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Baek S, Quan X, Kim S, Lengner C, Park JK, Kim J. Electromagnetic fields mediate efficient cell reprogramming into a pluripotent state. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10125-10138. [PMID: 25248035 DOI: 10.1021/nn502923s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Life on Earth is constantly exposed to natural electromagnetic fields (EMFs), and it is generally accepted that EMFs may exert a variety of effects on biological systems. Particularly, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EL-EMFs) affect biological processes such as cell development and differentiation; however, the fundamental mechanisms by which EMFs influence these processes remain unclear. Here we show that EMF exposure induces epigenetic changes that promote efficient somatic cell reprogramming to pluripotency. These epigenetic changes resulted from EMF-induced activation of the histone lysine methyltransferase Mll2. Remarkably, an EMF-free system that eliminates Earth's naturally occurring magnetic field abrogates these epigenetic changes, resulting in a failure to undergo reprogramming. Therefore, our results reveal that EMF directly regulates dynamic epigenetic changes through Mll2, providing an efficient tool for epigenetic reprogramming including the acquisition of pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonbong Baek
- Lab of Stem Cells and Cell Reprogramming, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University , Seoul 100-715, Korea
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52
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Influence of ultrahigh frequency irradiation on Photobacterium phosphoreum luxb gene expression. Open Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2478/s11535-014-0347-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractContinuous increase in the number and the variety of anthropogenic sources of electromagnetic radiation causes a high interest in studying the effects ultrahigh frequency on living organisms. In the present research influence of UHF EMR (15 W, 2.45 GHz) for 5 and 15 min on morphological and genetic peculiarities of Photobacterium phosphoreum colonies was studied. It has been revealed that UHF EMR affected colony growth parameters, induced transcriptional activity of luciferase encoding gene expression and that the effect was depended on exposure duration. The subsequent cultivation of bacteria during a two week period after treatment showed maintaining of the increased luxb mRNA level in irradiated colonies. Opposite bacterial stress responses were detected to UHF EMR and elevated temperature treatments that assumed UHF EMR comprised of not only thermal but specific component of non-thermal nature.
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53
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Li C, Xie M, Luo F, He C, Wang J, Tan G, Hu Z. The extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure differently affects the AMPAR and NMDAR subunit expressions in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and prefrontal cortex without effects on the rat spatial learning and memory. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 134:74-80. [PMID: 25046815 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure (14 and 28 days) to a 50 Hz, 0.5 mT extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) on the NMDAR and AMPAR subunit expressions and rat spatial learning and memory. Using the Western blotting method, we found ELF-MF exposure specifically decreased the expressions of GluA2 in the EC post 28 day exposure and GluA3 of AMPAR subunits in the PFC after 14 day exposure, while it did not affect the AMPAR subunit expression in the hippocampus at both time points. As for NMDAR subunits, 14 day ELF-MF exposure significantly increased the levels of GluN2A and GluN2B in the hippocampus. Moreover, the levels of GluN1 and GluN2A were enhanced in the EC and PFC after two weeks of ELF-MF exposure. Interestingly, 28 day ELF-MF exposure induced a different expression pattern for NMDAR subunits. The increased GluN2A expression observed at 14 day post ELF-MF exposure was recovered after prolonged exposure in the hippocampus and PFC. In the EC, the increased expression of GluN1 achieved to control level and, specifically, a decrease in GluN2A level was observed. Surprisingly, neither 14 nor 28 day ELF-MF did affect the rat spatial reference memory as assessed by water maze. These results indicate that the dynamic and brain-region specific changes in ionotropic glutamate receptor expression induced by ELF-MF are insufficient to influence the rat spatial learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Meilan Xie
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Fenlan Luo
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, PR China.
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Reale M, Kamal MA, Patruno A, Costantini E, D'Angelo C, Pesce M, Greig NH. Neuronal cellular responses to extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure: implications regarding oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104973. [PMID: 25127118 PMCID: PMC4134243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise both hereditary and sporadic conditions characterized by an identifying progressive nervous system dysfunction and distinctive neuopathophysiology. The majority are of non-familial etiology and hence environmental factors and lifestyle play key roles in their pathogenesis. The extensive use of and ever increasing worldwide demand for electricity has stimulated societal and scientific interest on the environmental exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human health. Epidemiological studies suggest a positive association between 50/60-Hz power transmission fields and leukemia or lymphoma development. Consequent to the association between EMFs and induction of oxidative stress, concerns relating to development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD), have been voiced as the brain consumes the greatest fraction of oxygen and is particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. Exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMFs are reported to alter animal behavior and modulate biological variables, including gene expression, regulation of cell survival, promotion of cellular differentiation, and changes in cerebral blood flow in aged AD transgenic mice. Alterations in inflammatory responses have also been reported, but how these actions impact human health remains unknown. We hence evaluated the effects of an electromagnetic wave (magnetic field intensity 1mT; frequency, 50-Hz) on a well-characterized immortalized neuronal cell model, human SH-SY5Y cells. ELF-EMF exposure elevated the expession of NOS and O2−, which were countered by compensatory changes in antioxidant catylase (CAT) activity and enzymatic kinetic parameters related to CYP-450 and CAT activity. Actions of ELF-EMFs on cytokine gene expression were additionally evaluated and found rapidly modified. Confronted with co-exposure to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, ELF-EMF proved not as well counteracted and resulted in a decline in CAT activity and a rise in O2− levels. Together these studies support the further evaluation of ELF-EMF exposure in cellular and in vivo preclinical models to define mechanisms potentially impacted in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Reale
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail: (MR); (NG)
| | - Mohammad A. Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Erica Costantini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Chiara D'Angelo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Miko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, University 'G. d'Annunzio' of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MR); (NG)
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55
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Choi YK, Lee DH, Seo YK, Jung H, Park JK, Cho H. Stimulation of Neural Differentiation in Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Incorporated with MNPs. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1233-1245. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1091-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Isaac Alemán E, Oliveira Moreira R, Almeida Lima A, Chaves Silva S, González-Olmedo JL, Chalfun-Junior A. Effects of 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field on in vitro establishment, multiplication, and acclimatization phases ofCoffea arabicaseedlings. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:414-25. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Isaac Alemán
