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Bondy GS, Caldwell DS, Aziz SA, Coady LC, Armstrong CL, Curran IHA, Koffman RL, Kapal K, Lefebvre DE, Mehta R. Effects of Chronic Ochratoxin A Exposure on p53 Heterozygous and p53 Homozygous Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:715-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314568391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) causes nephropathy in domestic animals and rodents and renal tumors in rodents and poultry. Humans are exposed to OTA by consuming foods made with contaminated cereal grains and other commodities. Management of human health risks due to OTA exposure depends, in part, on establishing a mode of action (MOA) for OTA carcinogenesis. To further investigate OTA’s MOA, p53 heterozygous (p53+/−) and p53 homozygous (p53+/+) mice were exposed to OTA in diet for 26 weeks. The former are susceptible to tumorigenesis upon chronic exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. OTA-induced renal damage but no tumors were observed in either strain, indicating that p53 heterozygosity conferred little additional sensitivity to OTA. Renal changes included dose-dependent increases in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, karyomegaly, and tubular degeneration in proximal tubules, which were consistent with ochratoxicosis. The lowest observed effect level for renal changes in p53+/− and p53+/+ mice was 200 μg OTA/kg bw/day. Based on the lack of tumors and the severity of renal and body weight changes at a maximum tolerated dose, the results were interpreted as suggestive of a primarily nongenotoxic (epigenetic) MOA for OTA carcinogenesis in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve S. Bondy
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald S. Caldwell
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Syed A. Aziz
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie C. Coady
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Armstrong
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ivan H. A. Curran
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kamla Kapal
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David E. Lefebvre
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Taub ME, Ludwig-Schwellinger E, Ishiguro N, Kishimoto W, Yu H, Wagner K, Tweedie D. Sex-, Species-, and Tissue-Specific Metabolism of Empagliflozin in Male Mouse Kidney Forms an Unstable Hemiacetal Metabolite (M466/2) That Degrades to 4-Hydroxycrotonaldehyde, a Reactive and Cytotoxic Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:103-15. [PMID: 25489797 DOI: 10.1021/tx500380t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following oral administration of empagliflozin (1000 mg/kg/day) to male and female CD-1 mice for 2 years, renal tubular injury was identified in male mice. Renal injury was not detected in male mice (≤300 mg/kg/day), in female mice (1000 mg/kg/day), or in male or female Han Wistar rats (700 mg/kg/day). Using transfected HEK293 cells and Xenopus oocytes, empagliflozin was found to be a substrate of various mouse and rat organic anion transporters (oat/Oat) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (oatp/Oatp) transporters: mouse oat3, rat Oat3, mouse oatp1a1, and rat Oatp1a1. However, using isolated kidney slices from male and female mice and rats, no sex-based difference in the extent of uptake of empagliflozin occurred. Metabolism studies using hepatic and renal microsomes from male and female mice, rats, and humans revealed a hemiacetal metabolite of empagliflozin (M466/2), predominantly formed in male mouse kidney microsomes. Formation of M466/2 in male mouse kidney microsomes was 31-fold higher compared to that in female mouse kidney microsomes and was ∼29- and ∼20-fold higher compared to that in male and female mouse liver microsomes, respectively. M466/2 is unstable and degrades to form a phenol metabolite (M380/1) and 4-hydroxycrotonaldehyde (4-OH CTA). Formed 4-OH CTA was trapped by reduced GSH, and the structure of the GSH adduct was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Stoichiometric formation of M380/1 from M466/2 was observed (93-96% at 24 h); however, formation of 4-OH CTA was considerably lower (∼17.5% at 40 h), which is consistent with 4-OH CTA being a highly reactive species. These data represent a highly selective tissue-, species-, and sex-specific lesion in male CD-1 mice associated with a cytotoxic metabolite product, 4-OH CTA. In humans, glucuronidation of empagliflozin is the most prevalent metabolic pathway, and oxidation is a minor pathway. Thus, renal toxicity due to the formation of 4-OH CTA from empagliflozin is not expected in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | | | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
| | - Klaus Wagner
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Donald Tweedie
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , Ridgefield, Connecticut 06877-0368, United States
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53
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Biology of the cell cycle inhibitor p21CDKN1A: molecular mechanisms and relevance in chemical toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:155-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1430-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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54
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Rumora L, Domijan AM, Žanić Grubišić T, Šegvić Klarić M. Differential activation of MAPKs by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments in porcine kidney PK15 cells. Toxicon 2014; 90:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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55
