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Cellular Engineering and Disease Modeling with Gene-Editing Nucleases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3509-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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52
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Kawasaki T, Sakai N. Allogeneic Transplantation of Testicular Hyperplasia in rag1 Mutant Zebrafish. Bio Protoc 2016. [DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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53
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Redel BK, Prather RS. Meganucleases Revolutionize the Production of Genetically Engineered Pigs for the Study of Human Diseases. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:428-33. [PMID: 26516165 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315613160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of human diseases are critically necessary for developing an in-depth knowledge of disease development and progression. In addition, animal models are vital to the development of potential treatments or even cures for human diseases. Pigs are exceptional models as their size, physiology, and genetics are closer to that of humans than rodents. In this review, we discuss the use of pigs in human translational research and the evolving technology that has increased the efficiency of genetically engineering pigs. With the emergence of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein 9 system technology, the cost and time it takes to genetically engineer pigs has markedly decreased. We will also discuss the use of another meganuclease, the transcription activator-like effector nucleases , to produce pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency by developing targeted modifications of the recombination activating gene 2 (RAG2).RAG2mutant pigs may become excellent animals to facilitate the development of xenotransplantation, regenerative medicine, and tumor biology. The use of pig biomedical models is vital for furthering the knowledge of, and for treating human, diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany K Redel
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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54
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Ménoret S, De Cian A, Tesson L, Remy S, Usal C, Boulé JB, Boix C, Fontanière S, Crénéguy A, Nguyen TH, Brusselle L, Thinard R, Gauguier D, Concordet JP, Cherifi Y, Fraichard A, Giovannangeli C, Anegon I. Homology-directed repair in rodent zygotes using Cas9 and TALEN engineered proteins. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14410. [PMID: 26442875 PMCID: PMC4595769 DOI: 10.1038/srep14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of genetically-modified organisms has been revolutionized by the development of new genome editing technologies based on the use of gene-specific nucleases, such as meganucleases, ZFNs, TALENs and CRISPRs-Cas9 systems. The most rapid and cost-effective way to generate genetically-modified animals is by microinjection of the nucleic acids encoding gene-specific nucleases into zygotes. However, the efficiency of the procedure can still be improved. In this work we aim to increase the efficiency of CRISPRs-Cas9 and TALENs homology-directed repair by using TALENs and Cas9 proteins, instead of mRNA, microinjected into rat and mouse zygotes along with long or short donor DNAs. We observed that Cas9 protein was more efficient at homology-directed repair than mRNA, while TALEN protein was less efficient than mRNA at inducing homology-directed repair. Our results indicate that the use of Cas9 protein could represent a simple and practical methodological alternative to Cas9 mRNA in the generation of genetically-modified rats and mice as well as probably some other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ménoret
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Claire Usal
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Boulé
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Boix
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Tuan H Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France
| | | | - Reynald Thinard
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
| | - Dominique Gauguier
- Sorbonne Universities, University Pierre &Marie Curie, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR_S 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, 75006 Paris, France.,Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, University Pierre &Marie Curie, Boulevard de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U1154, CNRS UMR7196, Structure and Instability of Genomes, Sorbonne Universités, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle; CP26 57 rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN; CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France.,Platform Rat Transgenesis Immunophenomic, SFR François Bonamy, CNRS UMS3556 Nantes, F44093, France
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55
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Kawaharada K, Kawamata M, Ochiya T. Rat embryonic stem cells create new era in development of genetically manipulated rat models. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1054-1063. [PMID: 26328021 PMCID: PMC4550629 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i7.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, and are used for the generation of gene-modified animals. In mice, the transplantation of gene-modified ES cells into recipient blastocysts leads to the creation of gene-targeted mice such as knock-in and knock-out mice; these gene-targeted mice contribute greatly to scientific development. Although the rat is considered a useful laboratory animal alongside the mouse, fewer gene-modified rats have been produced due to the lack of robust establishment methods for rat ES cells. A new method for establishing rat ES cells using signaling inhibitors was reported in 2008. By considering the characteristics of rat ES cells, recent research has made progress in improving conditions for the stable culture of rat ES cells in order to generate gene-modified rats efficiently. In this review, we summarize several advanced methods to maintain rat ES cells and generate gene-targeted rats.