- Bioelectromagnetism Department; National Center of Applied Electromagnetism; Santiago de Cuba Cuba
| | - Rafael Oliveira Moreira
- Biology Department; Plant Molecular and Physiology Laboratory; Federal University of Lavras; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Andre Almeida Lima
- Biology Department; Plant Molecular and Physiology Laboratory; Federal University of Lavras; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Samuel Chaves Silva
- Biology Department; Plant Molecular and Physiology Laboratory; Federal University of Lavras; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Biology Department; Plant Molecular and Physiology Laboratory; Federal University of Lavras; Minas Gerais Brazil
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57
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An in vitro study of the impact of 4mT static magnetic field to modify the differentiation rate of rat bone marrow stem cells into primordial germ cells. Differentiation 2014; 87:230-7. [PMID: 25037498 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was performed to evaluate the differentiation capacity and alteration in genes expression patterns during in vitro differentiation of bone marrow stem cells into primordial germ cells using static magnetic field (4mT) and BMP-4 (25ng/ml). The rate of differentiation was investigated using the Real Time-PCR method for tracing expression of differentiation markers (Oct-4, Nanog, C-Myc, Fragilis, Mvh and Stella). Then, immunocytochemical reaction was carried out for detection of marker proteins (Oct4 and Mvh). Increasing of the exposure time of the 4mT SMF (24 and 48h) and treatment time with 25ng/ml BMP4 (48 and 96h) indicated a marked decrease in expression of pluripotency genes (Oct-4, Nanog and C-Myc) and Oct4 protein and increase in primordial germ cell-specific genes (Fragilis, Mvh and Stella) and Mvh protein compared with the control group. Final results showed that in a synergistic manner, the combination of SMF with BMP4 exaggerates the differentiation potential of BMSCs to PGCs by activating the MAPK pathway and altering the Ca(2+) concentration.
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58
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Li Y, Yan X, Liu J, Li L, Hu X, Sun H, Tian J. Pulsed electromagnetic field enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression through L-type voltage-gated calcium channel- and Erk-dependent signaling pathways in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neurochem Int 2014; 75:96-104. [PMID: 24937769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) exposure has been reported to promote neuronal differentiation, the mechanism is still unclear. Here, we aimed to examine the effects of PEMF exposure on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) mRNA expression and the correlation between the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and Bdnf mRNA expression in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). Exposure to 50Hz and 1mT PEMF for 2h increased the level of [Ca(2+)]i and Bdnf mRNA expression, which was found to be mediated by increased [Ca(2+)]i from Ca(2+) influx through L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). However, calcium mobilization was not involved in the increased [Ca(2+)]i and BDNF expression, indicating that calcium influx was one of the key factors responding to PEMF exposure. Moreover, PD098059, an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) inhibitor, strongly inhibited PEMF-dependant Erk1/2 activation and BDNF expression, indicating that Erk activation is required for PEMF-induced upregulation of BDNF expression. These findings indicated that PEMF exposure increased BDNF expression in DRGNs by activating Ca(2+)- and Erk-dependent signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China
| | - Juanfang Liu
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Shaanxi Provincial TCM Hospital, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Xinghua Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shaanxi Provincial TCM Hospital, Xi'an 710032, PR China
| | - Honghui Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, PR China.
| | - Jing Tian
- Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, PR China.
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59
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Effects of exposure to an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field on hippocampal long-term potentiation in rat. Brain Res 2014; 1564:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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60
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Garip-İnhan A, İşal-Tugut I, Kalkan M. Effect of ELF-EMF on K562 Cell Differentiation in the Presence or Absence of Quercetin and Heat-Shock. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2007.10817441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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61
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Egr1 mediated the neuronal differentiation induced by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Life Sci 2014; 102:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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62
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Usselman RJ, Hill I, Singel DJ, Martino CF. Spin biochemistry modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by radio frequency magnetic fields. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93065. [PMID: 24681944 PMCID: PMC3969378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of weak magnetic fields on the biological production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from intracellular superoxide (O2•-) and extracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in vitro with rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (rPASMC). A decrease in O2•- and an increase in H2O2 concentrations were observed in the presence of a 7 MHz radio frequency (RF) at 10 μTRMS and static 45 μT magnetic fields. We propose that O2•- and H2O2 production in some metabolic processes occur through singlet-triplet modulation of semiquinone flavin (FADH•) enzymes and O2•- spin-correlated radical pairs. Spin-radical pair products are modulated by the 7 MHz RF magnetic fields that presumably decouple flavin hyperfine interactions during spin coherence. RF flavin hyperfine decoupling results in an increase of H2O2 singlet state products, which creates cellular oxidative stress and acts as a secondary messenger that affects cellular proliferation. This study demonstrates the interplay between O2•- and H2O2 production when influenced by RF magnetic fields and underscores the subtle effects of low-frequency magnetic fields on oxidative metabolism, ROS signaling, and cellular growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Usselman
- Electromagnetics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Iain Hill
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
| | - David J. Singel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Carlos F. Martino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada, United States of America
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63
