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Hesketh J, Fowler K, Reuter M. Genetic drift in antagonistic genes leads to divergence in sex-specific fitness between experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2013; 67:1503-10. [PMID: 23617925 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Males and females differ in their reproductive roles and as a consequence are often under diverging selection pressures on shared phenotypic traits. Theory predicts that divergent selection can favor the invasion of sexually antagonistic alleles, which increase the fitness of one sex at the detriment of the other. Sexual antagonism can be subsequently resolved through the evolution of sex-specific gene expression, allowing the sexes to diverge phenotypically. Although sexual dimorphism is very common, recent evidence also shows that antagonistic genetic variation continues to segregate in populations of many organisms. Here we present empirical data on the interaction between sexual antagonism and genetic drift in populations that have independently evolved under standardized conditions. We demonstrate that small experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster have diverged in male and female fitness, with some populations showing high male, but low female fitness while other populations show the reverse pattern. The between-population patterns are consistent with the differentiation in reproductive fitness being driven by genetic drift in sexually antagonistic alleles. We discuss the implications of our results with respect to the maintenance of antagonistic variation in subdivided populations and consider the wider implications of drift in fitness-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hesketh
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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52
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Corlatti L, Caroli M, Pietrocini V, Lovari S. Rutting behaviour of territorial and nonterritorial male chamois: Is there a home advantage? Behav Processes 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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53
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Festa-Bianchet M. The cost of trying: weak interspecific correlations among life-history components in male ungulates. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Life-history trade-offs are well known in female mammals, but have seldom been quantified for males in polygynous species. I compared age-specific mass, weapon size, survival, and reproductive success of males in eight species of ungulates, and found weak interspecific correlations among life-history traits. Young males tended to have higher reproductive success in rapidly-growing than in slow-growing species, and in species where horns or antlers reached near-asymptotic size over the first few years of life. There was no clear interspecific trade-off between early reproduction and early survival. Reproductive senescence was evident in most species. Generation length, calculated as the mean age of fathers, was negatively correlated with the reproductive success of young males and positively with life expectancy of 3-year-olds, but not with early mortality. The main determinant of male reproductive success in polygynous ungulates is the ability to prevail against competing males. Consequently, the number and age structure of competitors should strongly affect an individual’s ability to reproduce, making classic trade-offs among life-history traits very context-dependent. Most fitness costs of reproduction in male ungulates likely arise from energy expenditure and injuries sustained while attempting to mate. Individual costs may be weakly correlated with fitness returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de biologie et Centre d’Études Nordiques, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
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54
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Mullon C, Pomiankowski A, Reuter M. The effects of selection and genetic drift on the genomic distribution of sexually antagonistic alleles. Evolution 2012. [PMID: 23206133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01728.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual antagonism (SA) occurs when an allele that is beneficial to one sex, is detrimental to the other. This conflict can result in balancing, directional, or disruptive selection acting on SA alleles. A body of theory predicts the conditions under which sexually antagonistic mutants will invade and be maintained in stable polymorphism under balancing selection. There remains, however, considerable debate over the distribution of SA genetic variation across autosomes and sex chromosomes, with contradictory evidence coming from data and theory. In this article, we investigate how the interplay between selection and genetic drift will affect the genomic distribution of sexually antagonistic alleles. The effective population sizes can differ between the autosomes and the sex chromosomes due to a number of ecological factors and, consequently, the distribution of SA genetic variation in genomes. In general, we predict the interplay of SA selection and genetic drift should lead to the accumulation of SA alleles on the X in male heterogametic (XY) species and, on the autosomes in female heterogametic (ZW) species, especially when sexual competition is strong among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Mullon
- CoMPLEX, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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55
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Chirichella R, Ciuti S, Grignolio S, Rocca M, Apollonio M. The role of geological substrate for horn growth in ungulates: a case study on Alpine chamois. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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56
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Mills SC, Koskela E, Mappes T. Intralocus sexual conflict for fitness: sexually antagonistic alleles for testosterone. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 279:1889-95. [PMID: 22171083 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intralocus sexual conflict occurs when a trait encoded by the same genetic locus in the two sexes has different optima in males and females. Such conflict is widespread across taxa, however, the shared phenotypic traits that mediate the conflict are largely unknown. We examined whether the sex hormone, testosterone (T), that controls sexual differentiation, contributes to sexually antagonistic fitness variation in the bank vole, Myodes glareolus. We compared (opposite-sex) sibling reproductive fitness in the bank vole after creating divergent selection lines for T. This study shows that selection for T was differentially associated with son versus daughter reproductive success, causing a negative correlation in fitness between full siblings. Our results demonstrate the presence of intralocus sexual conflict for fitness in this small mammal and that sexually antagonistic selection is acting on T. We also found a negative correlation in fitness between parents and their opposite-sex progeny (e.g. father-daughter), highlighting a dilemma for females, as the indirect genetic benefits of selecting reproductively successful males (high T) are lost with daughters. We discuss mechanisms that may mitigate this disparity between progeny quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Mills
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014, Finland.
