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Choi YJ, Görg M, Shin HD, Thines M. Plasmopara elegantissima sp. nov. (Oomycota, Peronosporales), a Downy Mildew Species Specialized to Impatiens textori (Balsaminaceae). MYCOBIOLOGY 2020; 48:304-312. [PMID: 32952413 PMCID: PMC7476525 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1788259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 15 years, downy mildew became the most destructive foliar disease in cultivated Impatiens species (Balsaminaceae) worldwide. A previous study had revealed that the causal agent was not Plasmopara obducens (Oomycota, Peronosporales) but Plasmopara destructor on Impatiens walleriana, and Plasmopara velutina on Impatiens balsamina. This hints to a relatively high degree of specialization of Plasmopara on Balsaminaceae. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to perform multigene phylogenetic analysis and detailed morphological investigation for several Korean downy mildew samples parasitic to cultivated I. walleriana, and I. balsamina, but also to a northeast Asian wild plant, Impatiens textori. It was revealed that I. textori harbors a new species, which is introduced and described here as Plasmopara elegantissima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Choi
- College of Natural Sciences, Department of
Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, South
Korea
| | - Marlena Görg
- Department for Biological Sciences, Institute
of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research
Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Hyeon-Dong Shin
- Division of Environmental Science and
Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul,
South Korea
| | - Marco Thines
- Department for Biological Sciences, Institute
of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main,
Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research
Centre, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research Cluster
(IPF), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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52
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Thines M, Sharma R, Rodenburg SYA, Gogleva A, Judelson HS, Xia X, van den Hoogen J, Kitner M, Klein J, Neilen M, de Ridder D, Seidl MF, van den Ackerveken G, Govers F, Schornack S, Studholme DJ. The Genome of Peronospora belbahrii Reveals High Heterozygosity, a Low Number of Canonical Effectors, and TC-Rich Promoters. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2020; 33:742-753. [PMID: 32237964 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-19-0211-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Along with Plasmopara destructor, Peronosopora belbahrii has arguably been the economically most important newly emerging downy mildew pathogen of the past two decades. Originating from Africa, it has started devastating basil production throughout the world, most likely due to the distribution of infested seed material. Here, we present the genome of this pathogen and results from comparisons of its genomic features to other oomycetes. The assembly of the nuclear genome was around 35.4 Mbp in length, with an N50 scaffold length of around 248 kbp and an L50 scaffold count of 46. The circular mitochondrial genome consisted of around 40.1 kbp. From the repeat-masked genome, 9,049 protein-coding genes were predicted, out of which 335 were predicted to have extracellular functions, representing the smallest secretome so far found in peronosporalean oomycetes. About 16% of the genome consists of repetitive sequences, and, based on simple sequence repeat regions, we provide a set of microsatellites that could be used for population genetic studies of P. belbahrii. P. belbahrii has undergone a high degree of convergent evolution with other obligate parasitic pathogen groups, reflecting its obligate biotrophic lifestyle. Features of its secretome, signaling networks, and promoters are presented, and some patterns are hypothesized to reflect the high degree of host specificity in Peronospora species. In addition, we suggest the presence of additional virulence factors apart from classical effector classes that are promising candidates for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Thines
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research (IPF) and Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Integrative Fungal Research (IPF) and Translational Biodiversity Genomics (TBG), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Sander Y A Rodenburg
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Gogleva
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, U.K
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521 U.S.A
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt (Main), Germany
| | - Johan van den Hoogen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miloslav Kitner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Joël Klein
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Neilen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick de Ridder
- Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, U.K
| | - David J Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, U.K
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53
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Kandel SL, Hulse-Kemp AM, Stoffel K, Koike ST, Shi A, Mou B, Van Deynze A, Klosterman SJ. Transcriptional analyses of differential cultivars during resistant and susceptible interactions with Peronospora effusa, the causal agent of spinach downy mildew. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6719. [PMID: 32317662 PMCID: PMC7174412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Downy mildew of spinach is caused by the obligate oomycete pathogen, Peronospora effusa. The disease causes significant economic losses, especially in the organic sector of the industry where the use of synthetic fungicides is not permitted for disease control. New pathotypes of this pathogen are increasingly reported which are capable of breaking resistance. In this study, we took advantage of new spinach genome resources to conduct RNA-seq analyses of transcriptomic changes in leaf tissue of resistant and susceptible spinach cultivars Solomon and Viroflay, respectively, at an early stage of pathogen establishment (48 hours post inoculation, hpi) to a late stage of symptom expression and pathogen sporulation (168 hpi). Fold change differences in gene expression were recorded between the two cultivars to identify candidate genes for resistance. In Solomon, the hypersensitive inducible genes such as pathogenesis-related gene PR-1, glutathione-S-transferase, phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase were significantly up-regulated uniquely at 48 hpi and genes involved in zinc finger CCCH protein, glycosyltransferase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase homologs, receptor-like protein kinases were expressed at 48 hpi through 168 hpi. The types of genes significantly up-regulated in Solomon in response to the pathogen suggests that salicylic acid and ethylene signaling pathways mediate resistance. Furthermore, many genes involved in the flavonoid and phenylpropanoid pathways were highly expressed in Viroflay compared to Solomon at 168 hpi. As anticipated, an abundance of significantly down-regulated genes was apparent at 168 hpi, reflecting symptom development and sporulation in cultivar Viroflay, but not at 48 hpi. In the pathogen, genes encoding RxLR-type effectors were expressed during early colonization of cultivar Viroflay while crinkler-type effector genes were expressed at the late stage of the colonization. Our results provide insights on gene expression in resistant and susceptible spinach-P. effusa interactions, which can guide future studies to assess candidate genes necessary for downy mildew resistance in spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam L Kandel
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Amanda M Hulse-Kemp
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- USDA-ARS, Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kevin Stoffel
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Ainong Shi
- Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Beiquan Mou
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Steven J Klosterman
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905, USA.
