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Wang Y, Xu M, Jiang T. Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with the PIP box of DVC1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:264-270. [PMID: 27084448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, DVC1 (SPRTN, Spartan or C1orf124) is implicated in the translesion synthesis (TLS) pathway. DVC1 localizes to sites of DNA damage, binds to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) via its conserved PCNA-interacting motif (PIP box), and associates with ubiquitin selective segregase p97 and other factors, thus regulating translesion synthesis polymerases. Here, we report the crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with a peptide ((321)SNSHQNVLSNYFPRVS(336)) derived from human DVC1 that contains a unique YF type PIP box. Structural analysis reveals the detailed PIP box-PCNA interaction. Interestingly, substitution of Y331 with Phe severely reduces its PCNA binding affinity. These findings offer new insights into the determinants of PIP box for PCNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Xu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Burkovics P, Dome L, Juhasz S, Altmannova V, Sebesta M, Pacesa M, Fugger K, Sorensen CS, Lee MYWT, Haracska L, Krejci L. The PCNA-associated protein PARI negatively regulates homologous recombination via the inhibition of DNA repair synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:3176-89. [PMID: 26792895 PMCID: PMC4838361 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful and accurate completion of the replication of damage-containing DNA requires mainly recombination and RAD18-dependent DNA damage tolerance pathways. RAD18 governs at least two distinct mechanisms: translesion synthesis (TLS) and template switching (TS)-dependent pathways. Whereas TS is mainly error-free, TLS can work in an error-prone manner and, as such, the regulation of these pathways requires tight control to prevent DNA errors and potentially oncogenic transformation and tumorigenesis. In humans, the PCNA-associated recombination inhibitor (PARI) protein has recently been shown to inhibit homologous recombination (HR) events. Here, we describe a biochemical mechanism in which PARI functions as an HR regulator after replication fork stalling and during double-strand break repair. In our reconstituted biochemical system, we show that PARI inhibits DNA repair synthesis during recombination events in a PCNA interaction-dependent way but independently of its UvrD-like helicase domain. In accordance, we demonstrate that PARI inhibits HR in vivo, and its knockdown suppresses the UV sensitivity of RAD18-depleted cells. Our data reveal a novel human regulatory mechanism that limits the extent of HR and represents a new potential target for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Burkovics
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lili Dome
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Juhasz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Marek Sebesta
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pacesa
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kasper Fugger
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Marietta Y W T Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, 10595 NY, USA
| | - Lajos Haracska
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lumir Krejci
- Department of Biology, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic International Clinical Research Center, Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, St Anne's University Hospital Brno, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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Achar YJ, Balogh D, Neculai D, Juhasz S, Morocz M, Gali H, Dhe-Paganon S, Venclovas Č, Haracska L. Human HLTF mediates postreplication repair by its HIRAN domain-dependent replication fork remodelling. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:10277-91. [PMID: 26350214 PMCID: PMC4666394 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the ability to respond properly to an unrepaired DNA lesion blocking replication promote genomic instability and cancer. Human HLTF, implicated in error-free replication of damaged DNA and tumour suppression, exhibits a HIRAN domain, a RING domain, and a SWI/SNF domain facilitating DNA-binding, PCNA-polyubiquitin-ligase, and dsDNA-translocase activities, respectively. Here, we investigate the mechanism of HLTF action with emphasis on its HIRAN domain. We found that in cells HLTF promotes the filling-in of gaps left opposite damaged DNA during replication, and this postreplication repair function depends on its HIRAN domain. Our biochemical assays show that HIRAN domain mutant HLTF proteins retain their ubiquitin ligase, ATPase and dsDNA translocase activities but are impaired in binding to a model replication fork. These data and our structural study indicate that the HIRAN domain recruits HLTF to a stalled replication fork, and it also provides the direction for the movement of the dsDNA translocase motor domain for fork reversal. In more general terms, we suggest functional similarities between the HIRAN, the OB, the HARP2, and other domains found in certain motor proteins, which may explain why only a subset of DNA translocases can carry out fork reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yathish Jagadheesh Achar
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - David Balogh
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Dante Neculai
- Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Szilvia Juhasz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Monika Morocz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Himabindu Gali