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56
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Crispo M, Mulet AP, Tesson L, Barrera N, Cuadro F, dos Santos-Neto PC, Nguyen TH, Crénéguy A, Brusselle L, Anegón I, Menchaca A. Efficient Generation of Myostatin Knock-Out Sheep Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology and Microinjection into Zygotes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136690. [PMID: 26305800 PMCID: PMC4549068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While CRISPR/Cas9 technology has proven to be a valuable system to generate gene-targeted modified animals in several species, this tool has been scarcely reported in farm animals. Myostatin is encoded by MSTN gene involved in the inhibition of muscle differentiation and growth. We determined the efficiency of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to edit MSTN in sheep and generate knock-out (KO) animals with the aim to promote muscle development and body growth. We generated CRISPR/Cas9 mRNAs specific for ovine MSTN and microinjected them into the cytoplasm of ovine zygotes. When embryo development of CRISPR/Cas9 microinjected zygotes (n = 216) was compared with buffer injected embryos (n = 183) and non microinjected embryos (n = 173), cleavage rate was lower for both microinjected groups (P<0.05) and neither was affected by CRISPR/Cas9 content in the injected medium. Embryo development to blastocyst was not affected by microinjection and was similar among the experimental groups. From 20 embryos analyzed by Sanger sequencing, ten were mutant (heterozygous or mosaic; 50% efficiency). To obtain live MSTN KO lambs, 53 blastocysts produced after zygote CRISPR/Cas9 microinjection were transferred to 29 recipient females resulting in 65.5% (19/29) of pregnant ewes and 41.5% (22/53) of newborns. From 22 born lambs analyzed by T7EI and Sanger sequencing, ten showed indel mutations at MSTN gene. Eight showed mutations in both alleles and five of them were homozygous for indels generating out-of frame mutations that resulted in premature stop codons. Western blot analysis of homozygous KO founders confirmed the absence of myostatin, showing heavier body weight than wild type counterparts. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9 system was a very efficient tool to generate gene KO sheep. This technology is quick and easy to perform and less expensive than previous techniques, and can be applied to obtain genetically modified animal models of interest for biomedicine and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Crispo
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. P. Mulet
- Unidad de Animales Transgénicos y de Experimentación (UATE), Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - L. Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - N. Barrera
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - F. Cuadro
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - T. H. Nguyen
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - A. Crénéguy
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - L. Brusselle
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
| | - I. Anegón
- INSERM UMR 1064, Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology-ITUN, Nantes, France
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
| | - A. Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (MC); (IA); (AM)
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57
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New humanized mouse model of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Transplantation 2015; 99:468-9. [PMID: 25695785 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humanized animals are transplanted with human tissues and cells to study their behavior as they do in the human body. This commentary briefly summarizes the recent developments and discusses the limitations of these humanized animal models.
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58
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Abstract
Molecular scissors (MS), incl. Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFN), Transcription-activator like endoncleases (TALENS) and meganucleases possess long recognition sites and are thus capable of cutting DNA in a very specific manner. These molecular scissors mediate targeted genetic alterations by enhancing the DNA mutation rate via induction of double-strand breaks at a predetermined genomic site. Compared to conventional homologous recombination based gene targeting, MS can increase the targeting rate 10,000-fold, and gene disruption via mutagenic DNA repair is stimulated at a similar frequency. The successful application of different MS has been shown in different organisms, including insects, amphibians, plants, nematodes, and mammals, including humans. Recently, another novel class of molecular scissors was described that uses RNAs to target a specific genomic site. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is capable of targeting even multiple genomic sites in one shot and thus could be superior to ZFNs or TALEN, especially by its easy design. MS can be successfully employed for improving the understanding of complex physiological systems, producing transgenic animals, incl. creating large animal models for human diseases, creating specific cell lines, and plants, and even for treating human genetic diseases. This review provides an update on molecular scissors, their underlying mechanism and focuses on new opportunities for generating genetically modified farm animals.
