions of the H19 gene compared to their comparators. Therefore, the normal development of PA embryos and fetuses during early gestation could lead to these pregnancies being misinterpreted as normal and become one of the main reasons for the gap between early pregnancy and delivery rate.

Galangin, a Flavonoid from Lesser Galangal, Induced Apoptosis via p53-Dependent Pathway in Ovarian Cancer Cells

Among women worldwide, ovarian cancer is one of the most dangerous cancers. Patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy might get adverse side effects and develop resistance to drugs. In recent years, natural compounds have aroused growing attention in cancer treatment. Galangin inhibited the growth of two cell lines, A2780/CP70 and OVCAR-3, more strongly than the growth of a normal ovarian cell line, IOSE 364. The IC₅₀ values of galangin on proliferation of A2780/CP70, OVCAR-3 and IOSE 364 cells were 42.3, 34.5, and 131.3 μM, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that galangin preferentially induced apoptosis in both ovarian cancer cells with respect to normal ovarian cells. Galangin treatment increased the level of cleaved caspase-3 and -7 via the p53-dependent intrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulating Bax protein and via the p53-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway by up-regulating DR5 protein. By down-regulating the level of p53 with 20 μM pifithrin-α (PFT-α), the apoptotic rates of OVCAR-3 cells induced by galangin treatment (40 μM) were significantly decreased from 18.2% to 10.2%, indicating that p53 is a key regulatory protein in galangin-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Although galangin up-regulated the expression of p21, it had little effect on the cell cycle of the two ovarian cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the levels of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated p70S6K were decreased through galangin treatment, suggesting that the Akt/p70S6K pathways might be involved in the apoptosis. Our results suggested that galangin is selective against cancer cells and can be used for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancers in humans.

Long non-coding RNA GAS5 regulates the growth and metastasis of human cervical cancer cells via induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest

Studies have proved the role of GAS5 in the development of different cancers. This study was undertaken to investigate the role and explore therapeutic implications of GAS5 in human cervical cancer. The results showed that GAS5 was significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in human cervical cancer tissues. The results also showed that cervical cancer progresses with the suppression of GAS5 expression levels. Additionally, the expression of GAS5 was also significantly (p < 0.05) downregulated in human cervical cancer cell lines. Nonetheless, overexpression of GAS5 caused a remarkable decrease in the proliferation of C33A and HeLa cervical cancer cells. The decrease in the proliferation rate was attributed to the induction of apoptosis of C33A and HeLa cells which was accompanied with upregulation of Bax and suppression of Bcl-2. Additionally, GAS5 overexpression also promoted the arrest of C33A and HeLa cells at the G2/M check point of cell cycle via suppression of cyclin B1 and CDK1 expression. The transwell assays showed that GAS5 overexpression significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the migration and invasion of the C33A and HeLa cervical cancer cells. The bioinformatics analysis as well as the dual luciferase assay showed GAS5 acts as a target of miR-135a. Interestingly, the expression of miR-135a was upregulated in the human cervical cancer cells and its suppression exerted growth inhibitory effects on the C33A and HeLa cells. However, silencing of GAS5 could nullify the effects of miR-135a suppression on the proliferation of C33A and HeLa cells. Taken together, the results of this study point towards the therapeutic implications of GAS5 in the treatment of cervical cancer.

Interleukin-6, -8, and TGF-β Secreted from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Show Functional Role in Reduction of Telomerase Activity of Leukemia Cell Via Wnt5a/β-Catenin and P53 Pathways

Purpose: The effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on the immortality features of malignant cells, such as hematologic cancerous cells, are controversial, and the associated mechanisms are yet to be well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) on the chronic myeloid leukemia cell line K562 through telomere length measurements, telomerase activity assessments, and hTERT gene expression. The possible signaling pathways involved in this process, including Wnt-5a/β-catenin and P53, were also evaluated.

Methods: Two cell populations (BMSCs and K562 cell line) were co-cultured on transwell plates for 7 days. Next, K562 cells were collected and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR, PCR-ELISA TRAP assay, and the ELISA sandwich technique for telomere length, hTERT gene expression, telomerase activity assay, and cytokine measurement, respectively. Also, the involvement of the mentioned signaling pathways in this process was reported by real-time PCR and Western blotting through gene and protein expression, respectively.