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess fungal and oomycete communities in the irrigation water of forest nurseries, focusing on plant pathogens in the hope of getting a better understanding of potential pathogenic microorganisms and spreading routes in forest nurseries. The study sites were at Anykščiai, Dubrava, Kretinga and Trakai state forest nurseries in Lithuania. For the collection of microbial samples, at each nursery five 100-L water samples were collected from the irrigation ponds and filtered. Following DNA isolation from the irrigation water filtrate samples, these were individually amplified using ITS rDNA as a marker and subjected to PacBio high-throughput sequencing. Clustering in the SCATA pipeline and the taxonomic classification of 24,006 high-quality reads showed the presence of 1286 non-singleton taxa. Among those, 895 were representing fungi and oomycetes. The detected fungi were 57.3% Ascomycota, 38.1% Basidiomycota, 3.1% Chytridiomycota, 0.8% Mucoromycota and 0.7% Oomycota. The most common fungi were Malassezia restricta E. Guého, J. Guillot & Midgley (20.1% of all high-quality fungal sequences), Pezizella discreta (P. Karst.) Dennis (10.8%) and Epicoccum nigrum Link (4.9%). The most common oomycetes were Phytopythium cf. citrinum (B. Paul) Abad, de Cock, Bala, Robideau, Lodhi & Lévesque (0.4%), Phytophthora gallica T. Jung & J. Nechwatal (0.05%) and Peronospora sp. 4248_322 (0.05%). The results demonstrated that the irrigation water used by forest nurseries was inhabited by a species-rich but largely site-specific communities of fungi. Plant pathogens were relatively rare, but, under suitable conditions, these can develop rapidly, spread efficiently through the irrigation system and be a threat to the production of high-quality tree seedlings.
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55
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Hoffmeister M, Ashrafi S, Thines M, Maier W. Two new species of the Peronospora belbahrii species complex, Pe. choii sp. nov. and Pe. salviae-pratensis sp. nov., and a new host for Pe. salviae-officinalis. Fungal Syst Evol 2020; 6:39-53. [PMID: 32904171 PMCID: PMC7451775 DOI: 10.3114/fuse.2020.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The downy mildew species parasitic to Mentheae are of particular interest, as this tribe of Lamiaceae contains a variety of important medicinal plants and culinary herbs. Over the past two decades, two pathogens, Peronospora belbahrii and Pe. salviae-officinalis have spread globally, impacting basil and common sage production, respectively. In the original circumscription of Pe. belbahrii, the downy mildew of coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) was ascribed to this species in the broader sense, but subtle differences in morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses using two genes suggested that this pathogen would potentially need to be assigned to a species of its own. In the present study, Peronospora species causing downy mildew on members of the Mentheae, including clary sage (Salvia sclarea), meadow sage (S. pratensis), basil (Ocimum basilicum), ground ivy (Glechoma hederacea) and coleus (Plectranthus scutellarioides) were studied using light microscopy and molecular phylogenetic analyses based on six loci (ITS rDNA, cox1, cox2, ef1a, hsp90 and β-tubulin) to clarify the species boundaries in the Pe. belbahrii species complex. The downy mildew on Salvia pratensis is shown to be distinct from Pe. salviae-officinalis and closely related to Pe. glechomae, and is herein described as a new species, Pe. salviae-pratensis. The downy mildew on S. sclarea was found to be caused by Pe. salviae-officinalis. This is of phytopathological importance, because meadow sage thus does not play a role as inoculum source for common sage in the natural habitat of the former in Europe and Asia, while clary sage probably does. The multi-gene phylogeny revealed that the causal agent of downy mildew on coleus is distinct from Pe. belbahrii on basil, and is herein described as a new taxon, Pe. choii.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoffmeister
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - S Ashrafi
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Thines
- Goethe University, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Maier
- Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany
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56
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Duduk B, Duduk N, Vico I, Stepanović J, Marković T, Rekanović E, Kube M, Radanović D. Chamomile Floricolous Downy Mildew Caused by Peronospora radii. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1900-1907. [PMID: 31369362 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-19-0138-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Floricolous downy mildews (Peronospora, oomycetes) are a small, monophyletic group of mostly inconspicuous plant pathogens that induce symptoms exclusively on flowers. Characterization of this group of pathogens, and information about their biology, is particularly sparse. The recurrent presence of a disease causing flower malformation which, in turn, leads to high production losses of the medicinal herb Matricaria chamomilla in Serbia has enabled continuous experiments focusing on the pathogen and its biology. Peronospora radii was identified as the causal agent of the disease, and morphologically and molecularly characterized. Diseased chamomile flowers showed severe malformations of the disc and ray florets, including phyllody and secondary inflorescence formation, followed by the onset of downy mildew. Phylogeny, based on internal transcribed spacer and cox2, indicates clustering of the Serbian P. radii with other P. radii from chamomile although, in cox2 analyses, they formed a separate subcluster. Evidence pointing to systemic infection was provided through histological and molecular analyses, with related experiments validating the impact of soilborne and blossom infections. This study provides new findings in the biology of P. radii on chamomile, thus enabling the reconstruction of this floricolous Peronospora species' life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Duduk
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Duduk
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vico
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Stepanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Marković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emil Rekanović
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael Kube
- University of Hohenheim, Integrative Infection Biology Crops-Livestock, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dragoja Radanović
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research "Dr Josif Pančić", Belgrade, Serbia
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57