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59
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Petersen B, Niemann H. Molecular scissors and their application in genetically modified farm animals. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:381-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Generation of recombination activating gene-1-deficient neonatal piglets: a model of T and B cell deficient severe combined immune deficiency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113833. [PMID: 25437445 PMCID: PMC4249935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) is a very important research model for mice and SCID mice are widely used, there are only few reports describing the SCID pig models. Therefore, additional research in this area is needed. In this study, we describe the generation of Recombination activating gene-1 (Rag-1)-deficient neonatal piglets in Duroc breed using somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with gene targeting and analysis using fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and histology. We constructed porcine Rag-1 gene targeting vectors for the Exon 2 region and obtained heterozygous/homozygous Rag-1 knockout cell colonies using SCNT. We generated two Rag-1-deficient neonatal piglets and compared them with wild-type neonatal piglets. FACS analysis showed that Rag-1 disruption causes a lack of Immunoglobulin M-positive B cells and CD3-positive T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Consistent with FACS analysis, histological analysis revealed structural defects and an absence of mature lymphocytes in the spleen, mesenteric lymph node (MLNs), and thymus in Rag-1-deficient piglets. These results confirm that Rag-1 is necessary for the generation of lymphocytes in pigs, and Rag-1-deficient piglets exhibit a T and B cell deficient SCID (T-B-SCID) phenotype similar to that of rodents and humans. The T-B-SCID pigs with Rag-1 deficiency generated in this study could be a suitably versatile model for laboratory, translational, and biomedical research, including the development of a humanized model and assessment of pluripotent stem cells.
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61
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Larcher T, Lafoux A, Tesson L, Remy S, Thepenier V, François V, Le Guiner C, Goubin H, Dutilleul M, Guigand L, Toumaniantz G, De Cian A, Boix C, Renaud JB, Cherel Y, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP, Anegon I, Huchet C. Characterization of dystrophin deficient rats: a new model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110371. [PMID: 25310701 PMCID: PMC4195719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A few animal models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) are available, large ones such as pigs or dogs being expensive and difficult to handle. Mdx (X-linked muscular dystrophy) mice only partially mimic the human disease, with limited chronic muscular lesions and muscle weakness. Their small size also imposes limitations on analyses. A rat model could represent a useful alternative since rats are small animals but 10 times bigger than mice and could better reflect the lesions and functional abnormalities observed in DMD patients. Two lines of Dmd mutated-rats (Dmdmdx) were generated using TALENs targeting exon 23. Muscles of animals of both lines showed undetectable levels of dystrophin by western blot and less than 5% of dystrophin positive fibers by immunohistochemistry. At 3 months, limb and diaphragm muscles from Dmdmdx rats displayed severe necrosis and regeneration. At 7 months, these muscles also showed severe fibrosis and some adipose tissue infiltration. Dmdmdx rats showed significant reduction in muscle strength and a decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Furthermore, heart morphology was indicative of dilated cardiomyopathy associated histologically with necrotic and fibrotic changes. Echocardiography showed significant concentric remodeling and alteration of diastolic function. In conclusion, Dmdmdx rats represent a new faithful small animal model of DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Larcher
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Aude Lafoux
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Remy
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie Thepenier
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Virginie François
- INSERM, UMR 1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Thérapie génique pour les maladies de la rétine et les maladies neuromusculaires, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Caroline Le Guiner
- INSERM, UMR 1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Thérapie génique pour les maladies de la rétine et les maladies neuromusculaires, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France; Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Helicia Goubin
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Maéva Dutilleul
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Lydie Guigand
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Toumaniantz
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Boix
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Renaud
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Yan Cherel
- INRA, UMR703 APEX, Oniris, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Université de Nantes, Oniris, École nationale vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l'alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM, U1154, CNRS, UMR 7196, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM, UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, ITUN, CHU Nantes, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France
| | - Corinne Huchet
- INSERM, UMR 1087/CNRS 6291 Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Nantes, France
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Shao Y, Guan Y, Wang L, Qiu Z, Liu M, Chen Y, Wu L, Li Y, Ma X, Liu M, Li D. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in the rat via direct injection of one-cell embryos. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:2493-512. [PMID: 25255092 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Conventional embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based gene targeting, zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) technologies are powerful strategies for the generation of genetically modified animals. Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system has emerged as an efficient and convenient alternative to these approaches. We have used the CRISPR/Cas system to generate rat strains that carry mutations in multiple genes through direct injection of RNAs into one-cell embryos, demonstrating the high efficiency of Cas9-mediated gene editing in rats for simultaneous generation of compound gene mutant models. Here we describe a stepwise procedure for the generation of knockout and knock-in rats. This protocol provides guidelines for the selection of genomic targets, synthesis of guide RNAs, design and construction of homologous recombination (HR) template vectors, embryo microinjection, and detection of mutations and insertions in founders or their progeny. The procedure from target design to identification of founders can take as little as 6 weeks, of which <10 d is actual hands-on working time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjiao Shao