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Ma Q, Deng P, Zhu G, Liu C, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Luo X, Li M, Zhong M, Yu Z, Chen C, Zhang Y. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect transcript levels of neuronal differentiation-related genes in embryonic neural stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90041. [PMID: 24595264 PMCID: PMC3940726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) can affect the processes of brain development, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. The proliferation and differentiation of embryonic neural stem cells (eNSCs) is essential for brain development during the gestation period. To date, there is no report about the effects of ELF-EMF on eNSCs. In this paper, we studied the effects of ELF-EMF on the proliferation and differentiation of eNSCs. Primary cultured eNSCs were treated with 50 Hz ELF-EMF; various magnetic intensities and exposure times were applied. Our data showed that there was no significant change in cell proliferation, which was evaluated by cell viability (CCK-8 assay), DNA synthesis (Edu incorporation), average diameter of neurospheres, cell cycle distribution (flow cytometry) and transcript levels of cell cycle related genes (P53, P21 and GADD45 detected by real-time PCR). When eNSCs were induced to differentiation, real-time PCR results showed a down-regulation of Sox2 and up-regulation of Math1, Math3, Ngn1 and Tuj1 mRNA levels after 50 Hz ELF-EMF exposure (2 mT for 3 days), but the percentages of neurons (Tuj1 positive cells) and astrocytes (GFAP positive cells) were not altered when detected by immunofluorescence assay. Although cell proliferation and the percentages of neurons and astrocytes differentiated from eNSCs were not affected by 50 Hz ELF-EMF, the expression of genes regulating neuronal differentiation was altered. In conclusion, our results support that 50 Hz ELF-EMF induce molecular changes during eNSCs differentiation, which might be compensated by post-transcriptional mechanisms to support cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlong Ma
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CC); (YZ)
| | - Yanwen Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CC); (YZ)
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64
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Wei J, Sun J, Xu H, Shi L, Sun L, Zhang J. Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on intracellular calcium transients in cardiomyocytes. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:77-84. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.881744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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65
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Xiong J, He C, Li C, Tan G, Li J, Yu Z, Hu Z, Chen F. Changes of dendritic spine density and morphology in the superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex induced by extremely low-frequency magnetic field exposure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83561. [PMID: 24376717 PMCID: PMC3869808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of chronic exposure (14 and 28 days) to a 0.5 mT 50 Hz extremely low-frequency magnetic field (ELM) on the dendritic spine density and shape in the superficial layers of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). We performed Golgi staining to reveal the dendritic spines of the principal neurons in rats. The results showed that ELM exposure induced a decrease in the spine density in the dendrites of stellate neurons and the basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons at both 14 days and 28 days, which was largely due to the loss of the thin and branched spines. The alteration in the density of mushroom and stubby spines post ELM exposure was cell-type specific. For the stellate neurons, ELM exposure slightly increased the density of stubby spines at 28 days, while it did not affect the density of mushroom spines at the same time. In the basal dendrites of pyramidal neurons, we observed a significant decrease in the mushroom spine density only at the later time point post ELM exposure, while the stubby spine density was reduced at 14 days and partially restored at 28 days post ELM exposure. ELM exposure-induced reduction in the spine density in the apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons was only observed at 28 days, reflecting the distinct vulnerability of spines in the apical and basal dendrites. Considering the changes in spine number and shape are involved in synaptic plasticity and the MEC is a part of neural network that is closely related to learning and memory, these findings may be helpful for explaining the ELM exposure-induced impairment in cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao He
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Gang Tan
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jingcheng Li
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhian Hu
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (FC)
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, PR China
- * E-mail: (ZH); (FC)
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66
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Delle Monache S, Angelucci A, Sanità P, Iorio R, Bennato F, Mancini F, Gualtieri G, Colonna RC. Inhibition of angiogenesis mediated by extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs). PLoS One 2013; 8:e79309. [PMID: 24244477 PMCID: PMC3828379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of new blood vessels is an essential therapeutic target in many diseases such as cancer, ischemic diseases, and chronic inflammation. In this regard, extremely low-frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) seem able to inhibit vessel growth when used in a specific window of amplitude. To investigate the mechanism of anti-angiogenic action of ELF-EMFs we tested the effect of a sinusoidal magnetic field (MF) of 2 mT intensity and frequency of 50 Hz on endothelial cell models HUVEC and MS-1 measuring cell status and proliferation, motility and tubule formation ability. MS-1 cells when injected in mice determined a rapid tumor-like growth that was significantly reduced in mice inoculated with MF-exposed cells. In particular, histological analysis of tumors derived from mice inoculated with MF-exposed MS-1 cells indicated a reduction of hemangioma size, of blood-filled spaces, and in hemorrhage. In parallel, in vitro proliferation of MS-1 treated with MF was significantly inhibited. We also found that the MF-exposure down-regulated the process of proliferation, migration and formation of tubule-like structures in HUVECs. Using western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis, we collected data about the possible influence of MF on the signalling pathway activated by the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In particular, MF exposure significantly reduced the expression and activation levels of VEGFR2, suggesting a direct or indirect influence of MF on VEGF receptors placed on cellular membrane. In conclusion MF reduced, in vitro and in vivo, the ability of endothelial cells to form new vessels, most probably affecting VEGF signal transduction pathway that was less responsive to activation. These findings could not only explain the mechanism of anti-angiogenic action exerted by MFs, but also promote the possible development of new therapeutic applications for treatment of those diseases where excessive angiogenesis is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Delle Monache
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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67
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Chernikov AV, Bruskov VI, Gudkov SV. Heat-induced formation of nitrogen oxides in water. J Biol Phys 2013; 39:687-99. [PMID: 23934219 PMCID: PMC3758832 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-013-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It was found by the fluorimetric method using 2,3-diaminonaphthalene that moderate heating of water (60-80°C, for up to 4 h) leads to the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen with the formation of nitrite. The kinetic parameters of this process were determined. The energy of activation of [Formula: see text]formation was estimated to be 139 kJ/mol. It was found that the amount of nitrite formed depends on the concentration of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen. It was shown by two independent methods (Griess reagent/VCl3 and 2,3-diaminonaphthalene/nitrate reductase) that heating of water (80°C, 1 h) results in the formation of nitrate; with the use of the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123, the generation of nitrogen dioxide (peroxynitrite) was revealed. Nitrite, nitrate, and nitrogen dioxide are formed in water upon heating in approximately equal amounts. A scheme of reactions proceeding with bidistilled water by the action of heat with the formation of nitrogen oxides is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V Chernikov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Institutskaya St., Pushchino, Moscow Region, 142290, Russia.