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Rahman A, Góngora-Castillo E, Bowman MJ, Childs KL, Gent DH, Martin FN, Quesada-Ocampo LM. Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis of the Hop Downy Mildew Pathogen Pseudoperonospora humuli Reveal Species-Specific Genes for Molecular Detection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:1354-1366. [PMID: 30939079 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-18-0431-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoperonospora humuli is an obligate oomycete pathogen of hop (Humulus lupulus) that causes downy mildew, an important disease in most production regions in the Northern Hemisphere. The pathogen can cause a systemic infection in hop, overwinter in the root system, and infect propagation material. Substantial yield loss may occur owing to P. humuli infection of strobiles (seed cones), shoots, and cone-bearing branches. Fungicide application and cultural practices are the primary methods to manage hop downy mildew. However, effective, sustainable, and cost-effective management of downy mildew can be improved by developing early detection systems to inform on disease risk and timely fungicide application. However, no species-specific diagnostic assays or genomic resources are available for P. humuli. The genome of the P. humuli OR502AA isolate was partially sequenced using Illumina technology and assembled with ABySS. The assembly had a minimum scaffold length of 500 bp and an N50 (median scaffold length of the assembled genome) of 19.2 kbp. A total number of 18,656 genes were identified using MAKER standard gene predictions. Additionally, transcriptome assemblies were generated using RNA-seq and Trinity for seven additional P. humuli isolates. Bioinformatics analyses of next generation sequencing reads of P. humuli and P. cubensis (a closely related sister species) identified 242 candidate species-specific P. humuli genes that could be used as diagnostic molecular markers. These candidate genes were validated using polymerase chain reaction against a diverse collection of isolates from P. humuli, P. cubensis, and other oomycetes. Overall, four diagnostic markers were found to be uniquely present in P. humuli. These candidate markers identified through comparative genomics can be used for pathogen diagnostics in propagation material, such as rhizomes and vegetative cuttings, or adapted for biosurveillance of airborne sporangia, an important source of inoculum in hop downy mildew epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahman
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
| | - E Góngora-Castillo
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
- 2Department of Biotechnology, Yucatan Center for Scientific Research, 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - M J Bowman
- 3Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, U.S.A
| | - K L Childs
- 3Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, U.S.A
| | - D H Gent
- 4Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service and Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, OR, U.S.A
| | - F N Martin
- 5Crop Improvement and Protection Research Station, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905, U.S.A
| | - L M Quesada-Ocampo
- 1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7613, U.S.A
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58
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Sutela S, Poimala A, Vainio EJ. Viruses of fungi and oomycetes in the soil environment. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2019; 95:5542194. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTSoils support a myriad of organisms hosting highly diverse viromes. In this minireview, we focus on viruses hosted by true fungi and oomycetes (members of Stamenopila, Chromalveolata) inhabiting bulk soil, rhizosphere and litter layer, and representing different ecological guilds, including fungal saprotrophs, mycorrhizal fungi, mutualistic endophytes and pathogens. Viruses infecting fungi and oomycetes are characterized by persistent intracellular nonlytic lifestyles and transmission via spores and/or hyphal contacts. Almost all fungal and oomycete viruses have genomes composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA, and recent studies have revealed numerous novel viruses representing yet unclassified family-level groups. Depending on the virus–host combination, infections can be asymptomatic, beneficial or detrimental to the host. Thus, mycovirus infections may contribute to the multiplex interactions of hosts, therefore likely affecting the dynamics of fungal communities required for the functioning of soil ecosystems. However, the effects of fungal and oomycete viruses on soil ecological processes are still mostly unknown. Interestingly, new metagenomics data suggest an extensive level of horizontal virus transfer between plants, fungi and insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Sutela
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Poimala
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva J Vainio
- Forest Health and Biodiversity, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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59
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Kandel SL, Mou B, Shishkoff N, Shi A, Subbarao KV, Klosterman SJ. Spinach Downy Mildew: Advances in Our Understanding of the Disease Cycle and Prospects for Disease Management. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:791-803. [PMID: 30939071 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-10-18-1720-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew on spinach is caused by Peronospora effusa, an oomycete pathogen that poses a challenge to spinach production worldwide, especially in organic production. Following infection, P. effusa produces abundant amounts of asexual sporangia. Sporangia become windborne and initiate new infections locally or distantly, leading to widespread epidemics. Oospores produced from the union of opposite mating types have been observed within infected leaves and seeds and may remain viable for many years. Sexual reproduction increases the genetic diversity of P. effusa through sexual recombination, and thus, the movement of oospores on seed has likely fueled the rapid explosion of new pathotypes in different regions of the world over the past 20 years. This review summarizes recent advances in spinach downy mildew research, especially in light of the findings of oospores in contemporary commercial spinach seed lots as well as their germination. Knowledge of the role of the oospores and other aspects of the disease cycle can directly translate into new and effective disease management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam L Kandel
- 1 USDA-ARS Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Beiquan Mou
