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Citadini JM, Brandt R, Williams CR, Gomes FR. Evolution of morphology and locomotor performance in anurans: relationships with microhabitat diversification. J Evol Biol 2018; 31:371-381. [PMID: 29297953 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between morphology, performance, behavior and ecology provide evidence for multiple and complex phenotypic adaptations. The anuran body plan, for example, is evolutionarily conserved and shows clear specializations to jumping performance back at least to the early Jurassic. However, there are instances of more recent adaptation to habit diversity in the post-cranial skeleton, including relative limb length. The present study tested adaptive models of morphological evolution in anurans associated with the diversity of microhabitat use (semi-aquatic arboreal, fossorial, torrent, and terrestrial) in species of anuran amphibians from Brazil and Australia. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to determine which evolutionary models, including Brownian motion (BM) and Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) are consistent with morphological variation observed across anuran species. Furthermore, this study investigated the relationship of maximum distance jumped as a function of components of morphological variables and microhabitat use. We found there are multiple optima of limb lengths associated to different microhabitats with a trend of increasing hindlimbs in torrent, arboreal, semi-aquatic whereas fossorial and terrestrial species evolve toward optima with shorter hindlimbs. Moreover, arboreal, semi-aquatic and torrent anurans have higher jumping performance and longer hindlimbs, when compared to terrestrial and fossorial species. We corroborate the hypothesis that evolutionary modifications of overall limb morphology have been important in the diversification of locomotor performance along the anuran phylogeny. Such evolutionary changes converged in different phylogenetic groups adapted to similar microhabitat use in two different zoogeographical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Citadini
- Department of Physiology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R Brandt
- Department of Biology, FFCLRP/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - C R Williams
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - F R Gomes
- Department of Physiology, Bioscience Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Borzée A, Kim M, Kim JY, Kim T, Jang Y. Microhabitat use during brumation in the Japanese treefrog, Dryophytes japonicus. AMPHIBIA-REPTILIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15685381-17000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Although amphibians undergo drastic changes in physiology and behaviour before hibernation, this phase of their life cycle (i.e., brumation) is the least understood. We investigated the patterns of microhabitat use by Dryophytes japonicus during brumation using a Harmonic Direction Finder to track 27 adults in October 2013. Most frogs used chestnut trees throughout their diel cycle. The species was most active within the “leafy vegetation” microhabitat, moving about 2 m within 72 h on average, and mostly circa 10 AM. Frogs moved less in the four other microhabitats, with individuals moving between 1 m and 50 cm, typically during the early afternoon. Around 3 pm, the microhabitat mostly used was “on bark”, with displacements almost totally halted. The use of microhabitats and shelters, as well as movements in relation to time of day, suggests that D. japonicus displays behavioural thermoregulation during brumation. This research is the first providing insights in the brumation ecology of a non-freeze-resistant Palearctic anuran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaël Borzée
- 1School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826, Republic of Korea
- 2Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Kim
- 2Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- 2Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeho Kim
- 3Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yikweon Jang
- 2Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- 4Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
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Vimercati G, Davies SJ, Hui C, Measey J. Does restricted access limit management of invasive urban frogs? Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vidal-García M, Scott Keogh J. Phylogenetic conservatism in skulls and evolutionary lability in limbs - morphological evolution across an ancient frog radiation is shaped by diet, locomotion and burrowing. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:165. [PMID: 28693418 PMCID: PMC5504843 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0993-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantifying morphological diversity across taxa can provide valuable insight into evolutionary processes, yet its complexities can make it difficult to identify appropriate units for evaluation. One of the challenges in this field is identifying the processes that drive morphological evolution, especially when accounting for shape diversification across multiple structures. Differential levels of co-varying phenotypic diversification can conceal selective pressures on traits due to morphological integration or modular shape evolution of different structures, where morphological evolution of different modules is explained either by co-variation between them or by independent evolution, respectively. Methods Here we used a 3D geometric morphometric approach with x-ray micro CT scan data of the skull and bones of forelimbs and hindlimbs of representative species from all 21 genera of the ancient Australo-Papuan myobatrachid frogs and analysed their shape both as a set of distinct modules and as a multi-modular integrative structure. We then tested three main questions: (i) are evolutionary patterns and the amount and direction of morphological changes similar in different structures and subfamilies?, (ii) do skulls and limbs show different levels of integration?, and (iii) is morphological diversity of skulls and limbs shaped by diet, locomotion, burrowing behavior, and ecology?. Results Our results in both skulls and limbs support a complex evolutionary pattern typical of an adaptive radiation with an early burst of phenotypic variation followed by slower rates of morphological change. Skull shape diversity was phylogenetically conserved and correlated with diet whereas limb shape was more labile and associated with diet, locomotion, and burrowing behaviour. Morphological changes between different limb bones were highly correlated, depicting high morphological integration. In contrast, overall limb and skull shape displayed semi-independence in morphological evolution, indicating modularity. Conclusions Our results illustrate how morphological diversification in animal clades can follow complex processes, entailing selective pressures from the environment as well as multiple trait covariance with varying degrees of independence across different structures. We suggest that accurately quantifying shape diversity across multiple structures is crucial in order to understand complex evolutionary processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0993-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vidal-García