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57
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Tarof SA, Kramer PM, Tautin J, Stutchbury BJM. Effects of known age on male paternity in a migratory songbird. Behav Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arr188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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58
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Aloise King ED, Banks PB, Brooks RC. Sexual conflict in mammals: consequences for mating systems and life history. Mamm Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edith D. Aloise King
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney; New South Wales; 2052; Australia
| | - Peter B. Banks
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Sydney; Sydney; New South Wales; 2006; Australia
| | - Robert C. Brooks
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological; Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of New South Wales; Sydney; New South Wales; 2052; Australia
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59
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White KS, Pendleton GW, Crowley D, Griese HJ, Hundertmark KJ, Mcdonough T, Nichols L, Robus M, Smith CA, Schoen JW. Mountain goat survival in coastal Alaska: Effects of age, sex, and climate. J Wildl Manage 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jwmg.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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60
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Farrell ME, Briefer E, McElligott AG. Assortative mating in fallow deer reduces the strength of sexual selection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18533. [PMID: 21494678 PMCID: PMC3071821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Assortative mating can help explain how genetic variation for male quality is maintained even in highly polygynous species. Here, we present a longitudinal study examining how female and male ages, as well as male social dominance, affect assortative mating in fallow deer (Dama dama) over 10 years. Assortative mating could help explain the substantial proportion of females that do not mate with prime-aged, high ranking males, despite very high mating skew. We investigated the temporal pattern of female and male matings, and the relationship between female age and the age and dominance of their mates. RESULTS The peak of yearling female matings was four days later than the peak for older females. Younger females, and especially yearlings, mated with younger and lower-ranking males than older females. Similarly, young males and lower-ranking males mated with younger females than older males and higher-ranking males. Furthermore, the timing of matings by young males coincided with the peak of yearling female matings, whereas the timing of older male matings (irrespective of rank) coincided with the peak of older female matings. CONCLUSIONS Assortative mating, through a combination of indirect and/or direct female mate choice, can help explain the persistence of genetic variation for male traits associated with reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Farrell
- Hartpury College, University of the West of England, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Elodie Briefer
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G. McElligott
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Lewis Z, Wedell N, Hunt J. Evidence for strong intralocus sexual conflict in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Evolution 2011; 65:2085-97. [PMID: 21729062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01267.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Males and females share a genome and express many shared phenotypic traits, which are often selected in opposite directions. This generates intralocus sexual conflict that may constrain trait evolution by preventing the sexes from reaching their optimal phenotype. Furthermore, if present across multiple loci, intralocus sexual conflict can result in a gender load that may diminish the benefits of sexual selection and help maintain genetic variation for fitness. Despite the importance of intralocus sexual conflict, surprisingly few empirical studies conclusively demonstrate its operation. We show that the pattern of multivariate selection acting on three sexually dimorphic life-history traits (development time, body size, and longevity) in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, is opposing for the sexes. Moreover, we combined our estimates of selection with the additive genetic variance-covariance matrix (G) to predict the evolutionary response of the life-history traits in the sexes and showed that the angle between the vector of responses and the vector of sexually antagonistic selection was almost orthogonal at 84.70°. Thus, G biases the predicted response of life-history traits in the sexes away from the direction of sexually antagonistic selection, confirming the presence of strong intralocus sexual conflict in this species. Despite this, sexual dimorphism has evolved in all of the life-history traits examined suggesting that mechanism(s) have evolved to resolve this conflict and allow the sexes to reach their life-history optima. We argue that intralocus sexual conflict is likely to play an important role in the evolution of divergent life-history strategies between the sexes in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenobia Lewis
