51
|
Bisseye C, Sanou M, Nagalo BM, Kiba A, Compaoré TR, Tao I, Simpore J. Epidemiology of syphilis in regional blood transfusion centres in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Pan Afr Med J 2013; 16:69. [PMID: 24711869 PMCID: PMC3976651 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2013.16.69.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Syphilis remains a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, including Burkina Faso. However, few published data are available on the prevalence of syphilis in the population. This study had two main objectives: to determine the seroprevalence of syphilis in a cohort of 37,210 first time blood donors and to study socio-demographic factors associated with the risk of infection by Treponema pallidum. METHODS Antibodies to Treponema pallidum were screened by using Reagin Rapid Test (RPR) and confirmed by treponema pallidum haemagglutination test (TPHA). RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of syphilis was 1.5% among first time blood donors and was significantly different between centers (p <0.001). The infection was significantly higher in men than women among blood donors in Ouagadougou and Fada N'gourma (P = 0.001 and P = 0.034). The overall seroprevalence of syphilis among blood donors was not associated with either age group or HIV status. In contrast, a significantly high seroprevalence of syphilis was observed in blood donors with HBsAg (P = 0.014) and anti-HCV (P = 0.007) positive. CONCLUSION Our report shows a low seroprevalence of syphilis in the representative sample of the population of Burkina Faso. The seroprevalence of syphilis remains unequally distributed between urban and rural areas and was not associated with HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Bisseye
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA)/ Labiogene, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Science and Technique of Masuku (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA)/ Labiogene, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alice Kiba
- National Transfusion centre, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Tegwindé Rebeca Compaoré
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA)/ Labiogene, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issoufou Tao
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA)/ Labiogene, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jacques Simpore
- Pietro Annigoni Biomolecular Research Centre (CERBA)/ Labiogene, University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Scherpenisse M, Schepp RM, Mollers M, Meijer CJLM, Berbers GAM, van der Klis FRM. Characteristics of HPV-specific antibody responses induced by infection and vaccination: cross-reactivity, neutralizing activity, avidity and IgG subclasses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74797. [PMID: 24058629 PMCID: PMC3776846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In order to assess HPV-specific IgG characteristics, we evaluated multiple aspects of the humoral antibody response that will provide insight in the HPV humoral immune response induced by HPV infection and vaccination. METHODS Cross-reactivity of HPV-specific antibodies induced by infection or vaccination was assessed with VLP16 or 18 inhibition using a VLP-based multiplex immunoassay (MIA) for HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52 and 58. HPV16/18 specific IgG1-4 subclasses and avidity were determined with the VLP-MIA in sera after HPV infection and after vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies were determined in a small subset of single-seropositive and multi-seropositive naturally derived antibodies. RESULTS Naturally derived antibodies from single-positive sera were highly genotype-specific as homologue VLP-inhibition percentages varied between 78-94%. In multi-positive sera, cross-reactive antibodies were observed both within and between α7 and α9 species. After vaccination, cross-reactive antibodies were mainly species-specific. Avidity of vaccine-derived HPV-specific antibodies was 3 times higher than that of antibodies induced by HPV infection (p<0.0001). IgG1 and IgG3 were found to be the predominant subclasses observed after HPV infection and vaccination. In the small subset tested, the number of single-positive sera with neutralizing capacity was higher than of multi-positive sera. CONCLUSION Naturally derived HPV-specific antibodies from single-positive samples showed different characteristics in terms of cross-reactivity and neutralizing capacity compared with antibodies from multi-positive sera. Post-vaccination, HPV antibody avidity was approximately 3 times higher than antibody avidity induced by HPV infection. Therefore, antibody avidity might be a potential surrogate of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Scherpenisse
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Rutger M. Schepp
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Madelief Mollers
- Department of Epidemiology and Surveillance, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guy A. M. Berbers
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R. M. van der Klis