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - J Scott Keogh
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Moen DS, Wiens JJ. Microhabitat and Climatic Niche Change Explain Patterns of Diversification among Frog Families. Am Nat 2017; 190:29-44. [DOI: 10.1086/692065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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García-Navas V, Noguerales V, Cordero PJ, Ortego J. Phenotypic disparity in Iberian short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae): the role of ecology and phylogeny. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:109. [PMID: 28472922 PMCID: PMC5418863 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of model-based comparative techniques, disparity analyses and ecomorphological correlations constitutes a powerful method to gain insight into the evolutionary mechanisms that shape morphological variation and speciation processes. In this study, we used a time-calibrated phylogeny of 70 Iberian species of short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae) to test for patterns of morphological disparity in relation to their ecology and phylogenetic history. Specifically, we examined the role of substrate type and level of ecological specialization in driving different aspects of morphological evolution (locomotory traits, chemosensitive organs and cranial morphology) in this recent radiation. RESULTS We found a bimodal distribution of locomotory attributes corresponding to the two main substrate type guilds (plant vs. ground); plant-perching species tend to exhibit larger wings and thicker femora than those that remain on the ground. This suggests that life form (i.e., substrate type) is an important driving force in the evolution of morphological traits in short-horned grasshoppers, irrespective of ancestry. Substrate type and ecological specialization had no significant influence on head shape, a trait that showed a strong phylogenetic conservatism. Finally, we also found a marginal significant association between the length of antennae and the level of ecological specialization, suggesting that the development of sensory organs may be favored in specialist species. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence that even in taxonomic groups showing limited morphological and ecological disparity, natural selection seems to play a more important role than genetic drift in driving the speciation process. Overall, this study suggests that morphostatic radiations should not necessarily be considered as "non-adaptive" and that the speciation process can bind both adaptive divergence mechanisms and neutral speciation processes related with allopatric and/or reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente García-Navas
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092, Seville, Spain.
| | - Víctor Noguerales
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, E-13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cordero
- Grupo de Investigación de la Biodiversidad Genética y Cultural, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo 12, E-13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Ortego
- Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Avenida Américo Vespucio 26, E-41092, Seville, Spain
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Mazel F, Wüest RO, Gueguen M, Renaud J, Ficetola GF, Lavergne S, Thuiller W. The Geography of Ecological Niche Evolution in Mammals. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1369-1374. [PMID: 28457870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Convergent adaptive evolution of species' ecological niches-i.e., the appearance of similar niches in independent lineages-is the result of natural selection acting on niche-related species traits ("traits" hereafter) and contrasts with neutral evolution [1-4]. Although trait convergences are recognized as being of importance at the species scale, we still know little about the impact of species convergence on the overall trait and niche structure of entire biotas at large spatial scales [5]. Here, we map the convergent evolution of four traits (diet, body mass, activity cycle, and foraging strata) for mammal species and assemblages (defined at 200 × 200 km resolution) at a global scale. Using data on the geographic distributions, traits, and phylogenetic relationships of species and by comparing observed patterns of trait β-diversity to evolutionary neutral expectations, we show that trait convergence is not restricted to particular lineages but scales up to entire assemblages (i.e., whole species communities). We find region-wide biota convergence in traits between regions with similar climates, particularly between Australia and other continents. Pairs of assemblages that show trait divergence often involves Arctic regions where rapid evolutionary changes occurred in response to extreme climatic constraints. By integrating both macroecological and macroevolutionary approaches into a single framework, our study quantifies the crucial role of evolutionary processes such as natural selection in the spatial distribution and structure of large-scale species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mazel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Rafael O Wüest
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Landscape Dynamics, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Maya Gueguen
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gentile Francesco Ficetola
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France; Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sébastien Lavergne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), 38000 Grenoble, France
