51
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Freischmidt A, Müller K, Zondler L, Weydt P, Mayer B, von Arnim CAF, Hübers A, Dorst J, Otto M, Holzmann K, Ludolph AC, Danzer KM, Weishaupt JH. Serum microRNAs in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2660.e15-20. [PMID: 26142125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and specific mircoRNA "fingerprints" are thought to contribute to and/or reflect certain disease conditions. Recently, we identified surprisingly homogeneous signatures of circulating miRNAs in the serum of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, which were already present in presymptomatic carriers of ALS gene mutations. Here, we characterize circulating miRNAs in the serum of sporadic ALS patients. We show that, in contrast to familial ALS, miRNA signatures of sporadic ALS are highly heterogeneous suggesting a number of different etiologies. Nevertheless, 2 miRNAs, miR-1234-3p and miR-1825, could be identified to be consistently downregulated in sporadic ALS. Bioinformatic analysis revealed miRNA fingerprints resembling those of familial ALS patients and mutation carriers in 61% of sporadic ALS patients, while the remaining subgroup had clearly different miRNA signatures. These data support a higher than expected contribution of genetic factors also to sporadic ALS. Moreover, our results indicate a more heterogeneous molecular etiology of sporadic ALS compared with (mono)genic cases, which should be considered for the development of disease modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Zondler
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Weydt
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Holzmann
- Genomics-Core Facility, University Hospital Ulm, Center for Biomedical Research, Ulm, Germany
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52
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Saugstad JA. Non-Coding RNAs in Stroke and Neuroprotection. Front Neurol 2015; 6:50. [PMID: 25821444 PMCID: PMC4358219 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review will focus on the current state of knowledge regarding non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) in stroke and neuroprotection. There will be a brief introduction to microRNAs (miRNA), long ncRNAs (lncRNA), and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNA), followed by evidence for the regulation of ncRNAs in ischemia. This review will also discuss the effect of neuroprotection induced by a sublethal duration of ischemia or other stimuli given before a stroke (preconditioning) on miRNA expression and the role of miRNAs in preconditioning-induced neuroprotection. Experimental manipulation of miRNAs and/or their targets to induce pre- or post-stroke protection will also be presented, as well as discussion on miRNA responses to current post-stroke therapies. This review will conclude with a brief discussion of future directions for ncRNAs studies in stroke, such as new approaches to model complex ncRNA datasets, challenges in ncRNA studies, and the impact of extracellular RNAs on human diseases such as stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University , Portland, OR , USA
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53
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Tobin MK, Bonds JA, Minshall RD, Pelligrino DA, Testai FD, Lazarov O. Neurogenesis and inflammation after ischemic stroke: what is known and where we go from here. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1573-84. [PMID: 25074747 PMCID: PMC4269726 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review covers the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and future directions regarding therapeutic options after injury. Ischemic stroke is a devastating disease process affecting millions of people worldwide every year. The mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of stroke are not fully understood but there is increasing evidence demonstrating the contribution of inflammation to the drastic changes after cerebral ischemia. This inflammation not only immediately affects the infarcted tissue but also causes long-term damage in the ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the interaction between inflammation and subsequent neurogenesis is not well understood but the close relationship between these two processes has garnered significant interest in the last decade or so. Current approved therapy for stroke involving pharmacological thrombolysis is limited in its efficacy and new treatment strategies need to be investigated. Research aimed at new therapies is largely about transplantation of neural stem cells and using endogenous progenitor cells to promote brain repair. By understanding the interaction between inflammation and neurogenesis, new potential therapies could be developed to further establish brain repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew K Tobin
- 1] Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [3] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacqueline A Bonds
- 1] Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Richard D Minshall
- 1] Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA [2] Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale A Pelligrino
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Fernando D Testai
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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54