- 1 USDA-ARS Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Nina Shishkoff
- 2 USDA-ARS Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Ainong Shi
- 3 Department of Horticulture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR; and
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Salinas, CA
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60
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Choi YJ, Lee SH, Nguyen TTT, Nam B, Lee HB. Characterization of Achlya americana and A. bisexualis (Saprolegniales, Oomycota) Isolated from Freshwater Environments in Korea. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:135-142. [PMID: 31448133 PMCID: PMC6691817 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1551855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many members of the Saprolegniales (Oomycete) cause mycoses and disorders of fishes, of which Achlya and Saprolegnia are most ubiquitous genera worldwide. During a survey of the diversity of freshwater oomycetes in Korea, we collected seven isolates of Achlya, for which morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses enabled them to identify as Achlya americana and Achlya bisexualis. In Korea, only a species of Achlya, A. prolifera, has been previously found to cause seedling rot on rice (Oryza sativa), but none of the two species have been reported yet. Importantly, A. bisexualis was isolated from a live fish, namely rice fish (Oryzias sinensis), as well as freshwater, and this is the first report of Achlya-causing mycoses on freshwater fishes in Korea. The presence of A. americana and A. bisexualis on live fish in Korea should be closely monitored, as considering the well-known broad infectivity of these species it has the potential to cause an important emerging disease on aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Joon Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bora Nam
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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61
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Salgado-Salazar C, LeBlanc N, Ismaiel A, Rivera Y, Warfield CY, Crouch JA. Genetic Variation of the Pathogen Causing Impatiens Downy Mildew Predating and Including Twenty-first Century Epidemics on Impatiens walleriana. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:2411-2420. [PMID: 30253113 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0077-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Impatiens downy mildew (IDM) of cultivated Impatiens walleriana has had a significant economic impact on the ornamental horticulture industry in the United States and globally. Although recent IDM outbreaks started in 2003, downy mildews on noncultivated Impatiens species have been documented since the 1880s. To understand the relationship between the pathogen causing recent epidemics and the pathogen historically present in the United States, this work characterized genetic variation among a collection of 1,000 samples on 18 plant hosts. Samples included collections during recent IDM epidemics and historical herbarium specimens. Ten major genotypes were identified from cloned rDNA amplicon sequencing and endpoint SNP genotyping. Three genotypes accounted for >95% of the samples, with only one of these three genotypes found on samples predating recent IDM outbreaks. Based on phylogenetic analysis integrating data from three markers and the presence of individual genotypes on multiple Impatiens species, there was some evidence of pathogen-specific infection of I. noli-tangere, but the distinction between genotypes infecting I. walleriana and I. balsamina was not upheld. Overall, this work provides evidence that the majority of rDNA genotypes recovered from recent IDM epidemics are different from historical U.S. genotypes, and that these genotypes can infect Impatiens spp. other than I. walleriana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Salgado-Salazar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ARS Research Participation Program, MC-100-44, Oak Ridge, TN 37831; and Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Nicholas LeBlanc
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; and Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ARS Research Participation Program, MC-100-44, Oak Ridge, TN 37831
| | - Adnan Ismaiel
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Yazmín Rivera
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705; and Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | | | - Jo Anne Crouch
- USDA-ARS, Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705
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Fletcher K, Klosterman SJ, Derevnina L, Martin F, Bertier LD, Koike S, Reyes-Chin-Wo S, Mou B, Michelmore R. Comparative genomics of downy mildews reveals potential adaptations to biotrophy. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:851. [PMID: 30486780 PMCID: PMC6264045 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5214-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinach downy mildew caused by the oomycete Peronospora effusa is a significant burden on the expanding spinach production industry, especially for organic farms where synthetic fungicides cannot be deployed to control the pathogen. P. effusa is highly variable and 15 new races have been recognized in the past 30 years. RESULTS We virulence phenotyped, sequenced, and assembled two isolates of P. effusa from the Salinas Valley, California, U.S.A. that were identified as race 13 and 14. These assemblies are high quality in comparison to assemblies of other downy mildews having low total scaffold count (784 & 880), high contig N50s (48 kb & 52 kb), high BUSCO completion and low BUSCO duplication scores and share many syntenic blocks with Phytophthora species. Comparative analysis of four downy mildew and three Phytophthora species revealed parallel absences of genes encoding conserved domains linked to transporters, pathogenesis, and carbohydrate activity in the biotrophic species. Downy mildews surveyed that have lost the ability to produce zoospores have a common loss of flagella/motor and calcium domain encoding genes. Our phylogenomic data support multiple origins of downy mildews from hemibiotrophic progenitors and suggest that common gene losses in these downy mildews may be of genes involved in the necrotrophic stages of Phytophthora spp. CONCLUSIONS We present a high-quality draft genome of Peronospora effusa that will serve as a reference for Peronospora spp. We identified several Pfam domains as under-represented in the downy mildews consistent with the loss of zoosporegenesis and necrotrophy. Phylogenomics provides further support for a polyphyletic origin of downy mildews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Fletcher