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Chakona A, Skelton PH. A review of the Pseudobarbus afer (Peters, 1864) species complex (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) in the eastern Cape Fold Ecoregion of South Africa. Zookeys 2017:109-140. [PMID: 28331412 PMCID: PMC5345373 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.657.11076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eastern Cape redfin, Pseudobarbus afer, has long been considered to be a single widespread and variable species occurring in multiple isolated river systems in the Cape Fold Ecoregion (CFE) at the southern tip of Africa. Mitochondrial cytochrome b and control region sequence data of individuals from populations currently assigned to Pseudobarbus afer across the species' distribution range revealed existence of four deeply divergent taxonomic units: (i) the Mandela lineage confined to the Sundays, Swartkops and Baakens river systems, (ii) the Krom lineage endemic to the Krom River system, (iii) the St Francis lineage occurring in the Gamtoos and adjacent river systems, and (iv) the Forest lineage occurring in several coastal river systems from the Tsitsikamma to the Klein Brak River system. The Forest lineage is closely related to Pseudobarbus phlegethon from the Olifants River system on the west coast of South Africa, suggesting that it does not belong to Pseudobarbus afer s.l. Herein we focus on the three lineages within the Pseudobarbus afer s.l. complex and provide new diagnosis for Pseudobarbus afer s.s (Mandela lineage), revalidate Pseudobarbus senticeps (Krom lineage) as a distinct species, and describe a new species Pseudobarbus swartzi (St Francis lineage). The three species exhibit subtle differences, which explains why they were previously considered to represent a single variable and widespread species. Pseudobarbus senticeps differs from both Pseudobarbus afer and Pseudobarbus swartzi by having fewer (i.e. larger) scales (25-33, mode 29 lateral line scale series; 10-12, mode 11 circumpeduncular scales) and presence of a lateral stripe which terminates in a conspicuous triangular blotch at the base of the caudal fin. Long barbels which reach or surpass the vertical through the posterior edge of the eye further separate Pseudobarbus senticeps from Pseudobarbus afer s.s. which possesses simple short barbels which do not reach the vertical through the posterior margin of the eye. Pseudobarbus afer s.s differs from Pseudobarbus swartzisp. n. by possession of fewer scale rows along the lateral line (29-35, mode 32 vs 34-37, mode 36 in Pseudobarbus swartzi), fewer scales around the caudal peduncle (12-16, mode 12 vs 13-17, mode 16 in Pseudobarbus swartzi) and a distinct mesh or net-like pigmentation pattern on latero-ventral scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Chakona
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Paul H Skelton
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag 1015, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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Borzée A, Kim JY, DA Cunha MAM, Lee D, Sin E, Oh S, Yi Y, Jang Y. Temporal and spatial differentiation in microhabitat use: Implications for reproductive isolation and ecological niche specification. Integr Zool 2017; 11:375-87. [PMID: 27059098 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Niche differentiation enables ecologically similar species to coexist by lessening competition over food and/or shelters and may be critical for reproductive isolation between closely related species in close proximity. Because no extra traits need to evolve, spatial and temporal differentiation may readily take place to complement other isolating mechanisms. Two closely related treefrog species occur together in Korea: the endangered Hyla suweonensis and the widespread Hyla japonica. Advertisement calls are differentiated, but it is unclear whether call difference is sufficient for reproductive isolation. We tracked individuals of both species to study fine-scale differentiation in microhabitat use in the diel cycle of the breeding season using a harmonic direction finder. tracking male movement patterns of both species revealed spatial and temporal differentiation in microhabitat use for calling and resting during the breeding season. Males of both H. suweonensis and H. japonica occurred in all 5 microhabitats identified in this study: rice paddy, ground, buried, grass and bush. Both treefrog species showed general similarities in calling from rice paddies and resting in grass and bush. However, H. suweonensis moved into rice paddies and produced advertisement calls 3 h earlier than H. japonica. These differences likely minimize contact between the species and provide an additional isolating mechanism. In addition, the activity of H. suweonensis may be contributing to the decline of this species, as resting in grass would increase dangers from predatory birds and habitat disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaël Borzée
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Korea
| | - Jun Young Kim
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Donggeun Lee
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunchong Sin
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmin Oh
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonjung Yi
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Department of Life Sciences and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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Lyra ML, Haddad CFB, de Azeredo-Espin AML. Meeting the challenge of DNA barcoding Neotropical amphibians: polymerase chain reaction optimization and new COI primers. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:966-980. [PMID: 28029226 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amphibians are one of the most threatened vertebrate classes, yet at the same time new species are being described every year, demonstrating that the number of existing species is grossly underestimated. In groups such as amphibians, with high extinction rates and poorly known species boundaries, DNA barcoding is a tool that can rapidly assess genetic diversity and estimate species richness for prioritizing conservation decisions. However, reliable recovery of the 5' region of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene is critical for the ongoing effort to gather DNA barcodes for all amphibian species. Here, we provide new PCR conditions and tested new primers that increase the efficiency of barcode recovery in amphibians. We found that a low extension temperature for PCR cycles significantly improves the efficiency of amplification for all combinations of primers. Combining low PCR extension temperature and primers AnF1 + AnR1, we were able to recover COI sequences for 100% of the species analysed (N = 161), encompassing ~15% of the species known from Brazil (representing 77 genera and 23 families), which is an important improvement over previous studies. The preliminary assessment of species diversity suggested that number of species might be underestimated by about 25%. We conclude that DNA barcoding is an efficient, simple, and standardized protocol for identifying cryptic diversity in amphibians and advocate for its use in biodiversity inventories and across widespread populations within known species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Lyra