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Xia K, He X, Dai Q, Cheng WH, Qi X, Guo M, Luo Y, Huang K, Zhao C, Xu W. Discovery of systematic responses and potential biomarkers induced by ochratoxin A using metabolomics. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1904-13. [PMID: 25255040 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.957249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is known to be nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic in rodents when exposed orally. To understand the systematic responses to OTA exposure, GC-MS- and (1)H-NMR-based metabolomic techniques together with histopathological assessments were applied to analyse the urine and plasma of OTA-exposed rats. It was found that OTA exposure caused significant elevation of amino acids (alanine, glycine, leucine etc.), pentose (ribose, glucitol, xylitol etc.) and nucleic acid metabolites (pseudouridine, adenosine, uridine). Moreover, myo-inositol, trimethylamine-oxide (TMAO), pseudouridine and leucine were identified as potential biomarkers for OTA toxicity. The primary pathways included the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), the Krebs cycle (TCA), the creatine pathway and gluconeogenesis. The activated PPP was attributed to the high requirements for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), which is involved in OTA metabolism through cytochrome P450. The elevated gluconeogenesis and TCA suggest that energy metabolism was involved. The up-regulated synthesis of creatinine reveals the elevated catabolism of proteins. These findings provide an overview of systematic responses to OTA exposure and metabolomic insight into the toxicological mechanism of OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xia
- a Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing , China
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56
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Disturbed Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression and thiol redox status in porcine kidney PK15 cells provoked by individual and combined ochratoxin A and citrinin treatments. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:97-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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57
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Bui‐Klimke T, Wu F. Evaluating weight of evidence in the mystery of Balkan endemic nephropathy. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1688-705. [PMID: 24954501 PMCID: PMC4199864 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic, progressive wasting disease of the kidneys, endemic in certain rural regions of the Balkan nations Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania. It is irreversible and ultimately fatal. Though this disease was first described in the 1950s, its causes have been a mystery and a source of much academic and clinical contention. Possible etiologic agents that have been explored include exposure to metals and metalloids, viruses and bacteria, and the dietary toxins aristolochic acid (AA) and ochratoxin A (OTA). AA is a toxin produced by weeds of the genus Aristolochia, common in Balkan wheat fields. Aristolochia seeds may intermingle with harvested grains and thus inadvertently enter human diets. OTA is a mycotoxin (fungal toxin) common in many foods, including cereal grains. In this study, we analyzed the weight of evidence for each of the suspected causes of BEN using the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC): nine conditions that determine weight of evidence for a causal relationship between an agent and a disease. Each agent postulated to cause BEN was evaluated using the nine criteria, and for each criterion was given a rating based on the strength of the association between exposure to the substance and BEN. From the overall available scientific evidence for each of these suspected risk factors, AA is the agent with the greatest weight of evidence in causing BEN. We describe other methods for testing causality from epidemiological studies, which support this conclusion of AA causing BEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Bui‐Klimke
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health100 Technology Dr.PittsburghPA15219USA
| | - Felicia Wu
- Department of Food Science and Human NutritionMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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Ochratoxin A activates opposing c-MET/PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK 1-2 pathways in human proximal tubule HK-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1313-27. [PMID: 25002221 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite by filamentous fungi, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium. Because OTA is a common contaminant of food and feeds, humans and animals are frequently exposed to OTA in daily life. It has been classified as a carcinogen in rodents and a possible carcinogen in humans. OTA has been shown to deregulate a variety of different signal transduction pathways in a cell type- and dosage-depending manner resulting in contrasting physiological effects, such as survival or cell death. While the ERK1-2 and JNK/SAPK MAPK pathways are major targets, knowledge about their role in OTA-mediated cell survival and death is fragmented. Similarly, the contribution of the PI3K/Akt pathway to the carcinogenic effect of OTA in proximal tubule cells has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we demonstrated that OTA induced sustained activation of the PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1-2 signaling pathways in a dose- and time-dependent manner in HK-2 cells. Chemical inhibition of ERK1-2 activation or overexpression of dominant-negative and kinase-dead MEK1 leads to increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis in OTA-treated cells. Blockage of PI3K/Akt with Wortmannin aggravated the negative effect of OTA on cell viability and increased the levels of apoptosis. Moreover, we identified the c-MET proto-oncogene as an upstream receptor tyrosine kinase responsible for OTA-induced activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in HK-2 cells. Our data suggest that OTA may potentiate carcinogenesis by sustained activation of c-MET/PI3K/Akt signaling through suppression of apoptosis induced by MEK/ERK1-2 activation in damaged renal proximal tubule epithelial cells.