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Freischmidt A, Müller K, Zondler L, Weydt P, Volk AE, Božič AL, Walter M, Bonin M, Mayer B, von Arnim CAF, Otto M, Dieterich C, Holzmann K, Andersen PM, Ludolph AC, Danzer KM, Weishaupt JH. Serum microRNAs in patients with genetic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and pre-manifest mutation carriers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2938-50. [PMID: 25193138 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about the nature of pathomolecular alterations preceding onset of symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is largely lacking. It could not only pave the way for the discovery of valuable therapeutic targets but might also govern future concepts of pre-manifest disease modifying treatments. MicroRNAs are central regulators of transcriptome plasticity and participate in pathogenic cascades and/or mirror cellular adaptation to insults. We obtained comprehensive expression profiles of microRNAs in the serum of patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asymptomatic mutation carriers and healthy control subjects. We observed a strikingly homogenous microRNA profile in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis that was largely independent from the underlying disease gene. Moreover, we identified 24 significantly downregulated microRNAs in pre-manifest amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutation carriers up to two decades or more before the estimated time window of disease onset; 91.7% of the downregulated microRNAs in mutation carriers overlapped with the patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Bioinformatic analysis revealed a consensus sequence motif present in the vast majority of downregulated microRNAs identified in this study. Our data thus suggest specific common denominators regarding molecular pathogenesis of different amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genes. We describe the earliest pathomolecular alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mutation carriers known to date, which provide a basis for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and strongly argue for studies evaluating presymptomatic disease-modifying treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Zondler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Patrick Weydt
- 1 Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Walter
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Bonin
- 4 Department of Medical Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mayer
- 5 Institute for Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- 1 Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Karlheinz Holzmann
- 6 Genomics-Core Facility, University Hospital Ulm, Centre for Biomedical Research, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter M Andersen
- 1 Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany 7 The Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden 8 Virtual Helmholtz Institute RNA dysmetabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Fronto-temporal Dementia, Germany
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- 1 Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany 8 Virtual Helmholtz Institute RNA dysmetabolism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Fronto-temporal Dementia, Germany
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55
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Merson TD, Bourne JA. Endogenous neurogenesis following ischaemic brain injury: insights for therapeutic strategies. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 56:4-19. [PMID: 25128862 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is among the most common yet most intractable types of central nervous system (CNS) injury in the adult human population. In the acute stages of disease, neurons in the ischaemic lesion rapidly die and other neuronal populations in the ischaemic penumbra are vulnerable to secondary injury. Multiple parallel approaches are being investigated to develop neuroprotective, reparative and regenerative strategies for the treatment of stroke. Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischaemia initiates an endogenous regenerative response within the adult brain that potentiates adult neurogenesis from populations of neural stem and progenitor cells. A major research focus has been to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the potentiation of adult neurogenesis and to appreciate how interventions designed to modulate these processes could enhance neural regeneration in the post-ischaemic brain. In this review, we highlight recent advances over the last 5 years that help unravel the cellular and molecular mechanisms that potentiate endogenous neurogenesis following cerebral ischaemia and are dissecting the functional importance of this regenerative mechanism following brain injury. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Regenerative Medicine: the challenge of translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias D Merson
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Building 75, Level 1 North STRIP 1, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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56
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Inhibition of Notch signaling facilitates the differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:291-8. [PMID: 24972705 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are becoming an appealing source of cell-based therapies of brain diseases. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of iPSCs toward NSCs. It is well known that Notch signaling governs the retention of stem cell features and drives stem cells fate. However, further studies are required to investigate the role of Notch signaling in the NSCs differentiation of iPSCs. In this study, we successfully generated NSCs from human iPSCs using serum-free medium supplemented with retinoic acid (RA) in vitro. We then assessed changes in the expression of Notch signaling-related molecules and some miRNAs (9, 34a, 200b), which exert their regulation by targeting Notch signaling. Moreover, we used a γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) to disturb Notch signaling. Data revealed that the levels of the Notch signaling-related molecules decreased, whereas those miRNAs increased, during this differentiation process. Inhibition of Notch signaling accelerated the formation of the neural rosette structures and the expression of NSC and mature neurocyte marker genes. This suggests that Notch signaling negatively regulated the neuralization of human iPSCs, and that this process may be regulated by some miRNAs.