- 1] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. [2]
| | - Yuting Guan
- 1] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. [2]
| | - Liren Wang
- 1] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. [2]
| | - Zhongwei Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meizhen Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyun Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- 1] Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. [2] Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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63
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Remy S, Tesson L, Menoret S, Usal C, De Cian A, Thepenier V, Thinard R, Baron D, Charpentier M, Renaud JB, Buelow R, Cost GJ, Giovannangeli C, Fraichard A, Concordet JP, Anegon I. Efficient gene targeting by homology-directed repair in rat zygotes using TALE nucleases. Genome Res 2014; 24:1371-83. [PMID: 24989021 PMCID: PMC4120090 DOI: 10.1101/gr.171538.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The generation of genetically modified animals is important for both research and commercial purposes. The rat is an important model organism that until recently lacked efficient genetic engineering tools. Sequence-specific nucleases, such as ZFNs, TALE nucleases, and CRISPR/Cas9 have allowed the creation of rat knockout models. Genetic engineering by homology-directed repair (HDR) is utilized to create animals expressing transgenes in a controlled way and to introduce precise genetic modifications. We applied TALE nucleases and donor DNA microinjection into zygotes to generate HDR-modified rats with large new sequences introduced into three different loci with high efficiency (0.62%–5.13% of microinjected zygotes). Two of these loci (Rosa26 and Hprt1) are known to allow robust and reproducible transgene expression and were targeted for integration of a GFP expression cassette driven by the CAG promoter. GFP-expressing embryos and four Rosa26 GFP rat lines analyzed showed strong and widespread GFP expression in most cells of all analyzed tissues. The third targeted locus was Ighm, where we performed successful exon exchange of rat exon 2 for the human one. At all three loci we observed HDR only when using linear and not circular donor DNA. Mild hypothermic (30°C) culture of zygotes after microinjection increased HDR efficiency for some loci. Our study demonstrates that TALE nuclease and donor DNA microinjection into rat zygotes results in efficient and reproducible targeted donor integration by HDR. This allowed creation of genetically modified rats in a work-, cost-, and time-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Remy
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Laurent Tesson
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Séverine Menoret
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Claire Usal
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Thepenier
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Reynald Thinard
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Daniel Baron
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France
| | - Marine Charpentier
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Renaud
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Roland Buelow
- Open Monoclonal Technologies, Palo Alto, California 94303, USA
| | | | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- INSERM UMR 1064-ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes F44093, France; Platform Rat Transgenesis, Nantes F44093, France
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64
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Huang J, Guo X, Fan N, Song J, Zhao B, Ouyang Z, Liu Z, Zhao Y, Yan Q, Yi X, Schambach A, Frampton J, Esteban MA, Yang D, Yang H, Lai L. RAG1/2 knockout pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1496-503. [PMID: 24973446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pigs share many physiological, biochemical, and anatomical similarities with humans and have emerged as valuable large animal models for biomedical research. Considering the advantages in immune system resemblance, suitable size, and longevity for clinical practical and monitoring purpose, SCID pigs bearing dysfunctional RAG could serve as important experimental tools for regenerative medicine, allograft and xenograft transplantation, and reconstitution experiments related to the immune system. In this study, we report the generation and phenotypic characterization of RAG1 and RAG2 knockout pigs using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Porcine fetal fibroblasts were genetically engineered using transcription activator-like effector nucleases and then used to provide donor nuclei for somatic cell nuclear transfer. We obtained 27 live cloned piglets; among these piglets, 9 were targeted with biallelic mutations in RAG1, 3 were targeted with biallelic mutations in RAG2, and 10 were targeted with a monoallelic mutation in RAG2. Piglets with biallelic mutations in either RAG1 or RAG2 exhibited hypoplasia of immune organs, failed to perform V(D)J rearrangement, and lost mature B and T cells. These immunodeficient RAG1/2 knockout pigs are promising tools for biomedical and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Nana Fan
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jun Song
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Bentian Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Ouyang
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhaoming Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Quanmei Yan
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaoling Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jon Frampton
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; and Guangdong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Huaqiang Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
| | - Liangxue Lai
- Laboratory of Animal Cloning, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China;