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue - LC-3310, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Česlovas Venclovas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graičiūno 8, Vilnius LT-02241, Lithuania
| | - Lajos Haracska
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
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54
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Seim I, Ma S, Zhou X, Gerashchenko MV, Lee SG, Suydam R, George JC, Bickham JW, Gladyshev VN. The transcriptome of the bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus reveals adaptations of the longest-lived mammal. Aging (Albany NY) 2015; 6:879-99. [PMID: 25411232 PMCID: PMC4247388 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mammals vary dramatically in lifespan, by at least two-orders of magnitude, but the molecular basis for this difference remains largely unknown. The bowhead whale Balaena mysticetus is the longest-lived mammal known, with an estimated maximal lifespan in excess of two hundred years. It is also one of the two largest animals and the most cold-adapted baleen whale species. Here, we report the first genome-wide gene expression analyses of the bowhead whale, based on the de novo assembly of its transcriptome. Bowhead whale or cetacean-specific changes in gene expression were identified in the liver, kidney and heart, and complemented with analyses of positively selected genes. Changes associated with altered insulin signaling and other gene expression patterns could help explain the remarkable longevity of bowhead whales as well as their adaptation to a lipid-rich diet. The data also reveal parallels in candidate longevity adaptations of the bowhead whale, naked mole rat and Brandt's bat. The bowhead whale transcriptome is a valuable resource for the study of this remarkable animal, including the evolution of longevity and its important correlates such as resistance to cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Seim
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxim V Gerashchenko
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sang-Goo Lee
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Suydam
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK 99723, USA
| | - John C George
- Department of Wildlife Management, North Slope Borough, Barrow, AK 99723, USA
| | | | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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55
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56
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Sahtoe DD, Sixma TK. Layers of DUB regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:456-67. [PMID: 26073511 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic enzymes, such as (iso-)peptidases, are potentially hazardous for cells. To neutralize their potential danger, tight control of their activities has evolved. Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) are isopeptidases involved in eukaryotic ubiquitylation. They reverse ubiquitin signals by hydrolyzing ubiquitin adducts, giving them control over all aspects of ubiquitin biology. The importance of DUB function is underscored by their frequent deregulation in human disease, making these enzymes potential drug targets. Here, we review the different layers of DUB enzyme regulation. We discuss how post-translational modification (PTM), regulatory domains within DUBs, and incorporation of DUBs into macromolecular complexes contribute to their activity. We conclude that most DUBs are likely to use a combination of these basic regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny D Sahtoe
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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57
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Bertolin AP, Mansilla SF, Gottifredi V. The identification of translesion DNA synthesis regulators: Inhibitors in the spotlight. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 32:158-164. [PMID: 26002196 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the past half-century, we have become increasingly aware of the ubiquity of DNA damage. Under the constant exposure to exogenous and endogenous genomic stress, cells must attempt to replicate damaged DNA. The encounter of replication forks with DNA lesions triggers several cellular responses, including the activation of translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), which largely depends upon specialized DNA polymerases with flexible active sites capable of accommodating bulky DNA lesions. A detrimental aspect of TLS is its intrinsic mutagenic nature, and thus the activity of the TLS polymerases must ideally be restricted to synthesis on damaged DNA templates. Despite their potential clinical importance in chemotherapy, TLS inhibitors have been difficult to identify since a direct assay designed to quantify genomic TLS events is still unavailable. Herein we discuss the methods that have been used to validate TLS inhibitors such as USP1, p21 and Spartan, highlighting research that has revealed their contribution to the control of DNA synthesis on damaged and undamaged templates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Bertolin
- Cell Cycle Genomic Instability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | - S F Mansilla
- Cell Cycle Genomic Instability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos, Aires, Argentina
| | - V Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle Genomic Instability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos, Aires, Argentina.