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68
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Cho H, Choi YK, Lee DH, Park HJ, Seo YK, Jung H, Kim SC, Kim SM, Park JK. Effects of magnetic nanoparticle-incorporated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields on injured rat spinal cord. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2013; 60:596-602. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yun-Kyong Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Dong Heon Lee
- Advanced Functional Nanohybrid Material Lab, Department of Chemistry; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hee Jung Park
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Young-Kwon Seo
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Jung
- Advanced Functional Nanohybrid Material Lab, Department of Chemistry; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Soo-Chan Kim
- Graduate School of Bio & Information Technology; Hankyong National University; Anseong-si Kyonggi-do Korea
| | - Sung-Min Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
| | - Jung-Keug Park
- Research Institute of Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
- Department of Medical Biotechnology; Dongguk University; Seoul Korea
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69
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Bekhite MM, Figulla HR, Sauer H, Wartenberg M. Static magnetic fields increase cardiomyocyte differentiation of Flk-1+ cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells via Ca2+ influx and ROS production. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167:798-808. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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70
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Sefidbakht Y, Hosseinkhani S, Mortazavi M, Tavakkolnia I, Khellat MR, Shakiba-Herfeh M, Saviz M, Faraji-Dana R, Saboury AA, Sheibani N, Moosavi-Movahedi AA. Effects of 940 MHz EMF on luciferase solution: Structure, function, and dielectric studies. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:489-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sefidbakht
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB); University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mortazavi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Biochemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran; Iran
| | - Iman Tavakkolnia
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mohammad R. Khellat
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB); University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mahdi Shakiba-Herfeh
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - Mehrdad Saviz
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | - Reza Faraji-Dana
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Tehran; Tehran; Iran
| | | | - Nader Sheibani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Pharmacology; University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health; Madison, Wisconsin
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71
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Liu C, Yu J, Yang Y, Tang X, Zhao D, Zhao W, Wu H. Effect of 1 mT sinusoidal electromagnetic fields on proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2013; 34:453-64. [PMID: 23589052 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoxu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Jizhe Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Xiangyu Tang
- Department of Radiology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | - Dongming Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
| | | | - Hua Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan; China
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72
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Shahabi S, Kasariyans A, Noorbakhsh F. Like cures like: A neuroimmunological model based on electromagnetic resonance. Electromagn Biol Med 2013; 32:508-26. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.743911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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73
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Stratton D, Lange S, Inal JM. Pulsed extremely low-frequency magnetic fields stimulate microvesicle release from human monocytic leukaemia cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:470-5. [PMID: 23237811 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microvesicles are released from cell surfaces constitutively during early apoptosis or upon activation with various stimuli including sublytic membrane attack complex (MAC). This study shows that an alternating current, pulsed, extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (0.3 μT at 10 Hz, 6V AC) induced transient plasma membrane damage that allowed calcium influx. This in turn caused a release of stimulated microvesicles (sMV). When extracellular calcium was chelated with EGTA, sMV biogenesis initiated by ELFMF was markedly reduced and the reduction was less than when the stimulation was the deposition of sublytic MAC. This suggested that pulsed ELFMF resulted in transcellular membrane pores causing organelles to leak additional calcium into the cytoplasm (which EGTA would not chelate) which itself can lead to sMV release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Stratton
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Centre, School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
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74
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Assessment of genotoxic and cytotoxic hazards in brain and bone marrow cells of newborn rats exposed to extremely low-frequency magnetic field. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:716023. [PMID: 23091355 PMCID: PMC3471024 DOI: 10.1155/2012/716023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the association between whole body exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) and genotoxic , cytotoxic hazards in brain and bone marrow cells of newborn rats. Newborn rats (10 days after delivery) were exposed continuously to 50 Hz, 0.5 mT for 30 days. The control group was treated as the exposed one with the sole difference that the rats were not exposed to magnetic field. Comet assay was used to quantify the level of DNA damage in isolated brain cells. Also bone marrow cells were flushed out to assess micronucleus induction and mitotic index. Spectrophotometric methods were used to measure the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results showed a significant increase in the mean tail moment indicating DNA damage in exposed group (P < 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001). Moreover ELF-MF exposure induced a significant (P < 0.01, 0.001) four folds increase in the induction of micronucleus and about three folds increase in mitotic index (P < 0.0001). Additionally newborn rats exposed to ELF-MF showed significant higher levels of MDA and SOD (P < 0.05). Meanwhile ELF-MF failed to alter the activity of GSH. In conclusion, the present study suggests an association between DNA damage and ELF-MF exposure in newborn rats.
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75
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Bistolfi F. Evidence of interlinks between bioelectromagnetics and biomechanics: from biophysics to medical physics. Phys Med 2012; 22:71-95. [PMID: 17664154 DOI: 10.1016/s1120-1797(06)80002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 05/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast literature on electromagnetic and mechanical bioeffects at the bone and soft tissue level, as well as at the cellular level (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, nerve cells, endothelial and muscle cells) has been reviewed and analysed in order to show the evident connections between both types of physical energies. Moreover, an intimate link between the two is suggested by transduction phenomena (electromagnetic-acoustic transduction and its reverse) occurring in living matter, as a sound biophysical literature has demonstrated. However, electromagnetic and mechanical signals are not always interchangeable, depending on their respective intensity. Calculations are reported in order to show in which cases (read: for which values of electric field in V/m and of mechanical pressure in Pa) a given electromagnetic or mechanical bioeffect is only due to the directly impinging energy or even to the indirect transductional energy. The relevance of the treated item for the applications of medical physics to regenerative medicine is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bistolfi
- Radiotherapy Department, Galliera Hospital, Genova (Italy)
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76
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Cho H, Seo YK, Yoon HH, Kim SC, Kim SM, Song KY, Park JK. Neural stimulation on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Biotechnol Prog 2012; 28:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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77