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Veldhuijzen NJ, Van Steijn M, Nyinawabega J, Kestelyn E, Uwineza M, Vyankandondera J, Van De Wijgert JHHM. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections, genital symptoms and health-care seeking behaviour among HIV-negative female sex workers in Kigali, Rwanda. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 24:139-43. [DOI: 10.1177/0956462412472293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Timely diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is often hampered by the lack of symptoms, inadequate diagnostics and/or poor availability, accessibility and quality of treatment in resource-limited settings. Female sex workers (FSW) are highly vulnerable for HIV and key transmitters of STIs. Among FSW ( n = 400) participating in a prospective HIV incidence study in Kigali, Rwanda, only 15% (17/116) of women with laboratory-diagnosed non-ulcerative STIs at baseline reported symptoms. Only 27% (20/74) of women self-reporting genital symptoms sought care at enrolment, and 39% (46/117) of women with self-reported genital symptoms during follow-up. During focus group discussions, FSW considered treatment-seeking and partner notification important. Shame and feeling disrespected by doctors or other health-care workers were identified as barriers to seeking health care. A comprehensive STI control programme targeting both symptomatic and asymptomatic FSW should be considered in this setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Veldhuijzen
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Van Steijn
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Nyinawabega
- Projet Ubuzima, Rue Akagera 716, Kiyovu, PO Box 4560
| | - E Kestelyn
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Projet Ubuzima, Rue Akagera 716, Kiyovu, PO Box 4560
| | - M Uwineza
- Projet Ubuzima, Rue Akagera 716, Kiyovu, PO Box 4560
| | - J Vyankandondera
- Projet Ubuzima, Rue Akagera 716, Kiyovu, PO Box 4560
- Belgium Technical Cooperation, 41 Avenue Député Kayuku, PO Box 6089, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - J H H M Van De Wijgert
- Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Department of Global Health, and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development (AIGHD), PO Box 22700, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Projet Ubuzima, Rue Akagera 716, Kiyovu, PO Box 4560
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kirkcaldy RD, Zaidi A, Hook EW, Holmes KK, Soge O, del Rio C, Hall G, Papp J, Bolan G, Weinstock HS, Weinstock HS. Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance among men who have sex with men and men who have sex exclusively with women: the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, 2005-2010. Ann Intern Med 2013; 158:321-8. [PMID: 23460055 PMCID: PMC6697257 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-5-201303050-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonorrhea treatment has been complicated by antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonococcal fluoroquinolone resistance emerged more rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) than men who have sex exclusively with women (MSW). OBJECTIVE To determine whether N. gonorrhoeae urethral isolates from MSM were more likely than isolates from MSW to exhibit resistance to or elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobials used to treat gonorrhea. DESIGN 6 years of surveillance data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project. SETTING Publicly funded sexually transmitted disease clinics in 30 U.S. cities. PATIENTS Men with a total of 34 600 episodes of symptomatic urethral gonorrhea. MEASUREMENTS Percentage of isolates exhibiting resistance or elevated MICs and adjusted odds ratios for resistance or elevated MICs among isolates from MSM compared with isolates from MSW. RESULTS In all U.S. regions except the West, isolates from MSM were significantly more likely to exhibit elevated MICs of ceftriaxone and azithromycin than isolates from MSW (P < 0.050). Isolates from MSM had a high prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and tetracycline and were significantly more likely to exhibit antimicrobial resistance than isolates from MSW (P < 0.001). LIMITATIONS Sentinel surveillance may not be representative of all patients with gonorrhea. HIV status, travel history, and antimicrobial use data were missing for some patients. CONCLUSION Men who have sex with men are vulnerable to the emerging threat of antimicrobial-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Because antimicrobial susceptibility testing is not routinely done in clinical practice, clinicians should monitor for treatment failures among MSM diagnosed with gonorrhea. Strengthened prevention strategies for MSM and new antimicrobial treatment options are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Kirkcaldy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Chin CD, Cheung YK, Laksanasopin T, Modena MM, Chin SY, Sridhara AA, Steinmiller D, Linder V, Mushingantahe J, Umviligihozo G, Karita E, Mwambarangwe L, Braunstein SL, van de Wijgert J, Sahabo R, Justman JE, El-Sadr W, Sia SK. Mobile device for disease diagnosis and data tracking in resource-limited settings. Clin Chem 2013; 59:629-40. [PMID: 23327782 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2012.199596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collection of epidemiological data and care of patients are hampered by lack of access to laboratory diagnostic equipment and patients' health records in resource-limited settings. We engineered a low-cost mobile device that combines cell-phone and satellite communication technologies with fluid miniaturization techniques for performing all essential ELISA functions. METHODS We assessed the device's ability to perform HIV serodiagnostic testing in Rwanda and synchronize results in real time with electronic health records. We tested serum, plasma, and whole blood samples collected in Rwanda and on a commercially available sample panel made of mixed antibody titers. RESULTS HIV testing on 167 Rwandan patients evaluated for HIV, viral hepatitis, and sexually transmitted infections yielded diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 99%, respectively. Testing on 40 Rwandan whole-blood samples-using 1 μL of sample per patient-resulted in diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 100%. The mobile device also successfully transmitted all whole-blood test results from a Rwandan clinic to a medical records database stored on the cloud. For all samples in the commercial panel, the device produced results in agreement with a leading ELISA test, including detection of weakly positive samples that were missed by existing rapid tests. The device operated autonomously with minimal user input, produced each result 10 times faster than benchtop ELISA, and consumed as little power as a mobile phone. CONCLUSIONS A low-cost mobile device can perform a blood-based HIV serodiagnostic test with laboratory-level accuracy and real-time synchronization of patient health record data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis D Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