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58
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Makarova AV, Burgers PM. Eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 29:47-55. [PMID: 25737057 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on eukaryotic DNA polymerase ζ (Pol ζ), the enzyme responsible for the bulk of mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA damage. Pol ζ is also responsible for a large portion of mutagenesis during normal cell growth, in response to spontaneous damage or to certain DNA structures and other blocks that stall DNA replication forks. Novel insights in mutagenesis have been derived from recent advances in the elucidation of the subunit structure of Pol ζ. The lagging strand DNA polymerase δ shares the small Pol31 and Pol32 subunits with the Rev3-Rev7 core assembly giving a four subunit Pol ζ complex that is the active form in mutagenesis. Furthermore, Pol ζ forms essential interactions with the mutasome assembly factor Rev1 and with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These interactions are modulated by posttranslational modifications such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation that enhance translesion synthesis (TLS) and mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena V Makarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMG RAS), Kurchatov Sq. 2, Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Peter M Burgers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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59
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Relevance of simultaneous mono-ubiquitinations of multiple units of PCNA homo-trimers in DNA damage tolerance. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118775. [PMID: 25692884 PMCID: PMC4332867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways, including translesion synthesis (TLS) and additional unknown mechanisms, enable recovery from replication arrest at DNA lesions. DDT pathways are regulated by post-translational modifications of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at its K164 residue. In particular, mono-ubiquitination by the ubiquitin ligase RAD18 is crucial for Polη-mediated TLS. Although the importance of modifications of PCNA to DDT pathways is well known, the relevance of its homo-trimer form, in which three K164 residues are present in a single ring, remains to be elucidated. Here, we show that multiple units of a PCNA homo-trimer are simultaneously mono-ubiquitinated in vitro and in vivo. RAD18 catalyzed sequential mono-ubiquitinations of multiple units of a PCNA homo-trimer in a reconstituted system. Exogenous PCNA formed hetero-trimers with endogenous PCNA in WI38VA13 cell transformants. When K164R-mutated PCNA was expressed in these cells at levels that depleted endogenous PCNA homo-trimers, multiple modifications of PCNA complexes were reduced and the cells showed defects in DDT after UV irradiation. Notably, ectopic expression of mutant PCNA increased the UV sensitivities of Polη-proficient, Polη-deficient, and REV1-depleted cells, suggesting the disruption of a DDT pathway distinct from the Polη- and REV1-mediated pathways. These results suggest that simultaneous modifications of multiple units of a PCNA homo-trimer are required for a certain DDT pathway in human cells.
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60
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Stingele J, Habermann B, Jentsch S. DNA–protein crosslink repair: proteases as DNA repair enzymes. Trends Biochem Sci 2015; 40:67-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Abstract
Replicative polymerases (pols) cannot accommodate damaged template bases, and these pols stall when such offenses are encountered during S phase. Rather than repairing the damaged base, replication past it may proceed via one of two DNA damage tolerance (DDT) pathways, allowing replicative DNA synthesis to resume. In translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), a specialized TLS pol is recruited to catalyze stable, yet often erroneous, nucleotide incorporation opposite damaged template bases. In template switching, the newly synthesized sister strand is used as a damage-free template to synthesize past the lesion. In eukaryotes, both pathways are regulated by the conjugation of ubiquitin to the PCNA sliding clamp by distinct E2/E3 pairs. Whereas monoubiquitination by Rad6/Rad18 mediates TLS, extension of this ubiquitin to a polyubiquitin chain by Ubc13-Mms2/Rad5 routes DDT to the template switching pathway. In this review, we focus on the monoubiquitination of PCNA by Rad6/Rad18 and summarize the current knowledge of how this process is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hedglin
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802; ,
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62
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Maskey RS, Kim MS, Baker DJ, Childs B, Malureanu LA, Jeganathan KB, Machida Y, van Deursen JM, Machida YJ. Spartan deficiency causes genomic instability and progeroid phenotypes. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5744. [PMID: 25501849 PMCID: PMC4269170 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spartan (also known as DVC1 and C1orf124) is a PCNA-interacting protein implicated in translesion synthesis, a DNA damage tolerance process that allows the DNA replication machinery to replicate past nucleotide lesions. However, the physiological relevance of Spartan has not been established. Here we report that Spartan insufficiency in mice causes chromosomal instability, cellular senescence and early onset of age-related phenotypes. Whereas complete loss of Spartan causes early embryonic lethality, hypomorphic mice with low amounts of Spartan are viable. These mice are growth retarded and develop cataracts, lordokyphosis and cachexia at a young age. Cre-mediated depletion of Spartan from conditional knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts results in impaired lesion bypass, incomplete DNA replication, formation of micronuclei and chromatin bridges and eventually cell death. These data demonstrate that Spartan plays a key role in maintaining structural and numerical chromosome integrity and suggest a link between Spartan insufficiency and progeria. Spartan/DVC1 is a translesion synthesis regulator with important roles in cellular DNA damage tolerance. Here, the authors report that Spartan is essential for DNA lesion bypass and that Spartan insufficiency in mice causes chromosomal instability, cellular senescence and early onset of age-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeja S Maskey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Myoung Shin Kim