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57
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Yin KJ, Hamblin M, Chen YE. Non-coding RNAs in cerebral endothelial pathophysiology: emerging roles in stroke. Neurochem Int 2014; 77:9-16. [PMID: 24704794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral vascular endothelial cells form the major element of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and constitute the primary interface between circulating blood and brain parenchyma. The structural and functional changes in cerebral endothelium during cerebral ischemia are well known to result in BBB disruption, vascular inflammation, edema, and angiogenesis. These complex pathological processes directly contribute to brain infarction, neurological deficits, and post-stroke neurovascular remodeling. Ischemic endothelial dysfunction appears to be tightly controlled by multiple gene signaling networks. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that are generally not translated into proteins but can actively regulate the expression and function of many thousands of protein-coding genes by different mechanisms. Various classes of ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), are highly expressed in the cerebrovascular endothelium where they serve as critical mediators to maintain normal cerebral vascular functions. Dysregulation of ncRNA activities has been closely linked to the pathophysiology of cerebral vascular endothelium and neurologic functional disorders in the brain's response to ischemic stimuli. In this review, we summarize recent advancements of these ncRNA mediators in the brain vasculature, highlighting the specific roles of endothelial miRNAs in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Milton Hamblin
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue SL83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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58
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Lusardi TA, Murphy SJ, Phillips JI, Chen Y, Davis CM, Young JM, Thompson SJ, Saugstad JA. MicroRNA responses to focal cerebral ischemia in male and female mouse brain. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:11. [PMID: 24574964 PMCID: PMC3920114 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke occurs with greater frequency in men than in women across diverse ethnic backgrounds and nationalities. Work from our lab and others have revealed a sex-specific sensitivity to cerebral ischemia whereby males exhibit a larger extent of brain damage resulting from an ischemic event compared to females. Previous studies revealed that microRNA (miRNA) expression is regulated by cerebral ischemia in males; however, no studies to date have examined the effect of ischemia on miRNA responses in females. Thus, we examined miRNA responses in male and female brain in response to cerebral ischemia using miRNA arrays. These studies revealed that in male and female brains, ischemia leads to both a universal miRNA response as well as a sexually distinct response to challenge. Target prediction analysis of the miRNAs increased in male or female ischemic brain reveal sex-specific differences in gene targets and protein pathways. These data support that the mechanisms underlying sexually dimorphic responses to cerebral ischemia includes distinct changes in miRNAs in male and female brain, in addition to a miRNA signature response to ischemia that is common to both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa A Lusardi
- Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
| | - Stephanie J Murphy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jay I Phillips
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yingxin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jennifer M Young
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
| | - Simon J Thompson
- Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute Portland, OR, USA
| | - Julie A Saugstad
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Portland, OR, USA
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59
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Zhang R, Chopp M, Zhang ZG. Oligodendrogenesis after cerebral ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:201. [PMID: 24194700 PMCID: PMC3810592 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle of adult rodent brain generate oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) that disperse throughout the corpus callosum and striatum where some of OPCs differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes. Studies in animal models of stroke demonstrate that cerebral ischemia induces oligodendrogenesis during brain repair processes. This article will review evidence of stroke-induced proliferation and differentiation of OPCs that are either resident in white matter or are derived from SVZ neural progenitor cells and of therapies that amplify endogenous oligodendrogenesis in ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital Detroit, MI, USA
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60
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Elder J, Cortes M, Rykman A, Hill J, Karuppagounder S, Edwards D, Ratan RR. The epigenetics of stroke recovery and rehabilitation: from polycomb to histone deacetylases. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:808-16. [PMID: 24092615 PMCID: PMC3805866 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0224-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical de-afferentation studies, as well as experience-dependent visual plasticity paradigms, have confirmed that both the developing and adult nervous system are capable of unexpected levels of plasticity. This capacity is underscored by the significant spontaneous recovery that can occur in patients with mild-to-moderate impairment following stroke. An evolving model is that an interaction of biological and environmental factors during all epochs post-stroke influences the extent and quality of this plasticity. Here, we discuss data that have implicated specific epigenetic proteins as integrators of environmental influences in 3 aspects of stroke recovery: spontaneous impairment reduction in humans; peri-infarct rewiring in animals as a paradigm for developing therapeutically-driven impairment reduction beyond natural spontaneous recovery; and, finally, classical hippocampal learning and memory paradigms that are theoretically important in skill acquisition for both impairment reduction and compensatory strategies in the rehabilitation setting. Our discussion focuses primarily on B lymphoma Mo-MLV1 insertion region proteins of the polycomb repressive complex, alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked chromatin remodeling factors, and the best known and most dynamic gene repressors, histone deacetylases. We will highlight exciting current data associated with these proteins and provide promising speculation about how they can be manipulated by drugs, biologics, or noninvasive stimulation for stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Elder
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Department of Epidemiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Mar Cortes
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Avrielle Rykman
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
| | - Justin Hill
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
- />Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Saravanan Karuppagounder
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Dylan Edwards
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
| | - Rajiv R. Ratan
- />Center for Stroke Recovery, Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, 785 Mamaroneck Avenue White Plains, New York, 10605 NY USA
- />Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
- />Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY USA
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