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Grace PM, Shimizu K, Strand KA, Rice KC, Traystman RJ, Watkins LR, Herson PS. (+)-Naltrexone is neuroprotective and promotes alternative activation in the mouse hippocampus after cardiac arrest/cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 48:115-22. [PMID: 25774010 PMCID: PMC5548128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite dramatic improvement in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other techniques for cardiac arrest (CA), the majority of survivors continue to show signs of decreased memory or executive cognitive function. Such memory impairment may be due to hippocampal CA1 neuronal death, which is delayed by several days after CA/CPR. Classical microgliosis in the CA1 region may contribute to neuronal death, yet the role of a key activation receptor Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) has not been previously investigated for such neuronal death after CA/CPR. We show that (+)-naltrexone was neuroprotective after CA/CPR. TLR4 blockade was associated with decreased expression of markers for microglial/macrophage activation and T cell and B cell infiltration, as well as decreased pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Notably, IL-10 expression was elevated in response to CA/CPR, but was not attenuated by (+)-naltrexone, suggesting that the local monocyte/microglial phenotype had shifted towards alternative activation. This was confirmed by elevated expression of Arginase-1, and decreased expression of NFκB p65 subunit. Thus, (+)-naltrexone and other TLR4 antagonists may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to alleviate the substantial burden of memory or executive cognitive function impairment after CA/CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Grace
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Keith A. Strand
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Richard J. Traystman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Paco S. Herson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Teng X, Wei N, Chen H, Zhai K. RETRACTED ARTICLE: TN-2 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Induced Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons by Inhibiting TLR4-Mediated NF-κB and MAPK Pathways. J Mol Neurosci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0624-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zhao Y, Xin Y, Gao J, Teng RY, Chu HC. Analgesic effect of TAK-242 on neuropathic pain in rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:11202-11207. [PMID: 26379924 PMCID: PMC4565307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study investigated the analgesic effect of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) specific antagonist TAK-242 on neuropathic pain in rats and its underlying mechanism. METHODS A total of 132 adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: the sham operation group, the neuropathic pain model group, the TAK-242 low-dose treatment group, and the TAK-242 high-dose treatment group. The heat pain and mechanic pain thresholds of rats were detected on preoperative day 1 and postoperative days 1, 3, 7, and 10. The expression levels of IκBα, p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the spinal cord dorsal horn were detected on postoperative day 7 in one group of rats. RESULTS Compared with rats in the sham operation group, the heat pain and mechanic pain thresholds of the rats in the neuropathic pain model group significantly decreased; their expression levels of p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α significantly increased; and their expression level of IkBα significantly decreased. Compared with the neuropathic pain group, high doses of TAK-242 significantly inhibited the expression of p65, IL-1β, and TNF-α; significantly increased the expression level of IkBα; and upregulated the heat pain and mechanic pain thresholds. CONCLUSION TAK-242 might improve neuropathic pain through downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal HospitalQingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yang Teng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266000, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Chen Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdao 266000, P.R. China
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Selfridge BR, Wang X, Zhang Y, Yin H, Grace PM, Watkins LR, Jacobson AE, Rice KC. Structure-Activity Relationships of (+)-Naltrexone-Inspired Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Antagonists. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5038-52. [PMID: 26010811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of Toll-like receptors has been linked to neuropathic pain and opioid dependence. (+)-Naltrexone acts as a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist and has been shown to reverse neuropathic pain in rat studies. We designed and synthesized compounds based on (+)-naltrexone and (+)-noroxymorphone and evaluated their TLR4 antagonist activities by their effects on inhibiting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TLR4 downstream nitric oxide (NO) production in microglia BV-2 cells. Alteration of the N-substituent in (+)-noroxymorphone gave us a potent TLR4 antagonist. The most promising analog, (+)-N-phenethylnoroxymorphone ((4S,4aR,7aS,12bR)-4a,9-dihydroxy-3-phenethyl-2,3,4,4a,5,6-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuro[3,2-e]isoquinolin-7(7aH)-one, 1j) showed ∼75 times better TLR-4 antagonist activity than (+)-naltrexone, and the ratio of its cell viability IC50, a measure of its toxicity, to TLR-4 antagonist activity (140 μM/1.4 μM) was among the best of the new analogs. This compound (1j) was active in vivo; it significantly increased and prolonged morphine analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Selfridge