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Darren J Baker
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Bennett Childs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Liviu A Malureanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Karthik B Jeganathan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Yuka Machida
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Jan M van Deursen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Yuichi J Machida
- 1] Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA [2] Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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63
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Delabaere L, Orsi G, Sapey-Triomphe L, Horard B, Couble P, Loppin B. The Spartan Ortholog Maternal Haploid Is Required for Paternal Chromosome Integrity in the Drosophila Zygote. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2281-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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64
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Mutations in SPRTN cause early onset hepatocellular carcinoma, genomic instability and progeroid features. Nat Genet 2014; 46:1239-44. [PMID: 25261934 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related degenerative and malignant diseases represent major challenges for health care systems. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenesis and age-associated pathologies is thus of growing biomedical relevance. We identified biallelic germline mutations in SPRTN (also called C1orf124 or DVC1) in three patients from two unrelated families. All three patients are affected by a new segmental progeroid syndrome characterized by genomic instability and susceptibility toward early onset hepatocellular carcinoma. SPRTN was recently proposed to have a function in translesional DNA synthesis and the prevention of mutagenesis. Our in vivo and in vitro characterization of identified mutations has uncovered an essential role for SPRTN in the prevention of DNA replication stress during general DNA replication and in replication-related G2/M-checkpoint regulation. In addition to demonstrating the pathogenicity of identified SPRTN mutations, our findings provide a molecular explanation of how SPRTN dysfunction causes accelerated aging and susceptibility toward carcinoma.
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65
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Han J, Liu T, Huen MSY, Hu L, Chen Z, Huang J. SIVA1 directs the E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 for PCNA monoubiquitination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:811-27. [PMID: 24958773 PMCID: PMC4068132 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201311007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is a universal DNA damage tolerance mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals. A key event in the regulation of TLS is the monoubiquitination of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Extensive evidence indicates that the RAD6-RAD18 ubiquitin-conjugating/ligase complex specifically monoubiquitinates PCNA and regulates TLS repair. However, the mechanism by which the RAD6-RAD18 complex is targeted to PCNA has remained elusive. In this study, we used an affinity purification approach to isolate the PCNA-containing complex and have identified SIVA1 as a critical regulator of PCNA monoubiquitination. We show that SIVA1 constitutively interacts with PCNA via a highly conserved PCNA-interacting peptide motif. Knockdown of SIVA1 compromised RAD18-dependent PCNA monoubiquitination and Polη focus formation, leading to elevated ultraviolet sensitivity and mutation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that SIVA1 interacts with RAD18 and serves as a molecular bridge between RAD18 and PCNA, thus targeting the E3 ligase activity of RAD18 onto PCNA. Collectively, our results provide evidence that the RAD18 E3 ligase requires an accessory protein for binding to its substrate PCNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Han
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Michael S Y Huen
- Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China Department of Anatomy and Center for Cancer Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhiqiu Chen
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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66
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Tolerating DNA damage during eukaryotic chromosome replication. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:170-7. [PMID: 25038291 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the evolutionarily conserved RAD6/RAD18 pathway of DNA damage tolerance overcomes unrepaired DNA lesions that interfere with the progression of replication forks, helping to ensure the completion of chromosome replication and the maintenance of genome stability in every cell cycle. This pathway uses two different strategies for damage bypass: translesion DNA synthesis, which is carried out by specialized polymerases that can replicate across the lesions, and DNA damage avoidance, a process that relies on a switch to an undamaged-DNA template for synthesis past the lesion. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge on DNA damage tolerance mechanisms mediated by RAD6/RAD18 that are used by eukaryotic cells to cope with DNA lesions during chromosome replication.