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Consales C, Merla C, Marino C, Benassi B. Electromagnetic fields, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:683897. [PMID: 22991514 PMCID: PMC3444040 DOI: 10.1155/2012/683897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) originating both from both natural and manmade sources permeate our environment. As people are continuously exposed to EMFs in everyday life, it is a matter of great debate whether they can be harmful to human health. On the basis of two decades of epidemiological studies, an increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with Extremely Low Frequency fields has been consistently assessed, inducing the International Agency for Research on Cancer to insert them in the 2B section of carcinogens in 2001. EMFs interaction with biological systems may cause oxidative stress under certain circumstances. Since free radicals are essential for brain physiological processes and pathological degeneration, research focusing on the possible influence of the EMFs-driven oxidative stress is still in progress, especially in the light of recent studies suggesting that EMFs may contribute to the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders. This review synthesizes the emerging evidences about this topic, highlighting the wide data uncertainty that still characterizes the EMFs effect on oxidative stress modulation, as both pro-oxidant and neuroprotective effects have been documented. Care should be taken to avoid methodological limitations and to determine the patho-physiological relevance of any alteration found in EMFs-exposed biological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Consales
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA-Casaccia, Rome 00123, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Benassi
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, ENEA-Casaccia, Rome 00123, Italy
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78
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Kirschenlohr H, Ellis P, Hesketh R, Metcalfe J. Gene expression profiles in white blood cells of volunteers exposed to a 50 Hz electromagnetic field. Radiat Res 2012; 178:138-49. [PMID: 22856684 DOI: 10.1667/rr2859.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Consistent and independently replicated laboratory evidence to support a causative relationship between environmental exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at power line frequencies and the associated increase in risk of childhood leukemia has not been obtained. In particular, although gene expression responses have been reported in a wide variety of cells, none has emerged as robust, widely replicated effects. DNA microarrays facilitate comprehensive searches for changes in gene expression without a requirement to select candidate responsive genes. To determine if gene expression changes occur in white blood cells of volunteers exposed to an ELF-EMF, each of 17 pairs of male volunteers age 20-30 was subjected either to a 50 Hz EMF exposure of 62.0 ± 7.1 μT for 2 h or to a sham exposure (0.21 ± 0.05 μT) at the same time (11:00 a.m. to 13:00 p.m.). The alternative regime for each volunteer was repeated on the following day and the two-day sequence was repeated 6 days later, with the exception that a null exposure (0.085 ± 0.01 μT) replaced the sham exposure. Five blood samples (10 ml) were collected at 2 h intervals from 9:00 to 17:00 with five additional samples during the exposure and sham or null exposure periods on each study day. RNA samples were pooled for the same time on each study day for the group of 17 volunteers that were subjected to the ELF-EMF exposure/sham or null exposure sequence and were analyzed on Illumina microarrays. Time courses for 16 mammalian genes previously reported to be responsive to ELF-EMF exposure, including immediate early genes, stress response, cell proliferation and apoptotic genes were examined in detail. No genes or gene sets showed consistent response profiles to repeated ELF-EMF exposures. A stress response was detected as a transient increase in plasma cortisol at the onset of either exposure or sham exposure on the first study day. The cortisol response diminished progressively on subsequent exposures or sham exposures, and was attributable to mild stress associated with the experimental protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Kirschenlohr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Sanger Building, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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79
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Kitaoka K, Kitamura M, Aoi S, Shimizu N, Yoshizaki K. Chronic exposure to an extremely low-frequency magnetic field induces depression-like behavior and corticosterone secretion without enhancement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 34:43-51. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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80
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Sadeghipour R, Ahmadian S, Bolouri B, Pazhang Y, Shafiezadeh M. Effects of extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields on morphological and biochemical properties of human breast carcinoma cells (T47D). Electromagn Biol Med 2012; 31:425-35. [DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2012.683844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Razmin Sadeghipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, TehranIran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, TehranIran
| | - Bahram Bolouri
- Department of Medical Physics, College of Medicine, College of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranIran
| | - Yaghub Pazhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, TehranIran
- Department of Biology, Urmia Branch, Islamic Azad University, UrmiaIran
| | - Mahshid Shafiezadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, TehranIran
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81
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Abstract
Several observations have led us to a new hypothesis for cancer mechanism. First, that cancer appears only on those multicellular organisms with complicated wound-healing capacities. Second, that wounds considered as risk factors can be identified in all cancers in clinics. And finally, that oncogene activation appears not only in cancer, but also in normal physiology and noncancer pathology processes. Our proposed hypothesis is that cancer is a natural wound healing-related process, which includes oncogene activations, cytokine secretions, stem cell recruitment differentiation, and tissue remodeling. Wounds activate oncogenes of some cells and the latter secrete cytokines to recruit stem cells to heal the wounds. However, if the cause of the wound or if the wound persists, such as under the persistent UV and carcinogen exposures, the continuous wound healing process will lead to a clinical cancer mass. There is no system in nature to stop or reverse the wound healing process in the middle stage when the wound exists. The outcome of the cancer mechanism is either healing the wound or exhausting the whole system (death). The logic of this cancer mechanism is consistent with the rationales of the other physiological metabolisms in the body-for survival. This hypothesis helps to understand many cancer mysteries derived from the mutation theory, such as why cancer only exists in a small proportion of multicellular organisms, although they are all under potential mutation risks during DNA replications. The hypothesis can be used to interpret and guide cancer prevention, recurrence, metastasis, in vitro and in vivo studies, and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Meng
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jie Zhong
- Neurosurgery Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Shuying Liu
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Mollianne Murray
- Systems Biology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 7435 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77054 USA
| | - Ana M. Gonzalez-Angulo
- Breast Medical Oncology Department, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Houston, TX 77030 USA
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82
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Cui Y, Ge Z, Rizak JD, Zhai C, Zhou Z, Gong S, Che Y. Deficits in water maze performance and oxidative stress in the hippocampus and striatum induced by extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32196. [PMID: 22570685 PMCID: PMC3343077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposures to extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-MF) in our environment have dramatically increased. Epidemiological studies suggest that there is a possible association between ELF-MF exposure and increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Animal studies show that ELF-MF exposure may interfere with the activity of brain cells, generate behavioral and cognitive disturbances, and produce deficits in attention, perception and spatial learning. Although, many research efforts have been focused on the interaction between ELF-MF exposure and the central nervous system, the mechanism of interaction is still unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of ELF-MF exposure on learning in mice using two water maze tasks and on some parameters indicative of oxidative stress in the hippocampus and striatum. We found that ELF-MF exposure (1 mT, 50 Hz) induced serious oxidative stress in the hippocampus and striatum and impaired hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and striatum-dependent habit learning. This study provides evidence for the association between the impairment of learning and the oxidative stress in hippocampus and striatum induced by ELF-MF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Cui
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ge
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Joshua Dominic Rizak