|
57
|
Neighborhood Co-regularized Multi-view Spectral Clustering of Microbiome Data. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-40705-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
58
|
The Intersection between Sex Work and Reproductive Health in Northern Karnataka, India: Identifying Gaps and Opportunities in the Context of HIV Prevention. AIDS Res Treat 2012; 2012:842576. [PMID: 23346390 PMCID: PMC3546443 DOI: 10.1155/2012/842576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To examine the reproductive health practices of female sex workers (FSWs) in the context of an HIV prevention program in Karnataka, India. Methods. Data obtained from a survey of 1,011 FSWs registered with an HIV prevention program. We examined reproductive health indicators, and performed multivariate logistic regression among primiparous FSWs to assess sex work during pregnancy and antenatal HIV testing. Results. Among primiparous FSWs (N = 251), 92.0% continued sex work during pregnancy, and 55.4% received antenatal HIV testing. A longer duration in sex work (AOR 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.5), rural residence (AOR 3.3, 95% CI: 1.2-8.9), and antenatal HIV testing (AOR 6.3, 95% CI: 2.0-20.1) were associated with continued sex work during pregnancy. Older FSWs (age >25 years, AOR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.05-0.33), who delivered at home (AOR 0.14, 95% CI: 0.09-0.34), were least likely to receive antenatal HIV testing. Antenatal HIV testing was associated with awareness of methods to prevent vertical HIV transmission (AOR 3.9, 95% CI: 1.9-14.1). Conclusions. Antenatal HIV testing remains low in the context of ongoing sex work during pregnancy. Existing HIV prevention programs are well positioned to immediately integrate reproductive health care with HIV interventions targeted to FSWs.
Collapse
|
59
|
Alcaide ML, Jones DL, Chitalu N, Weiss S. Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Infections in HIV-positive Women in Urban Lusaka, Zambia. J Glob Infect Dis 2012; 4:141-4. [PMID: 23055644 PMCID: PMC3459430 DOI: 10.4103/0974-777x.100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain an important public health issue in sub-Saharan Africa. STIs in HIV-positive women are associated not only with gynecological complications but with increased risk of HIV transmission to HIV-negative partners and newborns. AIMS The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence of chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (GC) and examine the demographic characteristics and risk behaviors associated with these STIs in a group of HIV-positive women in Lusaka, Zambia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Cross-sectional study of a sample of HIV-infected women enrolled in two large studies conducted in urban Lusaka, Zambia. MATERIALS AND METHODS HIV-seropositive women (n = 292) were assessed for demographic and behavioral risk factors and tested for CT and GC. Univariate analysis was used to determine the demographic characteristics and risk behaviors associated with having CT or GC. RESULTS The identified prevalence of CT was 1% and of GC was 1.4%. There was an association of CT/GC with the use of alcohol before sex (OR = 9.I, CI = 0.59-0.15, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Rates of CT and GC are described in this sample of HIV-positive women. While being in HIV care may serve to increase medical care and condom use, alcohol use should be addressed in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Alcaide
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Ingabire MC, Mitchell K, Veldhuijzen N, Umulisa MM, Nyinawabega J, Kestelyn E, Van Steijn M, Van De Wijgert J, Pool R. Joining and leaving sex work: experiences of women in Kigali, Rwanda. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2012; 14:1037-1047. [PMID: 22937751 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2012.713120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although sex work can bring significant economic benefit there are serious downsides, not least vulnerability to adverse sexual health outcomes. Focus-groups discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with 70 female sex workers to explore the context in which they started sex work, their motivations to leave, and their experiences of trying to leave. The pathway to becoming a sex worker was underscored by poverty, with disruptive events leading to increasing vulnerability and increasingly difficult life choices. A sizeable minority of women became sex workers while working as house-girls, a position associated with financial, physical and sexual vulnerability. The majority of participants were still working as sex workers, citing financial reasons for not leaving. Motivations to leave sex work included experiencing a frightening incident, peer pressure and concerns about dependent children. Those who left often described a change in their financial circumstances that enabled them to leave. Some had left but had returned to sex work following a financial crisis or because they found their new life too hard. House-girls are particularly vulnerable and therefore an appropriate focus for prevention. Programmes assisting women to leave need to include financial safety nets so that a time of financial difficulty does not necessitate a return to sex work.