Results: The results showed that BMSCs caused significant decreases in telomere length, telomerase activity, and the mRNA level of hTERT as a regulator of telomerase activity. The significant presence of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) was obvious in the co-cultured media. Also, BMSCs significantly decreased and increased the gene and protein expression of β-catenin and P53, respectively.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the mentioned effects of IL-6, IL-8, and TGF-β cytokines secreted from MSCs on K562 cells as therapeutic agents were applied by Wnt-5a/β-catenin and P53 pathways

RNF8 promotes efficient DSB repair by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic activity of p53 through regulating the function of Tip60

Objectives

RING finger protein 8 (RNF8) is an E3 ligase that plays an essential role in DSB repair. p53 is a well‐established tumour suppressor and cellular gatekeeper of genome stability. This study aimed at investigating the functional correlations between RNF8 and p53 in DSB damage repair.

Materials and methods

In this article, wild‐type, knockout and shRNA‐depleted HCT116 and U2OS cells were stressed, and the roles of RNF8 and p53 were examined. RT‐PCR and Western blot were utilized to investigate the expression of related genes in damaged cells. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and neutral cell comet assays were applied to determine the effects of DSB damage on differently treated cells. DR‐GFP, EJ5‐GFP and LacI‐LacO targeting systems, flow cytometry, mass spectrometry, IP, IF, GST pull‐down assay were used to explore the molecular mechanism of RNF8 and p53 in DSB damage repair.

Results

We found that RNF8 knockdown increased cellular sensitivity to DSB damage and decreased cell proliferation, which was correlated with high expression of the p53 gene. RNF8 improved the efficiency of DSB repair by inhibiting the pro‐apoptotic function of p53. We also found that RNF8 restrains cell apoptosis by inhibiting over‐activation of ATM and subsequently reducing p53 acetylation at K120 through regulating Tip60.

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings suggested that RNF8 promotes efficient DSB repair by inhibiting the pro‐apoptotic activity of p53 through regulating the function of Tip60.

Crosstalk between PTEN/PI3K/Akt Signalling and DNA Damage in the Oocyte: Implications for Primordial Follicle Activation, Oocyte Quality and Ageing

The preservation of genome integrity in the mammalian female germline from primordial follicle arrest to activation of growth to oocyte maturation is fundamental to ensure reproductive success. As oocytes are formed before birth and may remain dormant for many years, it is essential that defence mechanisms are monitored and well maintained. The phosphatase and tensin homolog of chromosome 10 (PTEN)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) is a major signalling pathway governing primordial follicle recruitment and growth. This pathway also contributes to cell growth, survival and metabolism, and to the maintenance of genomic integrity. Accelerated primordial follicle activation through this pathway may result in a compromised DNA damage response (DDR). Additionally, the distinct DDR mechanisms in oocytes may become less efficient with ageing. This review considers DNA damage surveillance mechanisms and their links to the PTEN/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, impacting on the DDR during growth activation of primordial follicles, and in ovarian ageing. Targeting DDR mechanisms within oocytes may be of value in developing techniques to protect ovaries against chemotherapy and in advancing clinical approaches to regulate primordial follicle activation.

P53 Plays an Important Role in the Early Stage of Autologous Heterotopic Transplantation of Ovaries into the Backs of Mice

BACKGROUND

Subcutaneous ovarian transplantation has recently begun receiving increased attention. Fourteen days after transplantation is used as an important time point for assessing the recovery of ovarian function. The goal of this study is to determine the expression of apoptotic genes in the ovary at this time.

METHODS

This study investigated follicle development and the expression of 3 apoptosis genes (Bax, Bcl2, and P53) after mouse ovaries were transplanted. Seven-week-old mouse ovaries were autologously transplanted into back muscle. The ovaries were harvested on day 14, morphology was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, and the distribution of 3 proteins was observed by immunohistochemistry. TUNEL staining showed where apoptosis occurred in the ovary. Finally, RT-PCR/Western blotting was used to analyze the differential expression of mRNA/proteins between the transplantation group and the control group.

RESULTS

The results revealed follicles at different stages at the edge of the grafts. In immunohistochemical experiments, BAX, BCL2, and P53 were found to be extensively expressed in the transplant group and the control group. P53 was strongly expressed in the medulla of transplanted ovaries. Bax was strongly expressed in the antral follicles of both groups. The results were consistent with the results of the TUNEL experiments. Three genes (Bax, Bcl2, and P53) were downregulated in the transplanted groups. The results showed that significant differences were detected in Bax and P53 mRNA expression levels between the transplanted groups and the control group (P < .01). Bcl2 expression was not significantly different, but the Bax/Bcl2 ratio increased. The results of the protein experiments were the same.