- Laboratory of Primate Neuroscience Research, Key Laboratory of Animal Models, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhu Zhou
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Songjie Gong
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Che
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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83
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Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Verdugo-Díaz L. Effect of Acute Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on the Antioxidant Status and Lipid Levels in Rat Brain. Arch Med Res 2012; 43:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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84
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Huwiler SG, Beyer C, Fröhlich J, Hennecke H, Egli T, Schürmann D, Rehrauer H, Fischer HM. Genome-wide transcription analysis of Escherichia coli in response to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:488-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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85
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Crotty D, Silkstone G, Poddar S, Ranson R, Prina-Mello A, Wilson MT, Coey JMD. Reexamination of magnetic isotope and field effects on adenosine triphosphate production by creatine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1437-42. [PMID: 22198842 PMCID: PMC3277194 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117840108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of isotopically enriched magnesium on the creatine kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of adenosine diphosphate is examined in two independent series of experiments where adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations were determined by a luciferase-linked luminescence end-point assay or a real-time spectrophotometric assay. No increase was observed between the rates of ATP production with natural Mg, (24)Mg, and (25)Mg, nor was any significant magnetic field effect observed in magnetic fields from 3 to 1,000 mT. Our results are in conflict with those reported by Buchachenko et al. [J Am Chem Soc 130:12868-12869 (2008)], and they challenge these authors' general claims that a large (two- to threefold) magnetic isotope effect is "universally observable" for ATP-producing enzymes [Her Russ Acad Sci 80:22-28 (2010)] and that "enzymatic phosphorylation is an ion-radical, electron-spin-selective process" [Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:10793-10796 (2005)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Darragh Crotty
- School of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland; and
| | - Gary Silkstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Soumya Poddar
- School of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Richard Ranson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- School of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Michael T. Wilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - J. M. D. Coey
- School of Physics and Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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87
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Ravera S, Pepe IM, Calzia D, Morelli A, Panfoli I. Extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields affect lipid-linked carbonic anhydrase. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 30:67-73. [PMID: 21591890 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2011.566770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, the effect of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the activity of different enzymes were investigated. Only the membrane-anchored enzymes did decrease their activity, up to 50%. In this work, the effect of ELF-EMF on bovine lung membrane carbonic anhydrase (CA) were studied. Carbonic anhydrases are a family of 14 zinc-containing isozymes catalyzing the reversible reaction: CO(2)+H(2)O = HCO(3)(- )+H(+). CA differ in catalytic activity and subcellular localization. CA IV, IX, XII, XIV, and XV are membrane bound. In particular, CA IV, which is expressed in the lung, is glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol-linked to the membrane, therefore it was a candidate to inhibition by ELF-EMF. Exposure to the membranes to a field of 75 Hz frequency and different amplitudes caused CA activity to a reproducible decrease in enzymatic activity by 17% with a threshold of about 0.74 mT. The decrease in enzymatic activity was independent of the time of permanence in the field and was completely reversible. When the source of enzyme was solubilized with Triton, the field lost its effect on CA enzymatic activity, suggesting a crucial role of the membrane, as well as of the particular linkage of the enzyme to it, in determining the conditions for CA inactivation. Results are discussed in terms of the possible physiologic effects of CA inhibition in target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Biology, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.
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88
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Říhová B, Etrych T, Šírová M, Tomala J, Ulbrich K, Kovář M. Synergistic effect of EMF–BEMER-type pulsed weak electromagnetic field and HPMA-bound doxorubicin on mouse EL4 T-cell lymphoma. J Drug Target 2011; 19:890-9. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.622403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Osera C, Fassina L, Amadio M, Venturini L, Buoso E, Magenes G, Govoni S, Ricevuti G, Pascale A. Cytoprotective Response Induced by Electromagnetic Stimulation on SH-SY5Y Human Neuroblastoma Cell Line. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:2573-82. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Osera
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco-Sez. Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro di Ingegneria Tissutale (C.I.T.), Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco-Sez. Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Letizia Venturini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica—Sez. Gerontologia e Geriatria—IDR S. Margherita, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cellulare e Immunologia Clinica—IRCCS S. Matteo, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Erica Buoso
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco-Sez. Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Magenes
- Dipartimento di Informatica e Sistemistica, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Centro di Ingegneria Tissutale (C.I.T.), Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Govoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco-Sez. Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Ricevuti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Terapia Medica—Sez. Gerontologia e Geriatria—IDR S. Margherita, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Laboratorio di Fisiopatologia Cellulare e Immunologia Clinica—IRCCS S. Matteo, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessia Pascale
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco-Sez. Farmacologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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90
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Legros A, Corbacio M, Beuter A, Modolo J, Goulet D, Prato FS, Thomas AW. Neurophysiological and behavioral effects of a 60 Hz, 1,800 μT magnetic field in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1751-62. [PMID: 21894451 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2130-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of time-varying magnetic fields (MF) on humans have been actively investigated for the past three decades. One important unanswered question is the potential for MF exposure to have acute effects on human biology. Different strategies have been used to tackle this question using various physiological, neurophysiological and behavioral indicators. For example, researchers investigating electroencephalography (EEG) have reported that extremely low frequency (ELF, <300 Hz) MF can increase resting occipital alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz). Interestingly, other studies have demonstrated that human motricity can be modulated by ELF MF: a reduction of anteroposterior standing balance or a decrease of physiological tremor intensity have been reported as consequences of exposure. However, the main limitation in this domain lies in the lack of results replication, possibly originating from the large variety of experimental approaches employed. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of a 60 Hz, 1,800 μT MF exposure on neurophysiological (EEG) and neuromotor (standing balance, voluntary motor function, and physiological tremor) aspects in humans using a single experimental procedure. Though results from this study suggest a reduction of human standing balance with MF exposure, as well as an increase of physiological tremor amplitude within the frequency range associated with central nervous system contribution, no exposure effect appeared on other investigated parameters (e.g., EEG or voluntary motor control). These results suggest that 1 h of 60 Hz, 1,800 μT MF exposure may modulate human involuntary motor control without being detected in the cortical electrical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Legros
- Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, St Joseph's Health Care, 268 Grosvenor St, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada.