- The Genome Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Steven J. Klosterman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Lida Derevnina
- The Genome Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Present Address: The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH UK
| | - Frank Martin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Lien D. Bertier
- The Genome Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Steven Koike
- UC Davis Cooperative Extension Monterey County, Salinas, CA 93901 USA
- Present Address: TriCal Diagnostics, Hollister, CA 95023 USA
| | - Sebastian Reyes-Chin-Wo
- The Genome Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Beiquan Mou
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Salinas, CA 93905 USA
| | - Richard Michelmore
- The Genome Center, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California, 451 East Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Departments of Plant Sciences, Molecular & Cellular Biology, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis, 95616 USA
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63
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Basidiophora delawarensis, a new downy mildew species infecting cultivated goldenrod (Solidago sphacelata) in the USA. Mycol Prog 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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64
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Salgado-Salazar C, Shiskoff N, Daughtrey M, Palmer CL, Crouch JA. Downy Mildew: A Serious Disease Threat to Rose Health Worldwide. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1873-1882. [PMID: 30110245 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1968-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Peronospora sparsa is a downy mildew-causing oomycete that can infect roses, blackberries, and other members of the rose family. During the last 70 years, this disease has become a serious problem for rose growers in the U.S. and worldwide. While much is known about the disease and its treatment, including significant research on molecular identification methods, as well as environmental conditions conducive to disease and the fungicides used to prevent it, significant knowledge gaps remain in our basic comprehension of the pathogen's biology. For example, the degree of genetic relatedness of pathogen isolates collected from rose, caneberries, and cherry laurel has never been examined, and the natural movement of genotypes from host to host is not known. Further work could be done to determine the differences in pathogen population structure over time (using herbarium specimens and fresh collections) or differences in pathogen population structure and pathogen environmental adaptation for specimens from different geographic regions. The oospore stage of the organism is poorly understood, both as to how it forms and whether it serves as an overwintering structure in nurseries and landscapes. In production greenhouses, the detection of the pathogen using infrared thermographic imaging and possible inhibition by ultraviolet light needs to be explored. Further work needs to be done on breeding using wild roses as new sources for resistance and using new methods such as marker assisted selection and RNAi technologies. As roses are one of the most economically important ornamental crops worldwide, a proper understanding of the disease cycle could allow for better use of cultural and chemical controls to manage rose downy mildew in landscapes and in greenhouse and nursery production areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Salgado-Salazar
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN; and The IR4 Project, Rutgers University, Princeton, NJ
| | - Nina Shiskoff
- Foreign Disease/Weed Science Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, MD
| | - Margery Daughtrey
- Long Island Horticultural Research and Extension Center, Cornell University, Long Island, NY
| | | | - Jo Anne Crouch
- Mycology and Nematology Genetic Diversity and Biology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD
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65
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Subbarao CS, Anchieta A, Ochoa L, Dhar N, Kunjeti SG, Subbarao KV, Klosterman SJ. Detection of Latent Peronospora effusa Infections in Spinach. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:1766-1771. [PMID: 30125212 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-17-1956-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew disease of spinach, caused by Peronospora effusa, is managed in conventional fields by a combination of host resistance and scheduled fungicide applications. Fungicides are currently applied to prevent downy mildew epidemics regardless of the infection status of spinach crops. A more streamlined approach would be to develop methods to target either latent infections for fungicide application in conventional production systems or to hasten harvest in organic production. In this study, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was applied to detect P. effusa DNA in symptomless spinach leaves in three spatially and temporally separated field plots, each containing four 2-m beds, 35 m in length. Spinach leaves were sampled weekly at 3-m intervals at 48 locations throughout each plot. Initial samples were asymptomatic and yet PCR enabled detection of P. effusa DNA extracted from sampled spinach leaves. Detection of latent downy mildew infection in spinach leaves was confirmed by PCR as early as 7 days prior to symptom development. The limit of pathogen DNA detection in spinach leaves was calculated at 10 pg using the conventional PCR approach. Quantitative PCR with TaqMan methodology revealed the presence of inhibitors from spinach leaf DNA extracts and affected amplification efficiencies, but not when diluted, enabling detection of P. effusa DNA at a concentration of <0.1 pg. In conclusion, detection of latent infections may enable management decisions for earlier-than-normal harvest of infected, symptomless organic crops, and for timing fungicide applications on symptomless plants in conventional production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Anchieta
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Lorena Ochoa
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Salinas, CA 93905
| | - Nikhilesh Dhar
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
| | - Sridhara G Kunjeti
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
| | - Krishna V Subbarao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, c/o U.S. Agricultural Research Station, Salinas 93905
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66
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Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2018; 40:182-220. [PMID: 30505001 PMCID: PMC6146643 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.