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65
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Reiff A, Bassuk AG, Church JA, Campbell E, Bing X, Ferguson PJ. Exome sequencing reveals RAG1 mutations in a child with autoimmunity and sterile chronic multifocal osteomyelitis evolving into disseminated granulomatous disease. J Clin Immunol 2014; 33:1289-92. [PMID: 24122031 PMCID: PMC3873094 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9953-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe a boy who developed autoinflammatory (chronic sterile multifocal osteomyelitis) and autoimmune (autoimmune cytopenias; vitiligo) phenotypes who subsequently developed disseminated granulomatous disease. Whole exome sequencing revealed homozygous RAG1 mutations thus expanding the spectrum of combined immunodeficiency with autoimmunity and granuloma that can occur with RAG deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reiff
- The Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Alexander G. Bassuk
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Joseph A. Church
- The Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles and the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Elizabeth Campbell
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Xinyu Bing
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Polly J. Ferguson
- The Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, 4038 Boyd Tower, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA
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66
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Bertoni C. Emerging gene editing strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy targeting stem cells. Front Physiol 2014; 5:148. [PMID: 24795643 PMCID: PMC4001063 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of muscle mass characteristic of many muscular dystrophies impairs the efficacy of most of the gene and molecular therapies currently being pursued for the treatment of those disorders. It is becoming increasingly evident that a therapeutic application, to be effective, needs to target not only mature myofibers, but also muscle progenitors cells or muscle stem cells able to form new muscle tissue and to restore myofibers lost as the result of the diseases or during normal homeostasis so as to guarantee effective and lost lasting effects. Correction of the genetic defect using oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) or engineered nucleases holds great potential for the treatment of many of the musculoskeletal disorders. The encouraging results obtained by studying in vitro systems and model organisms have set the groundwork for what is likely to become an emerging field in the area of molecular and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the ability to isolate and expand from patients various types of muscle progenitor cells capable of committing to the myogenic lineage provides the opportunity to establish cell lines that can be used for transplantation following ex vivo manipulation and expansion. The purpose of this article is to provide a perspective on approaches aimed at correcting the genetic defect using gene editing strategies and currently under development for the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the most sever of the neuromuscular disorders. Emphasis will be placed on describing the potential of using the patient own stem cell as source of transplantation and the challenges that gene editing technologies face in the field of regenerative biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bertoni
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA, USA
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67
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Stoddard BL. Homing endonucleases from mobile group I introns: discovery to genome engineering. Mob DNA 2014; 5:7. [PMID: 24589358 PMCID: PMC3943268 DOI: 10.1186/1759-8753-5-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homing endonucleases are highly specific DNA cleaving enzymes that are encoded within genomes of all forms of microbial life including phage and eukaryotic organelles. These proteins drive the mobility and persistence of their own reading frames. The genes that encode homing endonucleases are often embedded within self-splicing elements such as group I introns, group II introns and inteins. This combination of molecular functions is mutually advantageous: the endonuclease activity allows surrounding introns and inteins to act as invasive DNA elements, while the splicing activity allows the endonuclease gene to invade a coding sequence without disrupting its product. Crystallographic analyses of representatives from all known homing endonuclease families have illustrated both their mechanisms of action and their evolutionary relationships to a wide range of host proteins. Several homing endonucleases have been completely redesigned and used for a variety of genome engineering applications. Recent efforts to augment homing endonucleases with auxiliary DNA recognition elements and/or nucleic acid processing factors has further accelerated their use for applications that demand exceptionally high specificity and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry L Stoddard
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, N, A3-025, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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68
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Ménoret S, Tesson L, Rémy S, Usal C, Thépenier V, Thinard R, Ouisse LH, De Cian A, Giovannangeli C, Concordet JP, Anegon I. Gene targeting in rats using transcription activator-like effector nucleases. Methods 2014; 69:102-7. [PMID: 24583114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat is a model of choice to understanding gene function and modeling human diseases. Since recent years, successful engineering technologies using gene-specific nucleases have been developed to gene edit the genome of different species, including the rat. This development has become important for the creation of new rat animals models of human diseases, analyze the role of genes and express recombinant proteins. Transcription activator-like (TALE) nucleases are designed nucleases consist of a DNA binding domain fused to a nuclease domain capable of cleaving the targeted DNA. We describe a detailed protocol for generating knockout rats via microinjection of TALE nucleases into fertilized eggs. This technology is an efficient, cost- and time-effective method for creating new rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ménoret
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France.