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91
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Polidori E, Zeppa S, Potenza L, Martinelli C, Colombo E, Casadei L, Agostini D, Sestili P, Stocchi V. Gene expression profile in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to a 300 mT static magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics 2011; 33:65-74. [PMID: 21755520 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In a previous investigation we reported that exposure to a moderate (300 mT) static magnetic field (SMF) causes transient DNA damage and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To better understand the response of HUVECs to the 300 mT SMF, a high-quality subtracted cDNA library representative of genes induced in cells after 4 h of static magnetic exposure was constructed. The global gene expression profile showed that several genes were induced after the SMF exposure. The characterized clones are involved in cell metabolism, energy, cell growth/division, transcription, protein synthesis, destination and storage, membrane injury, DNA damage/repair, and oxidative stress response. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed at 4 and 24 h on four selected genes. Their expression profiles suggest that HUVEC's response to SMF exposure is transient. Furthermore, compared to control cells, an up-regulation of several genes involved in cell growth and division was observed. This up-regulation is likely to be the cause of the slight, but significant, increase in cell proliferation at 12 h post-treatment. These results provide additional support to the notion that SMFs may be harmless to human health, and could support the rationale for their possible use in medical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Polidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Urbino "Carlo Bo", Italy.
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92
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Ayşe IG, Zafer A, Sule O, Işil IT, Kalkan T. Differentiation of K562 cells under ELF-EMF applied at different time courses. Electromagn Biol Med 2011; 29:122-30. [PMID: 20707646 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2010.502451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The time-course of ELF-EMF application to biological systems is thought to be an important parameter determining the physiological outcome. This study investigated the effect of ELF-EMF on the differentiation of K562 cells at different time courses. ELF-EMF (50 Hz, 5 mT, 1 h) was applied at two different time-courses; first at the onset of hemin induction for 1 h, and second, daily 1 h for four days. While single exposure to ELF-EMF resulted in a decrease in differentiation, ELF-EMF applied everyday for 1 h caused an increase in differentiation. The effect of co-stressors, magnesium, and heat-shock was also determined and similar results were obtained. ELF-EMF increased ROS levels in K562 cells not treated with hemin, however did not change ROS levels of hemin treated cells indicating that ROS was not the cause. Overall, these results imply that the time-course of application is an important parameter determining the physiological response of cells to ELF-EMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhan-Garip Ayşe
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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93
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Inhan-Garip A, Aksu B, Akan Z, Akakin D, Ozaydin AN, San T. Effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on growth rate and morphology of bacteria. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:1155-61. [PMID: 21401315 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.560992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of extremely low frequency (<300 Hz) electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on the growth rate of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and to determine any morphological changes that might have been caused by ELF-EMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six bacterial strains, three Gram-negative and three Gram-positive were subjected to 50 Hz, 0.5 mT ELF-EMF for 6 h. To determine growth rate after ELF-EMF application, bacteria exposed to ELF-EMF for 3 h were collected, transferred to fresh medium and cultured without field application for another 4 h. Growth-rate was determined by optical density (OD) measurements made every hour. Morphological changes were determined with Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for two gram-negative and two gram-positive strains collected after 3 h of field application. RESULTS A decrease in growth rate with respect to control samples was observed for all strains during ELF-EMF application. The decrease in growth-rate continued when exposed bacteria were cultured without field application. Significant ultrastructural changes were observed in all bacterial strains, which were seen to resemble the alterations caused by cationic peptides. CONCLUSION This study shows that ELF-EMF induces a decrease in growth rate and morphological changes for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Inhan-Garip
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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94
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Morabito C, Guarnieri S, Fanò G, Mariggiò MA. Effects of acute and chronic low frequency electromagnetic field exposure on PC12 cells during neuronal differentiation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2011; 26:947-58. [PMID: 21220925 DOI: 10.1159/000324003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The purpose of this study was to provide information about the in vitro neuritogenesis during cell exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) of different intensities and durations using pheochromocytoma-derived cell line (PC12 cells) as neuronal model. METHODS Proliferative rates and neuritogenesis were tested by colorimetric assay and morphological analysis, respectively; reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and intracellular Ca(2+) variations monitored using single cell videomicroscopy. RESULTS The long-lasting ELF-EMF exposure (0.1-1.0 mT) did not appear to significantly affect the biological response (proliferation and neuritogenesis). However, during the acute ELF-EMF exposure (30 min), in undifferentiated PC12 cells, there were increased ROS levels and decreased catalase activity, that, conversely, resulted increased after chronic exposure (7 days) at 1.0 mT. Acute exposure (0.1-1.0 mT) affected the spontaneous intracellular Ca(2+) variations in undifferentiated cells, in which basal intracellular Ca(2+) resulted increased after chronic exposure. In addition acute exposure affected cell response to a depolarizing agent, while basal membrane potential was not changed. CONCLUSION Even if further studies remain necessary to identify the ROS/intracellular Ca(2+)cross-talking pathway activated by ELF-EMF exposure, we support the hypothesis that ROS and Ca(2+) could be the cellular "primum movens" of the ELF-EMF induced effects on biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Morabito
- Department Neuroscience and Imaging-Centro Studi sull'Invecchiamento (CeSI), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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95
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Cerella C, Cordisco S, Albertini MC, Accorsi A, Diederich M, Ghibelli L. Magnetic fields promote a pro-survival non-capacitative Ca2+ entry via phospholipase C signaling. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 43:393-400. [PMID: 21095240 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of magnetic fields (MFs) to promote/increase Ca(2+) influx into cells is widely recognized, but the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Here we analyze how static MFs of 6 mT modulates thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) movements in non-excitable U937 monocytes, and how this relates to the anti-apoptotic effect of MFs. Magnetic fields do not affect thapsigargin-induced Ca(2+) mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum, but significantly increase the resulting Ca(2+) influx; this increase requires intracellular signal transduction actors including G protein, phospholipase C, diacylglycerol lipase and nitric oxide synthase, and behaves as a non-capacitative Ca(2+) entry (NCCE), a type of influx with an inherent signaling function, rather than a capacitative Ca(2+) entry (CCE). All treatments abrogating the extra Ca(2+) influx also abrogate the anti-apoptotic effect of MFs, demonstrating that MF-induced NCCE elicits an anti-apoptotic survival pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cerella