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59
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Stoffmonographie Ochratoxin A. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00103-014-1939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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60
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Toxicity of the mycotoxin citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone and of mixtures of citrinin and ochratoxin A in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1097-107. [PMID: 24577378 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1216-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Citrinin (CIT) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are mycotoxins produced by several species of the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Monascus. Both can be present as contaminants in various food commodities and in animal feed. The occurrence and toxicity of OTA and human exposure have been intensively studied, but for CIT such data are scarce by comparison. Recently, dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT) was detected as main metabolite of CIT in human urine, and co-occurrence of CIT and OTA was shown in human blood plasma (Blaszkewicz et al. in Arch Toxicol 87:1087-1094, 2013). In light of these new findings, we have now investigated the toxicity of the metabolite DH-CIT in comparison with CIT and analysed the effects of mixtures of CIT and OTA in vitro. The cytotoxic potency of DH-CIT (IC50 of 320/200 μM) was distinctly lower compared with CIT (IC50 of 70/62 μM) after treatment of V79 cells for 24 and 48 h. Whereas CIT induced a concentration-dependent increase in micronucleus frequencies at concentrations ≥30 μM, DH-CIT showed no genotoxic effect up to 300 μM. Thus, conversion of CIT to DH-CIT in humans can be regarded as a detoxification step. Mixtures of CIT and OTA exerted additive effects in cytotoxicity assays. The effect of CIT and OTA mixtures on induction of micronuclei varied dependent on the used concentrations between additive for low μM concentrations and more-than-additive for high μM concentrations. Effects on cell cycle were mostly triggered by OTA when both mycotoxins were used in combination. The implications of our and related in vitro studies are discussed with respect to in vivo concentrations of CIT and OTA, which are found in animals and in humans.
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Goyary D, Chattopadhyay P, Giri S, Aher V, Upadhyay A, Veer V. Ochratoxin A induces cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptosis in rat hepatocyte primary cell culture at nanomolar concentration. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillum, is widely found as a contaminant of food. OTA exhibits a wide range of toxic activities, including nephro- and hepatotoxicity. Although the mechanisms of its genotoxicity and carcinogenicity have been studied before, many controversial results have been published. In addition, the studies were mostly conducted with kidney cells. Therefore, the present study used a primary culture of Wistar rat hepatocytes incubated with increasing concentrations of OTA (2.0-6.0 nanomolar). OTA treatment showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and DNA damage. Further, flow cytometric analysis of hepatocytes showed dose-dependent apoptosis, suggesting that OTA-induced hepatotoxicity is, may be partly, mediated by apoptosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor gene, a potent pro-angiogenic in hepatocellular carcinoma and responsible for hepatocyte regeneration, did not show any change with OTA treatment, as analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Thus, the present data indicated OTA-induced rat hepatotoxicity in vitro at nanomolar concentration, which inferred a major possible target other than kidney cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Goyary
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - P. Chattopadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - S. Giri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Gupta College of Technological Science, Ashram more, G.T. Road, Asansol 713 301, West Bengal, India
| | - V. Aher
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - A. Upadhyay
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
| | - V. Veer
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Defence Research Laboratory, Post Bag No.2, Tezpur 784 001, Assam, India
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63
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Miller J, Schaafsma A, Bhatnagar D, Bondy G, Carbone I, Harris L, Harrison G, Munkvold G, Oswald I, Pestka J, Sharpe L, Sumarah M, Tittlemier S, Zhou T. Mycotoxins that affect the North American agri-food sector: state of the art and directions for the future. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarises workshop discussions at the 5th international MYCORED meeting in Ottawa, Canada (June 2012) with over 200 participants representing academics, government and industry scientists, government officials and farming organisations (present in roughly equal proportions) from 27 countries. Workshops centred on how mycotoxins in food and feed affect value chains and trade in the region covered by the North American Free Trade Agreement. Crops are contaminated by one or more of five important mycotoxins in parts of Canada and the United States every year, and when contaminated food and feed are consumed in amounts above tolerable limits, human and animal health are at risk. Economic loss from such contamination includes reduced crop yield, grain quality, animal productivity and loss of domestic and export markets. A systematic effort by grain producers, primary, transfer, and terminal elevators, millers and food and feed processers is required to manage these contaminants along the value chain. Workshops discussed lessons learned from investments in plant genetics, fungal genomics, toxicology, analytical and sampling science, management strategies along the food and feed value chains and methods to ameliorate the effects of toxins in grain on animal production and on reducing the impact of mycotoxins on population health in developing countries. These discussions were used to develop a set of priorities and recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.D. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 228 Steacie Building, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - A.W. Schaafsma
- Ridgetown Campus, University of Guelph, 120 Main Street East, Ridgetown, ON N0P 2C0, Canada
| | - D. Bhatnagar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA, ARS, 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - G. Bondy
- Health Canada, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, 2202C Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - I. Carbone
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Drive, Suite 233, Partners III, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - L.J. Harris
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - G. Harrison
- Canadian National Millers' Association, 236 Metcalfe Street, Ottawa, ON K2P 1R3, Canada
| | - G.P. Munkvold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, 160 Seed Science Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - I.P. Oswald
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, INRA, UMR1331, 180 Chemin de Tournefeuille, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - J.J. Pestka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, 234 GM Trout Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
| | - L. Sharpe
- DuPont Pioneer Hi-Bred, 7398 Queen's Line, Chatham, ON N7M 5L1, Canada
| | - M.W. Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, 1391 Sandford Street, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, 1404-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - T. Zhou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON N1G 5C9, Canada
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64
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Dohnal V, Dvořák V, Malíř F, Ostrý V, Roubal T. A comparison of ELISA and HPLC methods for determination of ochratoxin A in human blood serum in the Czech Republic. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:427-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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65
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Kuroda K, Hibi D, Ishii Y, Takasu S, Kijima A, Matsushita K, Masumura KI, Watanabe M, Sugita-Konishi Y, Sakai H, Yanai T, Nohmi T, Ogawa K, Umemura T. Ochratoxin A induces DNA double-strand breaks and large deletion mutations in the carcinogenic target site of gpt delta rats. Mutagenesis 2013; 29:27-36. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/get054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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66
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Li P, Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhang Q. Advanced hyphenated chromatographic-mass spectrometry in mycotoxin determination: current status and prospects. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:420-452. [PMID: 23804155 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometric techniques are essential for advanced research in food safety and environmental monitoring. These fields are important for securing the health of humans and animals, and for ensuring environmental security. Mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites of filamentous fungi, are major contaminants of agricultural products, food and feed, biological samples, and the environment as a whole. Mycotoxins can cause cancers, nephritic and hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders. Mycotoxin-contaminated food and feed can provoke trade conflicts, resulting in massive economic losses. Risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals generally depends on clear identification and reliable quantitation in diversified matrices. Pioneering work on mycotoxin quantitation using mass spectrometry (MS) was performed in the early 1970s. Now, unambiguous confirmation and quantitation of mycotoxins can be readily achieved with a variety hyphenated techniques that combine chromatographic separation with MS, including liquid chromatography (LC) or gas chromatography (GC). With the advent of atmospheric pressure ionization, LC-MS has become a routine technique. Recently, the co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins in the same sample has drawn an increasing amount of attention. Thus, modern analyses must be able to detect and quantitate multiple mycotoxins in a single run. Improvements in tandem MS techniques have been made to achieve this purpose. This review describes the advanced research that has been done regarding mycotoxin determination using hyphenated chromatographic-MS techniques, but is