| | - Laurent Tesson
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Séverine Rémy
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Claire Usal
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Virginie Thépenier
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Reynald Thinard
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Laure-Hélène Ouisse
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
| | - Anne De Cian
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Carine Giovannangeli
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Concordet
- INSERM U565, CNRS UMR7196, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 43 Rue Cuvier, F75005 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Transgenic Rats Nantes IBiSA-Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, F44093 Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU Nantes, F44000 Nantes, France; INSERM UMR 1064-Center for Research in Transplantation and Immunology, France
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69
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Generation of TALEN-mediated GRdim knock-in rats by homologous recombination. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88146. [PMID: 24523878 PMCID: PMC3921256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALEN) are potential tools for precise genome engineering of laboratory animals. We report the first targeted genomic integration in the rat using TALENs (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) by homology-derived recombination (HDR). We assembled TALENs and designed a linear donor insert targeting a pA476T mutation in the rat Glucocorticoid Receptor (Nr3c1) namely GR(dim), that prevents receptor homodimerization in the mouse. TALEN mRNA and linear double-stranded donor were microinjected into rat one-cell embryos. Overall, we observed targeted genomic modifications in 17% of the offspring, indicating high TALEN cutting efficiency in rat zygotes.
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70
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Sakuma T, Woltjen K. Nuclease-mediated genome editing: At the front-line of functional genomics technology. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:2-13. [PMID: 24387662 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Genome editing with engineered endonucleases is rapidly becoming a staple method in developmental biology studies. Engineered nucleases permit random or designed genomic modification at precise loci through the stimulation of endogenous double-strand break repair. Homology-directed repair following targeted DNA damage is mediated by co-introduction of a custom repair template, allowing the derivation of knock-out and knock-in alleles in animal models previously refractory to classic gene targeting procedures. Currently there are three main types of customizable site-specific nucleases delineated by the source mechanism of DNA binding that guides nuclease activity to a genomic target: zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR). Among these genome engineering tools, characteristics such as the ease of design and construction, mechanism of inducing DNA damage, and DNA sequence specificity all differ, making their application complementary. By understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method, one may make the best choice for their particular purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsushi Sakuma
- Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
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71
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Djukanovic V, Smith J, Lowe K, Yang M, Gao H, Jones S, Nicholson MG, West A, Lape J, Bidney D, Carl Falco S, Jantz D, Alexander Lyznik L. Male-sterile maize plants produced by targeted mutagenesis of the cytochrome P450-like gene (MS26) using a re-designed I-CreI homing endonuclease. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 76:888-99. [PMID: 24112765 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The I-CreI homing endonuclease from Chlamydomonas reinhardti has been used as a molecular tool for creating DNA double-strand breaks and enhancing DNA recombination reactions in maize cells. The DNA-binding properties of this protein were re-designed to recognize a 22 bp target sequence in the 5th exon of MS26, a maize fertility gene. Three versions of a single-chain endonuclease, called Ems26, Ems26+ and Ems26++, cleaved their intended DNA site within the context of a reporter assay in a mammalian cell line. When the Ems26++ version was delivered to maize Black Mexican Sweet cells by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, the cleavage resulted in mutations at a co-delivered extra-chromosomal ms26-site in up to 8.9% of the recovered clones. Delivery of the same version of Ems26 to immature embryos resulted in mutations at the predicted genomic ms26-site in 5.8% of transgenic T(0) plants. This targeted mutagenesis procedure yielded small deletions and insertions at the Ems26 target site consistent with products of double-strand break repair generated by non-homologous end joining. One of 21 mutagenized T(0) plants carried two mutated alleles of the MS26 gene. As expected, the bi-allelic mutant T(0) plant and the T(1) progeny homozygous for the ms26 mutant alleles were male-sterile. This paper described the second maize chromosomal locus (liguless-1 being the first one) mutagenized by a re-designed I-CreI-based endonuclease, demonstrating the general utility of these molecules for targeted mutagenesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Djukanovic