Collapse
|
61
|
Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, Poteat T, Wirtz AL, Decker MR, Sherman SG, Kerrigan D. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2012; 12:538-49. [PMID: 22424777 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Female sex workers are a population who are at heightened risk of HIV infection secondary to biological, behavioural, and structural risk factors. However, three decades into the HIV pandemic, understanding of the burden of HIV among these women remains limited. We aimed to assess the burden of HIV in this population compared with that of other women of reproductive age. METHODS We searched PubMed, Embase, Global Health, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, and POPLine for studies of female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries published between Jan 1, 2007, and June 25, 2011. Studies of any design that measured the prevalence or incidence of HIV among female sex workers, even if sex workers were not the main focus of the study, were included. Meta-analyses were done with the Mantel-Haenszel method with a random-effects model characterising an odds ratio for the prevalence of HIV among female sex workers compared with that for all women of reproductive age. FINDINGS Of 434 selected articles and surveillance reports, 102 were included in the analyses, representing 99,878 female sex workers in 50 countries. The overall HIV prevalence was 11·8% (95% CI 11·6-12·0) with a pooled odds ratio for HIV infection of 13·5 (95% CI 10·0-18·1) with wide intraregional ranges in the pooled HIV prevalence and odds ratios for HIV infection. In 26 countries with medium and high background HIV prevalence, 30·7% (95% CI 30·2-31·3; 8627 of 28,075) of sex workers were HIV-positive and the odds ratio for infection was 11·6 (95% CI 9·1-14·8). INTERPRETATION Although data characterising HIV risk among female sex workers is scarce, the burden of disease is disproportionately high. These data suggest an urgent need to scale up access to quality HIV prevention programmes. Considerations of the legal and policy environments in which sex workers operate and actions to address the important role of stigma, discrimination, and violence targeting female sex workers is needed. FUNDING The World Bank, UN Population Fund.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Baral
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Veldhuijzen NJ, Braunstein SL, Vyankandondera J, Ingabire C, Ntirushwa J, Kestelyn E, Tuijn C, Wit FW, Umutoni A, Uwineza M, Crucitti T, van de Wijgert JHHM. The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection in HIV-positive and HIV-negative high-risk women in Kigali, Rwanda. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:333. [PMID: 22136570 PMCID: PMC3247865 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence, incidence and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types in sub-Saharan Africa are not well established. The objectives of the current study are to describe (predictors of) the epidemiology of HPV among high-risk women in Kigali, Rwanda. Methods HIV-negative, high-risk women were seen quarterly for one year, and once in Year 2. HIV serostatus, clinical, and behavioral information were assessed at each visit, HPV types at Month 6 and Year 2, and other sexually transmitted infections (STI) at selected visits. HPV prevalence was also assessed in HIV-positive, high-risk women. Results Prevalence of any HPV was 47.0% in HIV-negative women (median age 25 years) compared to 72.2% in HIV-positive women (median age 27 years; OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.9-4.6). Among HIV-negative women, cumulative incidence of high-risk (HR)-HPV was 28.0% and persistence 32.0% after a mean period of 16.6 and 16.9 months, respectively. Prior Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, concurrent low-risk (LR)-HPV infection and incident HSV-2 were associated with HR-HPV prevalence among HIV-negative women; prior C. trachomatis infection and co-infection with LR-HPV and HPV16-related HPV types with HR-HPV acquisition. HPV16-related types were the most prevalent and persistent. Conclusions High HPV prevalence, incidence and persistence were found among high-risk women in Kigali. HPV52 had the highest incidence; and, together with HPV33 and HPV58, were strongly associated with acquisition of other HR-HPV types in HIV-negative women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nienke J Veldhuijzen
- Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Sex Worker Studies: The Science, Semantics, and Politics of Targeting Our HIV Prevention Response. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38:395-7. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31820e6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|