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Jacobs GB, Laten A, van Rensburg EJ, Bodem J, Weissbrich B, Rethwilm A, Preiser W, Engelbrecht S. Phylogenetic diversity and low level antiretroviral resistance mutations in HIV type 1 treatment-naive patients from Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2008; 24:1009-12. [PMID: 18593350 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2008.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the HIV-1 pol gene from patients in Cape Town to determine the genetic diversity of HIV-1 in the region and to assess the baseline HIV-1 resistance level of treatment-naive patients. Plasma was collected prior to the national antiretroviral therapy (ART) program. RNA was extracted, followed by RT-PCR and automated DNA sequencing of the viral protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) coding region. Genotyping was done through phylogenetic analysis. The sequences were inspected for resistance-associated mutations against PR and RT inhibitors. A total of 140 pol sequences were analyzed, of which 133 (95%) belong to HIV-1 subtype C, five (3.6%) were subtype B, and one each was subtype G and CRF02_AG. Five sequences (3.6%) had resistance-associated mutations. These include three (2.1%) NNRTI mutations. With the progression of the national ART program, it is important to monitor the resistance profile of naive and treatment-experienced patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme B. Jacobs
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Laten
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Estrelita Janse van Rensburg
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Weissbrich
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Rethwilm
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Susan Engelbrecht
- Division of Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS) and University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa
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Bakkour N, Lin YL, Maire S, Ayadi L, Mahuteau-Betzer F, Nguyen CH, Mettling C, Portales P, Grierson D, Chabot B, Jeanteur P, Branlant C, Corbeau P, Tazi J. Small-molecule inhibition of HIV pre-mRNA splicing as a novel antiretroviral therapy to overcome drug resistance. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:1530-9. [PMID: 17967062 PMCID: PMC2042022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of multidrug-resistant viruses compromises antiretroviral therapy efficacy and limits therapeutic options. Therefore, it is an ongoing task to identify new targets for antiretroviral therapy and to develop new drugs. Here, we show that an indole derivative (IDC16) that interferes with exonic splicing enhancer activity of the SR protein splicing factor SF2/ASF suppresses the production of key viral proteins, thereby compromising subsequent synthesis of full-length HIV-1 pre-mRNA and assembly of infectious particles. IDC16 inhibits replication of macrophage- and T cell-tropic laboratory strains, clinical isolates, and strains with high-level resistance to inhibitors of viral protease and reverse transcriptase. Importantly, drug treatment of primary blood cells did not alter splicing profiles of endogenous genes involved in cell cycle transition and apoptosis. Thus, human splicing factors represent novel and promising drug targets for the development of antiretroviral therapies, particularly for the inhibition of multidrug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bakkour
- Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Yea-Lih Lin
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Genetique Humaine, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Sophie Maire
- Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Lilia Ayadi
- Université Henri Poincare-Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CNRS, UMR 7567, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | | | - Chi Hung Nguyen
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-chimie, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS-UMR 176, Orsay, France
| | - Clément Mettling
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Genetique Humaine, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Portales
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Genetique Humaine, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - David Grierson
- Laboratoire de Pharmaco-chimie, Institut Curie, Orsay, France
- CNRS-UMR 176, Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Département de Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Jeanteur
- Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
| | - Christiane Branlant
- Université Henri Poincare-Nancy I, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
- CNRS, UMR 7567, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Corbeau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Genetique Humaine, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UPR1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Jamal Tazi
- Université de Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Montpellier, France
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Soares EA, Santos AF, Sousa TM, Sprinz E, Martinez AM, Silveira J, Tanuri A, Soares MA. Differential drug resistance acquisition in HIV-1 of subtypes B and C. PLoS One 2007; 2:e730. [PMID: 17710130 PMCID: PMC1939879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subtype C is the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype in the world, mainly in countries with the highest HIV prevalence. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of antiretroviral therapy on this subtype. In southern Brazil, the first developing country to offer free and universal treatment, subtypes B and C co-circulate with equal prevalence, allowing for an extensive evaluation of this issue. Methods and Findings Viral RNA of 160 HIV-1+ patients was extracted, and the protease and reverse transcriptase genes were sequenced, subtyped and analyzed for ARV mutations. Sequences were grouped by subtype, and matched to type (PI, NRTI and NNRTI) and time of ARV exposure. Statistical analyses were performed to compare differences in the frequency of ARV-associated mutations. There were no significant differences in time of treatment between subtypes B and C groups, although they showed distinct proportions of resistant strains at different intervals for two of three ARV classes. For PI, 26% of subtype B strains were resistant, compared to only 8% in subtype C (p = 0.0288, Fisher's exact test). For NRTI, 54% of subtype B strains were resistant versus 23% of subtype C (p = 0.0012). Differences were significant from 4 years of exposure, and remained so until the last time point analyzed. The differences observed between both subtypes were independent of time under rebound viremia in cases of virologic failure and of the number of HAART regimens used by treated patients. Conclusions Our results pointed out to a lower rate of accumulation of mutations conferring resistance to ARV in subtype C than in subtype B. These findings are of crucial importance for current initiatives of ARV therapy roll-out in developing countries, where subtype is C prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda A.J.M. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André F.A. Santos
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiana M. Sousa
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Sprinz
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ana M.B. Martinez
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jussara Silveira
- Departamento de Patologia, Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Soares
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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