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Universita' degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
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96
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Lee KY, Kim BC, Han NK, Lee YS, Kim T, Yun JH, Kim N, Pack JK, Lee JS. Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on the cell cycle and its regulatory proteins. Bioelectromagnetics 2010; 32:169-78. [PMID: 21365661 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether single or combined radio frequency (RF) radiation exposure has effects on the cell cycle and its regulatory proteins. Exposure of MCF7 cells to either single (837 MHz) or combined (837 and 1950 MHz) RF radiation was conducted at specific absorption rate values of 4 W/kg for 1 h. During the exposure period, the chamber was made isothermal by circulating water through the cavity. After RF radiation exposure, DNA synthesis rate and cell cycle distribution were assessed. The levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins, p53, p21, cyclins, and cyclin-dependent kinases were also examined. The positive control group was exposed to 0.5 and 4 Gy doses of ionizing radiation (IR) and showed changes in DNA synthesis and cell cycle distribution. The levels of p53, p21, cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1 were also affected by IR exposure. In contrast to the IR-exposed group, neither the single RF radiation- nor the combined RF radiation-exposed group elicited alterations in DNA synthesis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins. These results indicate that neither single nor combined RF radiation affect cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Yong Lee
- Division of Radiation Cancer Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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97
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Yan J, Dong L, Zhang B, Qi N. Effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic field on growth and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Electromagn Biol Med 2010; 29:165-76. [PMID: 20923323 DOI: 10.3109/01676830.2010.505490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) were exposed to a developed extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (50 Hz ,20 mT ELF) system to evaluate whether exposure to (ELF) magnetic fields affects growth, metabolism, and differentiation of hMSCs. MTT method was used to determine the growth and metabolism of hMSCs following exposure to ELF magnetic fields. Na(+)/K(+) concentration and osmolality of extracellular were measured after exposured culture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and Calcium assay, ALP staining, and Alizarin red staining were performed to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs under the ELF magnetic field exposure. In these experiments, the cells were exposed to ELF for up to 23 days. The results showed that exposure to ELF magnetic field could inhibit the growth and metabolism of hMSC, but have no significant effect on differentiation of hMSCs. These results suggested that ELF magnetic field may influence the early development of hMSCs related adult cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Yan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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98
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Martínez-Sámano J, Torres-Durán PV, Juárez-Oropeza MA, Elías-Viñas D, Verdugo-Díaz L. Effects of acute electromagnetic field exposure and movement restraint on antioxidant system in liver, heart, kidney and plasma of Wistar rats: A preliminary report. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 86:1088-94. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2010.501841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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99
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O'Connor RP, Madison SD, Leveque P, Roderick HL, Bootman MD. Exposure to GSM RF fields does not affect calcium homeostasis in human endothelial cells, rat pheocromocytoma cells or rat hippocampal neurons. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11828. [PMID: 20676401 PMCID: PMC2910734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of modern daily life, individuals are exposed to numerous sources of electromagnetic radiation that are not present in the natural environment. The strength of the electromagnetic fields from sources such as hairdryers, computer display units and other electrical devices is modest. However, in many home and office environments, individuals can experience perpetual exposure to an “electromagnetic smog”, with occasional peaks of relatively high electromagnetic field intensity. This has led to concerns that such radiation can affect health. In particular, emissions from mobile phones or mobile phone masts have been invoked as a potential source of pathological electromagnetic radiation. Previous reports have suggested that cellular calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is affected by the types of radiofrequency fields emitted by mobile phones. In the present study, we used a high-throughput imaging platform to monitor putative changes in cellular Ca2+ during exposure of cells to 900 MHz GSM fields of differing power (specific absorption rate 0.012–2 W/Kg), thus mimicking the type of radiation emitted by current mobile phone handsets. Data from cells experiencing the 900 Mhz GSM fields were compared with data obtained from paired experiments using continuous wave fields or no field. We employed three cell types (human endothelial cells, PC-12 neuroblastoma and primary hippocampal neurons) that have previously been suggested to be sensitive to radiofrequency fields. Experiments were designed to examine putative effects of radiofrequency fields on resting Ca2+, in addition to Ca2+ signals evoked by an InsP3-generating agonist. Furthermore, we examined putative effects of radiofrequency field exposure on Ca2+ store emptying and store-operated Ca2+ entry following application of the Ca2+ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. Multiple parameters (e.g., peak amplitude, integrated Ca2+ signal, recovery rates) were analysed to explore potential impact of radiofrequency field exposure on Ca2+ signals. Our data indicate that 900 MHz GSM fields do not affect either basal Ca2+ homeostasis or provoked Ca2+ signals. Even at the highest field strengths applied, which exceed typical phone exposure levels, we did not observe any changes in cellular Ca2+ signals. We conclude that under the conditions employed in our experiments, and using a highly-sensitive assay, we could not detect any consequence of RF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney P. O'Connor
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Steve D. Madison
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - H. Llewelyn Roderick
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Bootman
- Laboratory of Molecular Signalling, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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100
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Polaniak R, Bułdak RJ, Karoń M, Birkner K, Kukla M, Zwirska-Korczala K, Birkner E. Influence of an extremely low frequency magnetic field (ELF-EMF) on antioxidative vitamin E properties in AT478 murine squamous cell carcinoma culture in vitro. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:221-30. [PMID: 20335516 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809352011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of vitamin E and an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) and their combination in different time intervals of exposure of vitamin E (tocopherol) on the AT478 murine squamous cell carcinoma line. This study provides insight into the influence of correlations between ELF-EMF and vitamin E supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activity in malignant cells in vitro. Following vitamin E treatment, activity of the antioxidant enzymes is increased in an exposure-dependent manner compared with the untreated group. Application of ELF-EMF alone or with vitamin E increases both superoxide dismutase isoenzymes and glutathione peroxidase activities in comparison to the control group. The results suggest that ELF-EMF alters antioxidative activities of vitamin E in AT478 tumor cells. This study confirms the role of vitamin E in decreasing susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in AT478 tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Polaniak
- Department of General Biochemistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Poland.
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