- †Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- ‡Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,§Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yingning Zhang
- ‡Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- §Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry the BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Peter M Grace
- ‡Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Linda R Watkins
- ‡Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Arthur E Jacobson
- †Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
| | - Kenner C Rice
- †Drug Design and Synthesis Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3373, United States
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Grace PM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Opioid-induced central immune signaling: implications for opioid analgesia. Headache 2015; 55:475-89. [PMID: 25833219 DOI: 10.1111/head.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite being the mainstay of pain management, opioids are limited in their clinical utility by adverse effects, such as tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia. Research of the past 15 years has extended beyond neurons, to implicate central nervous system immune signaling in these adverse effects. This article will provide an overview of these central immune mechanisms in opioid tolerance and paradoxical hyperalgesia, including those mediated by Toll-like receptor 4, purinergic, ceramide, and chemokine signaling. Challenges for the future, as well as new lines of investigation will be highlighted.
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Wang X, Wang X, Feng Y, Zhu M, Yin H, Guo Q, Meng X. A two-photon fluorescent probe for detecting endogenous hypochlorite in living cells. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:6613-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective two-photon fluorescent probe (HQ) for endogenous hypochlorite (ClO−) was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunming Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Chemical Biology Laboratory
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and BioFrontiers Institute
- University of Colorado at Boulder
- Boulder
- USA
| | - QingXiang Guo
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei
- China
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Activation of adult rat CNS endothelial cells by opioid-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces proinflammatory, biochemical, morphological, and behavioral sequelae. Neuroscience 2014; 280:299-317. [PMID: 25241065 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CNS immune signaling contributes to deleterious opioid effects including hyperalgesia, tolerance, reward, and dependence/withdrawal. Such effects are mediated by opioid signaling at toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), presumptively of glial origin. Whether CNS endothelial cells express TLR4 is controversial. If so, they would be well positioned for activation by blood-borne opioids, contributing to opioid-induced pro-inflammatory responses. These studies examined adult primary rat CNS endothelial cell responses to (-)-morphine or its mu opioid receptor (MOR)-inactive metabolite morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G), both known TLR4 agonists. We demonstrate that adult rat CNS endothelial cells express functional TLR4. M3G activated nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) mRNAs, and released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) from these cells. (-)-Morphine-induced upregulation of TNFα mRNA and PGE2 release were unmasked by pre-treatment with nalmefene, a MOR antagonist without TLR4 activity (unlike CTAP, shown to have both MOR- and TLR4-activity), suggestive of an interplay between MOR and TLR4 co-activation by (-)-morphine. In support, MOR-dependent Protein Kinase A (PKA) opposed TLR4 signaling, as PKA inhibition (H-89) also unmasked (-)-morphine-induced TNFα and COX2 mRNA upregulation. Intrathecal injection of CNS endothelial cells, stimulated in vitro with M3G, produced TLR4-dependent tactile allodynia. Further, cortical suffusion with M3G in vivo induced TLR4-dependent vasodilation. Finally, endothelial cell TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide and/or M3G was blocked by the glial inhibitors AV1013 and propentofylline, demonstrating endothelial cells as a new target of such drugs. These data indicate that (-)-morphine and M3G can activate CNS endothelial cells via TLR4, inducing proinflammatory, biochemical, morphological, and behavioral sequelae. CNS endothelial cells may have previously unanticipated roles in opioid-induced effects, in phenomena blocked by presumptive glial inhibitors, as well as TLR4-mediated phenomena more broadly.