not a full-circle survey of all the literature published on this topic. The present work provides an overview of the various hyphenated chromatographic-MS-based strategies that have been applied to mycotoxin analysis, with a focus on recent developments. The use of chromatographic-MS to measure levels of mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and fumonisins, is discussed in detail. Both free and masked mycotoxins are included in this review due to different methods of sample preparation. Techniques are described in terms of sample preparation, internal standards, LC/ultra performance LC (UPLC) optimization, and applications and survey. Several future hyphenated MS techniques are discussed as well, including multidimensional chromatography-MS, capillary electrophoresis-MS, and surface plasmon resonance array-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China; Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, P.R. China
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67
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Malir F, Ostry V, Dofkova M, Roubal T, Dvorak V, Dohnal V. Ochratoxin A levels in blood serum of Czech women in the first trimester of pregnancy and its correspondence with dietary intake of the mycotoxin contaminant. Biomarkers 2013; 18:673-8. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.845609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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68
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Han Z, Nie D, Yang X, Wang J, Peng S, Wu A. Quantitative assessment of risk associated with dietary intake of mycotoxin ochratoxin A on the adult inhabitants in Shanghai city of P.R. China. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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69
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A review on ochratoxin A transcriptomic studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:766-83. [PMID: 23747715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The mycotoxin Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in male rats. Transcriptomic studies on OTA (4 in vitro, 6 in vivo, 2 in vitro/in vivo) have been reviewed. The aim of 6 of them was mainly mechanistic whereas the rest had mostly predictive (1) or evaluation (5) purposes. An overall tendency towards gene expression downregulation was observed, probably as a result of protein synthesis inhibition. DNA damage response genes were not deregulated in most of the studies. Genes involved in acute renal injury, cell survival and cell proliferation were upregulated in several in vivo studies. Apoptosis genes were deregulated in vitro but less affected in vivo; activation of several MAPKs has been observed. Many genes related to oxidative stress or involved in cell-to-cell interaction pathways (Wnt) or cytoskeleton structure appeared to be deregulated either in vitro or in vivo. Regucalcin was highly downregulated in vivo and other calcium homeostasis genes were significantly deregulated in vitro. Genes related to OTA transport (OATs) and metabolism (CYPs) appeared downregulated in vivo. Overall, the mechanism of action of OTA remains unclear, however transcriptomic data have contributed to new mechanistic hypothesis generation and to in vitro-in vivo comparison.
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Stachurska A, Ciesla M, Kozakowska M, Wolffram S, Boesch-Saadatmandi C, Rimbach G, Jozkowicz A, Dulak J, Loboda A. Cross-talk between microRNAs, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2, and heme oxygenase-1 in ochratoxin A-induced toxic effects in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:504-15. [PMID: 23281030 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin exhibiting nephrotoxic and potential carcinogenic activity. We investigated the cross-talk between microRNAs, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in ochratoxin A-mediated effects. METHODS AND RESULTS In porcine renal proximal tubular cells, OTA increased expression of profibrotic transforming growth factors β (TGFβ) while concomitantly decreasing expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and erythropoietin. Adenoviral overexpression of Nrf2 counteracted OTA-mediated reduction in HO-1 and erythropoietin expression and cell proliferation as well as increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and TGFβ expression. Additionally, inhibition of HO activity enhanced whereas adenoviral overexpression of HO-1 reduced expression of TGFβ. Moreover, antioxidants, N-acetyl-cysteine and desferioxamine, prevented OTA-mediated enhancement of ROS generation, and TGFβ expression. Finally, OTA modulated microRNA processing by upregulating LINeage protein 28 and DiGeorge syndrome critical region-8, increasing the total pool of cellular microRNAs and elevating the expression of miR-132 and miR-200c. Inhibition of miR-132 by specific antagomir restored the OTA-driven reduction in Nrf2 expression. Moreover, anti-miR-132 and anti-miR-200c counteracted OTA-mediated decrease in HO-1 levels as well as increase in ROS production and TGFβ expression. CONCLUSION We showed that attenuation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression through induction of miR-132 and miR-200c by OTA elevates ROS levels and profibrotic TGFβ expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stachurska
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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