- DuPont/Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, 8305 N.W. 62nd Avenue, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
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72
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Deussing JM. Targeted mutagenesis tools for modelling psychiatric disorders. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:9-25. [PMID: 24078022 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the basic principles of gene targeting were discovered and forged into sharp tools for efficient and precise engineering of the mouse genome. Since then, genetic mouse models have substantially contributed to our understanding of major neurobiological concepts and are of utmost importance for our comprehension of neuropsychiatric disorders. The "domestication" of site-specific recombinases and the continuous creative technological developments involving the implementation of previously identified biological principles such as transcriptional and posttranslational control now enable conditional mutagenesis with high spatial and temporal resolution. The initiation and successful accomplishment of large-scale efforts to annotate functionally the entire mouse genome and to build strategic resources for the research community have significantly accelerated the rapid proliferation and broad propagation of mouse genetic tools. Addressing neurobiological processes with the assistance of genetic mouse models is a routine procedure in psychiatric research and will be further extended in order to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms. In light of the highly complex nature of psychiatric disorders and the current lack of strong causal genetic variants, a major future challenge is to model of psychiatric disorders more appropriately. Humanized mice, and the recently developed toolbox of site-specific nucleases for more efficient and simplified tailoring of the genome, offer the perspective of significantly improved models. Ultimately, these tools will push the limits of gene targeting beyond the mouse to allow genome engineering in any model organism of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany,
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73
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Ménoret S, Tesson L, Rémy S, Thinard R, Usal C, Ouisse LH, Thepenier V, Anegon I. Technical advances in the generation of transgenic animals and in their applications. Nantes, France, June 7th 2013. Transgenic Res 2013; 22:1065-72. [PMID: 23907705 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9736-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Ménoret
- Transgenic Rats Nantes, INSERM, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, 44093, Nantes, France
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74
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Pillay LM, Selland LG, Fleisch VC, Leighton PLA, Cheng CS, Famulski JK, Ritzel RG, March LD, Wang H, Allison WT, Waskiewicz AJ. Evaluating the mutagenic activity of targeted endonucleases containing a Sharkey FokI cleavage domain variant in zebrafish. Zebrafish 2013; 10:353-64. [PMID: 23781947 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2012.0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic targeted endonucleases such as zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) have recently emerged as powerful tools for targeted mutagenesis, especially in organisms that are not amenable to embryonic stem cell manipulation. Both ZFNs and TALENs consist of DNA-binding arrays that are fused to the nonspecific FokI nuclease domain. In an effort to improve targeted endonuclease mutagenesis efficiency, we enhanced their catalytic activity using the Sharkey FokI nuclease domain variant. All constructs tested display increased DNA cleavage activity in vitro. We demonstrate that one out of four ZFN arrays containing the Sharkey FokI variant exhibits a dramatic increase in mutagenesis frequency in vivo in zebrafish. The other three ZFNs exhibit no significant alteration of activity in vivo. Conversely, we demonstrate that TALENs containing the Sharkey FokI variant exhibit absent or severely reduced in vivo mutagenic activity in zebrafish. Notably, Sharkey ZFNs and TALENs do not generate increased toxicity-related defects or mortality. Our results present Sharkey ZFNs as an effective alternative to conventional ZFNs, but advise against the use of Sharkey TALENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Pillay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Canada
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