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, TR10 9EZ, UK
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62
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Ortego J, Yannic G, Shafer ABA, Mainguy J, Festa-Bianchet M, Coltman DW, Côté SD. Temporal dynamics of genetic variability in a mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) population. Mol Ecol 2011; 20:1601-11. [PMID: 21366746 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The association between population dynamics and genetic variability is of fundamental importance for both evolutionary and conservation biology. We combined long-term population monitoring and molecular genetic data from 123 offspring and their parents at 28 microsatellite loci to investigate changes in genetic diversity over 14 cohorts in a small and relatively isolated population of mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) during a period of demographic increase. Offspring heterozygosity decreased while parental genetic similarity and inbreeding coefficients (F(IS) ) increased over the study period (1995-2008). Immigrants introduced three novel alleles into the population and matings between residents and immigrants produced more heterozygous offspring than local crosses, suggesting that immigration can increase population genetic variability. The population experienced genetic drift over the study period, reflected by a reduced allelic richness over time and an 'isolation-by-time' pattern of genetic structure. The temporal decline of individual genetic diversity despite increasing population size probably resulted from a combination of genetic drift due to small effective population size, inbreeding and insufficient counterbalancing by immigration. This study highlights the importance of long-term genetic monitoring to understand how demographic processes influence temporal changes of genetic diversity in long-lived organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Ortego
- Département de biologie and Centre d'études nordiques, Université Laval, 1045 avenue de Médecine, Québec, Canada.
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63
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64
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Intra- and Intersexual Conflicts and Cooperation in the Evolution of Mating Strategies: Lessons Learnt From Ungulates. Evol Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-010-9105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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65
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Bergeron P, Baeta R, Pelletier F, Réale D, Garant D. Individual quality: tautology or biological reality? J Anim Ecol 2010; 80:361-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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66
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Shafer ABA, Côté SD, Coltman DW. HOT SPOTS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY DESCENDED FROM MULTIPLE PLEISTOCENE REFUGIA IN AN ALPINE UNGULATE. Evolution 2010; 65:125-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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67
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Charlesworth D, Mank JE. The birds and the bees and the flowers and the trees: lessons from genetic mapping of sex determination in plants and animals. Genetics 2010; 186:9-31. [PMID: 20855574 PMCID: PMC2940314 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.117697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify genetic markers in nonmodel systems has allowed geneticists to construct linkage maps for a diversity of species, and the sex-determining locus is often among the first to be mapped. Sex determination is an important area of study in developmental and evolutionary biology, as well as ecology. Its importance for organisms might suggest that sex determination is highly conserved. However, genetic studies have shown that sex determination mechanisms, and the genes involved, are surprisingly labile. We review studies using genetic mapping and phylogenetic inferences, which can help reveal evolutionary pattern within this lability and potentially identify the changes that have occurred among different sex determination systems. We define some of the terminology, particularly where confusion arises in writing about such a diverse range of organisms, and highlight some major differences between plants and animals, and some important similarities. We stress the importance of studying taxa suitable for testing hypotheses, and the need for phylogenetic studies directed to taxa where the patterns of changes can be most reliably inferred, if the ultimate goal of testing hypotheses regarding the selective forces that have led to changes in such an essential trait is to become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Charlesworth
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
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