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Bozza S, Campo S, Arseni B, Inforzato A, Ragnar L, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Moretti S, Oikonomous V, De Santis R, Carvalho A, Salvatori G, Romani L. PTX3 Binds MD-2 and Promotes TRIF-Dependent Immune Protection in Aspergillosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:2340-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jiang M, Xu X, Bi Y, Xu J, Qin C, Han M. Systemic inflammation promotes lung metastasis via E-selectin upregulation in mouse breast cancer model. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:789-96. [PMID: 24658642 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation might modulate the microenvironment in the lungs and promotes metastasis. E-selectin, an inflammation inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecule, has been reported to play an important role in homing metastatic cancer cells. To study the effects of E-selectin expression induced by systemic inflammation on breast cancer metastasis, we first treated BALB/c mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce systemic inflammation. Pulmonary tissues were analyzed by wet/dry ratio, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and immunohistochemistry. Then 4T1 cells were injected via tail vein. Lung surface metastasis was counted and detected by histological analysis. LPS-induced E-selectin expression and tumor cells adhesion were assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in sera were evaluated by ELISA. Our results showed that a significant increase in breast cancer metastasis to lungs was observed in LPS-treated mice vs. the PBS-treated mice, accompanying with an increased E-selectin expression in pulmonary tissue of LPS-treated mice. In vitro studies showed a significant elevation of E-selectin production in MPVECs which enhanced the adhesion activity of 4T1 cells. Treatment with anti-E-selectin antibody significantly reduced the development of metastasis in vivo, and significantly reduced the adhesion of 4T1 cells to MPVECs in vitro. Our results suggest that systemic inflammation may increase the expression of E-selectin which mediated the lung metastasis of breast cancer in mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jiang
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Xu
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
| | - Yuli Bi
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
| | - Jiying Xu
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
| | - Chengyong Qin
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
| | - Mingyong Han
- Cancer Therapy and Research Center; Shandong Provincial Hospital; Shandong University; Jinan, PR China
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Abstract
Reciprocal signalling between immunocompetent cells in the central nervous system (CNS) has emerged as a key phenomenon underpinning pathological and chronic pain mechanisms. Neuronal excitability can be powerfully enhanced both by classical neurotransmitters derived from neurons, and by immune mediators released from CNS-resident microglia and astrocytes, and from infiltrating cells such as T cells. In this Review, we discuss the current understanding of the contribution of central immune mechanisms to pathological pain, and how the heterogeneous immune functions of different cells in the CNS could be harnessed to develop new therapeutics for pain control. Given the prevalence of chronic pain and the incomplete efficacy of current drugs--which focus on suppressing aberrant neuronal activity--new strategies to manipulate neuroimmune pain transmission hold considerable promise.
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Abstract
The number of approved new molecular entity drugs has been decreasing as the pharmaceutical company investment in research and development is increasing. As we face this painful crisis, called an innovation gap, there is increasing awareness that development of new uses of existing drugs may be a powerful tool to help overcome this obstacle because it takes too long, costs too much and can be risky to release drugs developed de novo. Consequently, drug repositioning is emerging in different therapeutic areas, including the pain research area. Worldwide, pain is the main reason for seeking healthcare, and pain relief represents an unmet global clinical need. Therefore, development of analgesics with better efficacy, safety and cost effectiveness is of paramount importance. Despite the remarkable advancement in research on cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying pain pathophysiology over the past three decades, target-based therapeutic opportunities have not been pursued to the same extent. Phenotypic screening remains a more powerful tool for drug development than target-based screening so far. It sounds somewhat heretical, but some multi-action drugs, rather than very selective ones, have been developed intentionally. In the present review, we first critically discuss the utility of drug repositioning for analgesic drug development and then show examples of 'old' drugs that have been successfully repositioned or that are under investigation for their analgesic actions. We conclude that drug repositioning should be more strongly encouraged to help build a bridge between basic research and pain relief worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Francisco Silva Bastos
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, sala O4-202, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31.270-901, Brazil,
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