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67
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A DNA-Dependent Protease Involved in DNA-Protein Crosslink Repair. Cell 2014; 158:327-338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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68
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Villamil MA, Liang Q, Zhuang Z. The WD40-repeat protein-containing deubiquitinase complex: catalysis, regulation, and potential for therapeutic intervention. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:111-26. [PMID: 23797609 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination has emerged as an essential signaling mechanism in eukaryotes. Deubiquitinases (DUBs) counteract the activities of the ubiquitination machinery and provide another level of control in cellular ubiquitination. Not surprisingly, DUBs are subjected to stringent regulations. Besides regulation by the noncatalytic domains present in the DUB sequences, DUB-interacting proteins are increasingly realized as essential regulators for DUB activity and function. This review focuses on DUBs that are associated with WD40-repeat proteins. Many human ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) were found to interact with WD40-repeat proteins, but little is known as to how this interaction regulates the activity and function of USPs. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding a prototypical WD40-repeat protein-containing DUB complex that comprises USP1 and USP1-associated factor 1 (UAF1). It has been shown that UAF1 activates USP1 through a potential active-site modulation, and the complex formation between USP1 and UAF1 is regulated by serine phosphorylation. Recently, human USPs have been recognized as a promising target class for inhibitor discovery. Small molecule inhibitors targeting several human USPs have been reported. USP1 is involved in two major DNA damage response pathways, DNA translesion synthesis and the Fanconi anemia pathway. Inhibiting the USP1/UAF1 deubiquitinase complex represents a new strategy to potentiate cancer cells to DNA-crosslinking agents and to overcome resistance that has plagued clinical cancer chemotherapy. The progress in inhibitor discovery against USPs and the WD40-repeat protein-containing USP complex will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Villamil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 214A Drake Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Maréchal A, Li JM, Ji XY, Wu CS, Yazinski SA, Nguyen HD, Liu S, Jiménez AE, Jin J, Zou L. PRP19 transforms into a sensor of RPA-ssDNA after DNA damage and drives ATR activation via a ubiquitin-mediated circuitry. Mol Cell 2013; 53:235-246. [PMID: 24332808 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PRP19 is a ubiquitin ligase involved in pre-mRNA splicing and the DNA damage response (DDR). Although the role for PRP19 in splicing is well characterized, its role in the DDR remains elusive. Through a proteomic screen for proteins that interact with RPA-coated single-stranded DNA (RPA-ssDNA), we identified PRP19 as a sensor of DNA damage. PRP19 directly binds RPA and localizes to DNA damage sites via RPA, promoting RPA ubiquitylation in a DNA-damage-induced manner. PRP19 facilitates the accumulation of ATRIP, the regulatory partner of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase, at DNA damage sites. Depletion of PRP19 compromised the phosphorylation of ATR substrates, recovery of stalled replication forks, and progression of replication forks on damaged DNA. Importantly, PRP19 mutants that cannot bind RPA or function as an E3 ligase failed to support the ATR response, revealing that PRP19 drives ATR activation by acting as an RPA-ssDNA-sensing ubiquitin ligase during the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maréchal
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ju-Mei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiao Ye Ji
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Ching-Shyi Wu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Stephanie A Yazinski
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Hai Dang Nguyen
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Shizhou Liu
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Amanda E Jiménez
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Jianping Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, TX 77030
| | - Lee Zou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center Harvard Medical School Charlestown, MA 02129.,Department of Pathology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02114
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Lv L, Wang F, Ma X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Liu H, Li X, Liu Z, Zhang T, Huang M, Friedberg EC, Tang TS, Guo C. Mismatch repair protein MSH2 regulates translesion DNA synthesis following exposure of cells to UV radiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10312-22. [PMID: 24038355 PMCID: PMC3905884 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) can use specialized DNA polymerases to insert and/or extend nucleotides across lesions, thereby limiting stalled replication fork collapse and the potential for cell death. Recent studies have shown that monoubiquitinated proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important role in recruitment of Y-family TLS polymerases to stalled replication forks after DNA damage treatment. To explore the possible roles of other factors that regulate the ultraviolet (UV)-induced assembly of specialized DNA polymerases at arrested replication forks, we performed immunoprecipitation experiments combined with mass spectrometry and established that DNA polymerase kappa (Polκ) can partner with MSH2, an important mismatch repair protein associated with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. We found that depletion of MSH2 impairs PCNA monoubiquitination and the formation of foci containing Polκ and other TLS polymerases after UV irradiation of cells. Interestingly, expression of MSH2 in Rad18-deficient cells increased UV-induced Polκ and REV1 focus formation without detectable changes in PCNA monoubiquitination, indicating that MSH2 can regulate post-UV focus formation by specialized DNA polymerases in both PCNA monoubiquitination-dependent and -independent fashions. Moreover, we observed that MSH2 can facilitate TLS across cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers photoproducts in living cells, presenting a novel role of MSH2 in post-UV cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingna Lv