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67
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Banchi E, Ametrano CG, Stanković D, Verardo P, Moretti O, Gabrielli F, Lazzarin S, Borney MF, Tassan F, Tretiach M, Pallavicini A, Muggia L. DNA metabarcoding uncovers fungal diversity of mixed airborne samples in Italy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194489. [PMID: 29558527 PMCID: PMC5860773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal spores and mycelium fragments are particles which become and remain airborne and have been subjects of aerobiological studies. The presence and the abundance of taxa in aerobiological samples can be very variable and impaired by changeable climatic conditions. Because many fungi produce mycotoxins and both their mycelium fragments and spores are potential allergens, monitoring the presence of these taxa is of key importance. So far data on exposure and sensitization to fungal allergens are mainly based on the assessment of few, easily identifiable taxa and focused only on certain environments. The microscopic method used to analyze aerobiological samples and the inconspicuous fungal characters do not allow a in depth taxonomical identification. Here, we present a first assessment of fungal diversity from airborne samples using a DNA metabarcoding analysis. The nuclear ITS2 region was selected as barcode to catch fungal diversity in mixed airborne samples gathered during two weeks in four sites of North-Eastern and Central Italy. We assessed the taxonomic composition and diversity within and among the sampled sites and compared the molecular data with those obtained by traditional microscopy. The molecular analyses provide a tenfold more comprehensive determination of the taxa than the traditional morphological inspections. Our results prove that the metabarcoding analysis is a promising approach to increases quality and sensitivity of the aerobiological monitoring. The laboratory and bioinformatic workflow implemented here is now suitable for routine, high-throughput, regional analyses of airborne fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Banchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - David Stanković
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Marine Biology Station, National Institute of Biology, Piran, Slovenia
| | - Pierluigi Verardo
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection Friuli Venezia Giulia, Department of Pordenone, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Olga Moretti
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection Umbria, Terni, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesca Tassan
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection Friuli Venezia Giulia, Department of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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68
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Bourret TB, Choudhury RA, Mehl HK, Blomquist CL, McRoberts N, Rizzo DM. Multiple origins of downy mildews and mito-nuclear discordance within the paraphyletic genus Phytophthora. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29529094 PMCID: PMC5846723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships between thirteen species of downy mildew and 103 species of Phytophthora (plant-pathogenic oomycetes) were investigated with two nuclear and four mitochondrial loci, using several likelihood-based approaches. Three Phytophthora taxa and all downy mildew taxa were excluded from the previously recognized subgeneric clades of Phytophthora, though all were strongly supported within the paraphyletic genus. Downy mildews appear to be polyphyletic, with graminicolous downy mildews (GDM), brassicolous downy mildews (BDM) and downy mildews with colored conidia (DMCC) forming a clade with the previously unplaced Phytophthora taxon totara; downy mildews with pyriform haustoria (DMPH) were placed in their own clade with affinities to the obligate biotrophic P. cyperi. Results suggest the recognition of four additional clades within Phytophthora, but few relationships between clades could be resolved. Trees containing all twenty extant downy mildew genera were produced by adding partial coverage of seventeen additional downy mildew taxa; these trees supported the monophyly of the BDMs, DMCCs and DMPHs but suggested that the GDMs are paraphyletic in respect to the BDMs or polyphyletic. Incongruence between nuclear-only and mitochondrial-only trees suggests introgression may have occurred between several clades, particularly those containing biotrophs, questioning whether obligate biotrophic parasitism and other traits with polyphyletic distributions arose independently or were horizontally transferred. Phylogenetic approaches may be limited in their ability to resolve some of the complex relationships between the "subgeneric" clades of Phytophthora, which include twenty downy mildew genera and hundreds of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B. Bourret
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Robin A. Choudhury
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Mehl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Cheryl L. Blomquist
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Neil McRoberts
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - David M. Rizzo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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69
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Navaud O, Barbacci A, Taylor A, Clarkson JP, Raffaele S. Shifts in diversification rates and host jump frequencies shaped the diversity of host range among Sclerotiniaceae fungal plant pathogens. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1309-1323. [PMID: 29421852 PMCID: PMC5900718 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The range of hosts that a parasite can infect in nature is a trait determined by its own evolutionary history and that of its potential hosts. However, knowledge on host range diversity and evolution at the family level is often lacking. Here, we investigate host range variation and diversification trends within the Sclerotiniaceae, a family of Ascomycete fungi. Using a phylogenetic framework, we associate diversification rates, the frequency of host jump events and host range variation during the evolution of this family. Variations in diversification rate during the evolution of the Sclerotiniaceae define three major macro-evolutionary regimes with contrasted proportions of species infecting a broad range of hosts. Host-parasite cophylogenetic analyses pointed towards parasite radiation on distant hosts long after host speciation (host jump or duplication events) as the dominant mode of association with plants in the Sclerotiniaceae. The intermediate macro-evolutionary regime showed a low diversification rate, high frequency of duplication events and the highest proportion of broad host range species. Our findings suggest that the emergence of broad host range fungal pathogens results largely from host jumps, as previously reported for oomycete parasites, probably combined with low speciation rates. These results have important implications for our understanding of fungal parasites evolution and are of particular relevance for the durable management of disease epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Navaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Adelin Barbacci
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRSCastanet‐TolosanFrance
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - John P. Clarkson
- Warwick Crop CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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70
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Crandall SG, Rahman A, Quesada-Ocampo LM, Martin FN, Bilodeau GJ, Miles TD. Advances in Diagnostics of Downy Mildews: Lessons Learned from Other Oomycetes and Future Challenges. PLANT DISEASE 2018; 102:265-275. [PMID: 30673522 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-17-1455-fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildews are plant pathogens that damage crop quality and yield worldwide. Among the most severe and notorious crop epidemics of downy mildew occurred on grapes in the mid-1880s, which almost destroyed the wine industry in France. Since then, there have been multiple outbreaks on sorghum and millet in Africa, tobacco in Europe, and recent widespread epidemics on lettuce, basil, cucurbits, and spinach throughout North America. In the mid-1970s, loss of corn to downy mildew in the Philippines was estimated at US$23 million. Today, crops that are susceptible to downy mildews are worth at least $7.5 billion of the United States' economy. Although downy mildews cause devastating economic losses in the United States and globally, this pathogen group remains understudied because they are difficult to culture and accurately identify. Early detection of downy mildews in the environment is critical to establish pathogen presence and identity, determine fungicide resistance, and understand how pathogen populations disperse. Knowing when and where pathogens emerge is also important for identifying critical control points to restrict movement and to contain populations. Reducing the spread of pathogens also decreases the likelihood of sexual recombination events and discourages the emergence of novel virulent strains. A major challenge in detecting downy mildews is that they are obligate pathogens and thus cannot be cultured in artificial media to identify and maintain specimens. However, advances in molecular detection techniques hold promise for rapid and in some cases, relatively inexpensive diagnosis. In this article, we discuss recent advances in diagnostic tools that can be used to detect downy mildews. First, we briefly describe downy mildew taxonomy and genetic loci used for detection. Next, we review issues encountered when identifying loci and compare various traditional and novel platforms for diagnostics. We discuss diagnosis of downy mildew traits and issues to consider when detecting this group of organisms in different environments. We conclude with challenges and future directions for successful downy mildew detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa G Crandall
- California State University Monterey Bay, School of Natural Sciences, Seaside, CA, 93955
| | - Alamgir Rahman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Raleigh, NC, 27695
| | | | - Frank N Martin
- USDA-ARS, Crop Improvement and Protection Research Unit, Salinas, CA, 93905
| | | | - Timothy D Miles
- California State University Monterey Bay, School of Natural Sciences, Seaside, CA, 93955
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71
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Jung T, Scanu B, Bakonyi J, Seress D, Kovács G, Durán A, von Stowasser ES, Schena L, Mosca S, Thu P, Nguyen C, Fajardo S, González M, Pérez-Sierra A, Rees H, Cravador A, Maia C, Horta Jung M. Nothophytophthora gen. nov., a new sister genus of Phytophthora from natural and semi-natural ecosystems. PERSOONIA 2017; 39:143-174. [PMID: 29503474 PMCID: PMC5832951 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2017.39.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During various surveys of Phytophthora diversity in Europe, Chile and Vietnam slow growing oomycete isolates were obtained from rhizosphere soil samples and small streams in natural and planted forest stands. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences from the nuclear ITS, LSU, β-tubulin and HSP90 loci and the mitochondrial cox1 and NADH1 genes revealed they belong to six new species of a new genus, officially described here as Nothophytophthora gen. nov., which clustered as sister group to Phytophthora. Nothophytophthora species share numerous morphological characters with Phytophthora: persistent (all Nothophytophthora spp.) and caducous (N. caduca, N. chlamydospora, N. valdiviana, N. vietnamensis) sporangia with variable shapes, internal differentiation of zoospores and internal, nested and extended (N. caduca, N. chlamydospora) and external (all Nothophytophthora spp.) sporangial proliferation; smooth-walled oogonia with amphigynous (N. amphigynosa) and paragynous (N. amphigynosa, N. intricata, N. vietnamensis) attachment of the antheridia; chlamydospores (N. chlamydospora) and hyphal swellings. Main differing features of the new genus are the presence of a conspicuous, opaque plug inside the sporangiophore close to the base of most mature sporangia in all known Nothophytophthora species and intraspecific co-occurrence of caducity and non-papillate sporangia with internal nested and extended proliferation in several Nothophytophthora species. Comparisons of morphological structures of both genera allow hypotheses about the morphology and ecology of their common ancestor which are discussed. Production of caducous sporangia by N. caduca, N. chlamydospora and N. valdiviana from Valdivian rainforests and N. vietnamensis from a mountain forest in Vietnam suggests a partially aerial lifestyle as adaptation to these humid habitats. Presence of tree dieback in all forests from which Nothophytophthora spp. were recovered and partial sporangial caducity of several Nothophytophthora species indicate a pathogenic rather than a saprophytic lifestyle. Isolation tests from symptomatic plant tissues in these forests and pathogenicity tests are urgently required to clarify the lifestyle of the six Nothophytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology and Phytopathology, Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, 8005-130 Faro, Portugal
