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Hanemann CO, Blakeley JO, Nunes FP, Robertson K, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Mautner V, Kurtz A, Ferguson M, Widemann BC, Evans DG, Ferner R, Carroll SL, Korf B, Wolkenstein P, Knight P, Plotkin SR. Current status and recommendations for biomarkers and biobanking in neurofibromatosis. Neurology 2017; 87:S40-8. [PMID: 27527649 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinically validated biomarkers for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1), neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis (SWN) have not been identified to date. The biomarker working group's goals are to (1) define biomarker needs in NF1, NF2, and SWN; (2) summarize existing data on biomarkers in NF1, NF2, and SWN; (3) outline recommendations for sample collection and biomarker development; and (4) standardize sample collection and methodology protocols where possible to promote comparison between studies by publishing standard operating procedures (SOPs). METHODS The biomarker group reviewed published data on biomarkers in NF1, NF2, and SWN and on biobanking efforts outside these diseases via literature search, defined the need for biomarkers in NF, and developed recommendations in a series of consensus meetings. RESULTS We describe existing biomarkers in NF and report consensus recommendations for SOP and a minimal clinical dataset to accompany samples derived from patients with NF1, NF2, and SWN in decentralized biobanks. CONCLUSIONS These recommendations are intended to provide clinicians and researchers with a common set of guidelines to collect and store biospecimens and for establishment of biobanks for NF1, NF2, and SWN.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Oliver Hanemann
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York.
| | - Jaishri O Blakeley
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Fabio P Nunes
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Kent Robertson
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Anat Stemmer-Rachamimov
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Victor Mautner
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Andreas Kurtz
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Michael Ferguson
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Brigitte C Widemann
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - D Gareth Evans
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Rosalie Ferner
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Steven L Carroll
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Bruce Korf
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Pierre Wolkenstein
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Pamela Knight
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
| | - Scott R Plotkin
- From Plymouth University (C.O.H.), Peninsula Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, The Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Plymouth, UK; Department of Neurology (J.O.B.), Johns Hopkins University Medical School, Baltimore, MD; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.N.) and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine (K.R., M.F.), Indiana University; Tailored Therapeutics (F.P.N.), Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN; Department of Pathology (A.S.-R.), Neuro-oncology (S.R.P.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston; Neurologische Klinik (V.M.), Uniklinik Eppendorf, Hamburg; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (A.K.), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Seoul National University (A.K.), College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Republic of Korea; NCI (B.C.W.), Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD; Genomic Medicine (D.G.E.), University of Manchester, UK; National Neurofibromatosis Service (R.F.), Department of Neurology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London UK; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.L.C.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston; and Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences (B.K.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; Dermatology (P.W.), GHU Henri Mondor, Paris, France; Children's Tumor Foundation (P.K.), New York
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