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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71
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Mórocz M, Gali H, Raskó I, Downes CS, Haracska L. Single cell analysis of human RAD18-dependent DNA post-replication repair by alkaline bromodeoxyuridine comet assay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70391. [PMID: 23936422 PMCID: PMC3735594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to DNA can block replication progression resulting in gaps in the newly synthesized DNA. Cells utilize a number of post-replication repair (PRR) mechanisms such as the RAD18 controlled translesion synthesis or template switching to overcome the discontinuities formed opposite the DNA lesions and to complete DNA replication. Gaining more insights into the role of PRR genes promotes better understanding of DNA damage tolerance and of how their malfunction can lead to increased genome instability and cancer. However, a simple and efficient method to characterise gene specific PRR deficiencies at a single cell level has not been developed. Here we describe the so named BrdU comet PRR assay to test the contribution of human RAD18 to PRR at a single cell level, by which we kinetically characterized the consequences of the deletion of human RAD18 on the replication of UV-damaged DNA. Moreover, we demonstrate the capability of our method to evaluate PRR at a single cell level in unsynchronized cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónika Mórocz
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Himabindu Gali
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Raskó
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - C. Stephen Downes
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Lajos Haracska
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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72
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Sebesta M, Burkovics P, Juhasz S, Zhang S, Szabo JE, Lee MYWT, Haracska L, Krejci L. Role of PCNA and TLS polymerases in D-loop extension during homologous recombination in humans. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:691-8. [PMID: 23731732 PMCID: PMC3744802 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is essential for maintaining genomic integrity, which is challenged by a wide variety of potentially lethal DNA lesions. Regardless of the damage type, recombination is known to proceed by RAD51-mediated D-loop formation, followed by DNA repair synthesis. Nevertheless, the participating polymerases and extension mechanism are not well characterized. Here, we present a reconstitution of this step using purified human proteins. In addition to Pol δ, TLS polymerases, including Pol η and Pol κ, also can extend D-loops. In vivo characterization reveals that Pol η and Pol κ are involved in redundant pathways for HR. In addition, the presence of PCNA on the D-loop regulates the length of the extension tracks by recruiting various polymerases and might present a regulatory point for the various recombination outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sebesta
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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73
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Vaz B, Halder S, Ramadan K. Role of p97/VCP (Cdc48) in genome stability. Front Genet 2013; 4:60. [PMID: 23641252 PMCID: PMC3639377 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-dependent molecular chaperone p97, also known as valosin-containing protein (VCP) or Cdc48, is an AAA ATPase involved in protein turnover and degradation. p97 converts its own ATPase hydrolysis into remodeling activity on a myriad of ubiquitinated substrates from different cellular locations and pathways. In this way, p97 mediates extraction of targeted protein from cellular compartments or protein complexes. p97-dependent protein extraction from various cellular environments maintains cellular protein homeostasis. In recent years, p97-dependent protein extraction from chromatin has emerged as an essential evolutionarily conserved process for maintaining genome stability. Inactivation of p97 segregase activity leads to accumulation of ubiquitinated substrates on chromatin, consequently leading to protein-induced chromatin stress (PICHROS). PICHROS directly and negatively affects multiple DNA metabolic processes, including replication, damage responses, mitosis, and transcription, leading to genotoxic stress and genome instability. By summarizing and critically evaluating recent data on p97 function in various chromatin-associated protein degradation processes, we propose establishing p97 as a genome caretaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vaz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Zürich-Vetsuisse Zürich, Switzerland ; Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford Oxford, UK