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| | - B. Scanu
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Sezione di Patologia vegetale ed Entomologia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - J. Bakonyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - D. Seress
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - G.M. Kovács
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - A. Durán
- Ontario Forest Research Institute, P6A 2E5 Sault Ste. Marie, ON, Canada
| | - E. Sanfuentes von Stowasser
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - L. Schena
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - S. Mosca
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Località Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - P.Q. Thu
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Duc Thang Ward, Northern Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - C.M. Nguyen
- Forest Protection Research Centre, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Duc Thang Ward, Northern Tu Liem District, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - S. Fajardo
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - M. González
- Laboratorio de Patología Forestal, Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - A. Pérez-Sierra
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - H. Rees
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - A. Cravador
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology and Phytopathology, Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, 8005-130 Faro, Portugal
| | - C. Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology and Phytopathology, Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, 8005-130 Faro, Portugal
| | - M. Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Mendel University, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology and Phytopathology, Center for Mediterranean Bioresources and Food, University of Algarve, 8005-130 Faro, Portugal
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
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Choi YJ, Thines M, Choi IY, Shin HD. Perofascia is not monotypic: the description of the second taxon affecting the South American crop maca (Lepidium meyenii). Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1320-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Choudhury RA, Koike ST, Fox AD, Anchieta A, Subbarao KV, Klosterman SJ, McRoberts N. Spatiotemporal Patterns in the Airborne Dispersal of Spinach Downy Mildew. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 107:50-58. [PMID: 27482627 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-16-0162-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew is the most devastating disease threatening sustainable spinach production, particularly in the organic sector. The disease is caused by the biotrophic oomycete pathogen Peronospora effusa, and the disease results in yellow lesions that render the crop unmarketable. In this study, the levels of DNA from airborne spores of P. effusa were assessed near a field of susceptible plants in Salinas, CA during the winter months of 2013-14 and 2014/15 using rotating-arm impaction spore-trap samplers that were assessed with a species-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Low levels of P. effusa DNA were detectable from December through February in both winters but increased during January in both years, in correlation with observed disease incidence; sharp peaks in P. effusa DNA detection were associated with the onset of disease incidence. The incidence of downy mildew in the susceptible field displayed logistic-like dynamics but with considerable interseason variation. Analysis of the area under the disease progress curves suggested that the 2013-14 epidemic was significantly more severe than the 2014-15 epidemic. Spatial analyses indicated that disease incidence was dependent within an average range of 5.6 m, approximately equivalent to the width of three planted beds in a typical production field. The spatial distribution of spores captured during an active epidemic most closely fit a power-law distribution but could also be fit with an exponential distribution. These studies revealed two important results in the epidemiology of spinach downy mildew in California. First, they demonstrated the potential of impaction spore-trap samplers linked with a qPCR assay for indicating periods of high disease risk, as well as the detection of long-distance dispersal of P. effusa spores. Second, at the scale of individual crops, a high degree of spatial aggregation in disease incidence was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Choudhury
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - S T Koike
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - A D Fox
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - A Anchieta
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - K V Subbarao
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - S J Klosterman
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
| | - N McRoberts
- First, fifth, and seventh authors: Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis 95616; second author: University of California Cooperative Extension, 1432 Abbott St., Salinas 93901; third author: Fox Weather, LLC, Fortuna, 95540; and fourth and sixth authors: United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1636 E. Alisal St., Salinas, CA 93905
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High-throughput sequencing reveals diverse oomycete communities in oligotrophic peat bog micro-habitat. FUNGAL ECOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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