CONCLUSION

P53 may downregulate Bax in the early stage of transplantation. Follicle growth and atresia were regulated through modulation of Bcl2- and Bax-mediated apoptotic pathways in heterotopic ovarian transplantation.

Modulation of Bax and Bcl-2 genes by secondary metabolites produced by Penicillium rubens JGIPR9 causes the apoptosis of cancer cell lines

Search for an efficient anti-cancer compound of natural origin with well-defined mechanisms of action is an important scientific pursuit today, due to cancer being the second leading cause for the death of affected people. The members of the genus Penicillium are one of the important sources of bioactive compounds. In the present study, Penicillium rubens, isolated from a garden soil in Madurai district of Tamil Nadu, was found to produce a highly promising anti-cancer metabolite. The percentage viabilities of HepG2, HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells treated with the bioactive fraction (P5) isolated from P. rubens, ranged between 40-50% after 96 h. Apoptosis induction was found to be the major reason for the observed reduction in cancer cell proliferation and cell count which was confirmed by caspase activity, DNA fragmentation, clonogenic assay, cell cycle analysis and LDH assays. The upregulation of proapoptotic Bax, coupled with the downregulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expressions were confirmed by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry methods. The current study also indicated an upregulation of p53 which further strengthened the apoptogenic property of P5 fraction. Non-toxicity of P5 was demonstrated on normal peripheral lymphocytes. The analysis of P5 fraction through GC-MS indicated the presence of indole-2, 3-(4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone) as one of the major compounds.

Conventional-Vincristine Sulfate vs. Modified Protocol of Vincristine Sulfate and L-Asparaginase in Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor

Background: Vincristine (VCR) is a mono-chemotherapy for canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT). L-asparaginase (LAP) is usually used in combination with other drugs. Previously, LAP-VCR protocol was applied for the CTVT-VCR-resistant cases. However, there were a few reports about using this protocol since the first visit.

Aims: To firstly investigate the effectiveness of combining chemotherapy (Vincristine and L-asparaginase, VCR-LAP) in normal CTVT case. Secondly, to compare this protocol with the conventional (Vincristine, VCR) protocol before and during treatment in 24 CTVT dogs.

Materials and Methods: Clinical signs, tumor relative volume, and histopathological change [amount of CTVT cells, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), TILs/CTVT ratio, collagen area, and Ki-67 proliferative index (PI)] were the treatment evaluation parameters. Moreover, transcriptome analysis of apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bax), drug-resistant genes (ABCB1, ABCG2), and BCL-2 and BAX expression were also included.

Results: Both protocols gave the decreased tumor volume, increased TILs/CTVT ratios and collagen area in the mass. Interestingly, the combination protocol decreased treatment time. There were two resistant cases after treatment with VCR. The expression of Bcl-2 and Bax were decreased, and this may indicate the better response after treatment. Moreover, both drug resistant genes did not increase after treatment.

Conclusion: The main finding of this study is that the combination protocol did not only decrease treatment duration time but also gave the effectiveness of treatment outcomes in CTVT cases. Therefore, the application of the new protocol could be used by the field practitioners.

Ethanol Exacerbates Manganese-Induced Neurobehavioral Deficits, Striatal Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Via Regulation of p53, Caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 Ratio-Dependent Pathway

This study investigated the effects of ethanol (EtOH) on manganese (Mn)-induced striatal toxicity in rat by evaluating the neurobehavioral changes, biochemical and molecular events in rats exposed to Mn alone at 30 mg/kg, or their combination with EtOH at 1.25- and 5-g/kg body weight for 35 consecutive days. Locomotive and exploratory profiles were assessed using a video tracking software (ANY-Maze software) during a 5-min trial in a novel environment. Subsequently, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, oxidative stress markers, histological morphology, and expression of apoptotic proteins (p53 and Bax and caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) were assessed in the striatum. Results showed that Mn, EtOH, and their combination induced locomotor and motor deficits. Track plot analysis indicated that EtOH exacerbated the Mn-induced reduction in exploratory profiles of exposed rats. Similarly, exposure of rats to Mn, EtOH, or combination of Mn and EtOH resulted in decreased activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, diminished level of reduced glutathione, downregulated Bcl-2 expression, increased AChE activity, enhanced hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation levels, and upregulated expressions of p53, Bax, and caspase-3. Moreover, potentiation of Mn-induced striatal toxicity by EtOH co-exposure was dose dependent. Taken together, it seems that EtOH exacerbates Mn-induced neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induction via the regulation of p53, caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio-dependent pathway in rat striatum.