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Mailand N, Gibbs-Seymour I, Bekker-Jensen S. Regulation of PCNA-protein interactions for genome stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2013; 14:269-82. [PMID: 23594953 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has a central role in promoting faithful DNA replication, providing a molecular platform that facilitates the myriad protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions that occur at the replication fork. Numerous PCNA-associated proteins compete for binding to a common surface on PCNA; hence these interactions need to be tightly regulated and coordinated to ensure proper chromosome replication and integrity. Control of PCNA-protein interactions is multilayered and involves post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitylation, accessory factors and regulated degradation of PCNA-associated proteins. This regulatory framework allows cells to maintain a fine-tuned balance between replication fidelity and processivity in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Mailand
- Ubiquitin Signaling Group, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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75
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Ulrich HD, Takahashi DT. Readers of PCNA modifications. Chromosoma 2013; 122:259-74. [PMID: 23580141 PMCID: PMC3714560 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The eukaryotic sliding clamp, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), acts as a central coordinator of DNA transactions by providing a multivalent interaction surface for factors involved in DNA replication, repair, chromatin dynamics and cell cycle regulation. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as mono- and polyubiquitylation, sumoylation, phosphorylation and acetylation, further expand the repertoire of PCNA’s binding partners. These modifications affect PCNA’s activity in the bypass of lesions during DNA replication, the regulation of alternative damage processing pathways such as homologous recombination and DNA interstrand cross-link repair, or impact on the stability of PCNA itself. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge about how the PTMs are “read” by downstream effector proteins that mediate the appropriate action. Given the variety of interaction partners responding to PCNA’s modified forms, the ensemble of PCNA modifications serves as an instructive model for the study of biological signalling through PTMs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle D Ulrich
- Clare Hall Laboratories, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms EN6 3LD, UK.
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76
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Durando M, Tateishi S, Vaziri C. A non-catalytic role of DNA polymerase η in recruiting Rad18 and promoting PCNA monoubiquitination at stalled replication forks. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:3079-93. [PMID: 23345618 PMCID: PMC3597682 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-lesion DNA synthesis (TLS) is a DNA damage-tolerance mechanism that uses low-fidelity DNA polymerases to replicate damaged DNA. The inherited cancer-propensity syndrome xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV) results from error-prone TLS of UV-damaged DNA. TLS is initiated when the Rad6/Rad18 complex monoubiquitinates proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), but the basis for recruitment of Rad18 to PCNA is not completely understood. Here, we show that Rad18 is targeted to PCNA by DNA polymerase eta (Polη), the XPV gene product that is mutated in XPV patients. The C-terminal domain of Polη binds to both Rad18 and PCNA and promotes PCNA monoubiquitination, a function unique to Polη among Y-family TLS polymerases and dissociable from its catalytic activity. Importantly, XPV cells expressing full-length catalytically-inactive Polη exhibit increased recruitment of other error-prone TLS polymerases (Polκ and Polι) after UV irradiation. These results define a novel non-catalytic role for Polη in promoting PCNA monoubiquitination and provide a new potential mechanism for mutagenesis and genome instability in XPV individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Durando
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Kim MS, Machida Y, Vashisht AA, Wohlschlegel JA, Pang YP, Machida YJ. Regulation of error-prone translesion synthesis by Spartan/C1orf124. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:1661-8. [PMID: 23254330 PMCID: PMC3561950 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translesion synthesis (TLS) employs low fidelity polymerases to replicate past damaged DNA in a potentially error-prone process. Regulatory mechanisms that prevent TLS-associated mutagenesis are unknown; however, our recent studies suggest that the PCNA-binding protein Spartan plays a role in suppression of damage-induced mutagenesis. Here, we show that Spartan negatively regulates error-prone TLS that is dependent on POLD3, the accessory subunit of the replicative DNA polymerase Pol δ. We demonstrate that the putative zinc metalloprotease domain SprT in Spartan directly interacts with POLD3 and contributes to suppression of damage-induced mutagenesis. Depletion of Spartan induces complex formation of POLD3 with Rev1 and the error-prone TLS polymerase Pol ζ, and elevates mutagenesis that relies on POLD3, Rev1 and Pol ζ. These results suggest that Spartan negatively regulates POLD3 function in Rev1/Pol ζ-dependent TLS, revealing a previously unrecognized regulatory step in error-prone TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Shin Kim
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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