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Av. 24 A, No. 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-970, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Célio F B Haddad
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Rio Claro, Av. 24 A, No. 1515, Bela Vista, CEP 13506-970, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria L de Azeredo-Espin
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética and Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Cândido Rondon No. 400, CEP 13083-875, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Alarcón-Ríos L, Velo-Antón G, Kaliontzopoulou A. A non-invasive geometric morphometrics method for exploring variation in dorsal head shape in urodeles: sexual dimorphism and geographic variation inSalamandra salamandra. J Morphol 2017; 278:475-485. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Alarcón-Ríos
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas; Área de Ecología, Universidad de Oviedo; Oviedo Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biodiversidad (UMIB), CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo-Principado de Asturias; Mieres Spain
| | - Guillermo Velo-Antón
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão 7, Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigacão em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias de Vairão 7, Universidade do Porto; Vairão Portugal
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Constructing an Invasion Machine: The Rapid Evolution of a Dispersal-Enhancing Phenotype During the Cane Toad Invasion of Australia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156950. [PMID: 27658247 PMCID: PMC5033235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions can induce rapid evolutionary change. As cane toads (Rhinella marina) have spread across tropical Australia over an 80-year period, their rate of invasion has increased from around 15 to 60 km per annum. Toads at the invasion front disperse much faster and further than conspecifics from range-core areas, and their offspring inherit that rapid dispersal rate. We investigated morphological changes that have accompanied this dramatic acceleration, by conducting three-dimensional morphometric analyses of toads from both range-core and invasion-front populations. Morphology of heads, limbs, pectoral girdles and pelvic girdles differed significantly between toads from the two areas, ranging from 0.5% to 16.5% difference in mean bone dimensions between populations, with invasion-front toads exhibiting wider forelimbs, narrower hindlimbs and more compact skulls. Those changes plausibly reflect an increased reliance on bounding (multiple short hops in quick succession) rather than separate large leaps. Within an 80-year period, invasive cane toads have converted the basic anuran body plan – which evolved for occasional large leaps to evade predators – into a morphotype better-suited to sustained long-distance travel.
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Nowack C, Vences M. Ontogenetic Development of the Derived Olfactory System of the Mantellid Frog Mantidactylus betsileanus. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:943-50. [PMID: 27084295 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The nasal cavity of Mantidactylus betsileanus, a frog of the Madagascar-Comoroan endemic family Mantellidae, is characterized by a unique internal architecture. Unlike the state commonly observed in anurans, the two discernible olfactory subsystems of M. betsileanus (the main olfactory organ and the vomeronasal organ) are anatomically separated from each other, suggesting an enhanced functional differentiation. Here we evaluate the ontogenetic formation of this extraordinary anatomical state based on a histological study of a developmental series of M. betsileanus. The olfactory system of premetamorphic tadpoles, and most of its changes during metamorphosis, resembles that of other anurans. At the end of metamorphosis however, a growing obstruction of the passage between main olfactory organ and vomeronasal organ takes place, leading to the deviant morphological state previously described for adults. The late appearance of this atypical anatomical feature in the course of ontogeny agrees with the phylogenetic hypothesis of the observed obstruction representing a derived state for these frogs. From a functional point of view, the apparent autonomy of the vomeronasal organ is possibly linked to the presence of clade-specific femoral glands that are known to produce pheromones and that likewise are fully expressed in adults only. Anat Rec, 299:943-950, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Nowack
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, Kassel, 34132, Germany
| | - Miguel Vences
- Zoological Institute, Technical University of Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 4, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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Salgado-Salazar C, Rossman AY, Chaverri P. The genus Thelonectria (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota) and closely related species with cylindrocarpon-like asexual states. FUNGAL DIVERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-016-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Primates constitute one of the most diverse mammalian clades, and a notable feature of their diversification is the evolution of brain morphology. However, the evolutionary processes and ecological factors behind these changes are largely unknown. In this work, we investigate brain shape diversification of New World monkeys during their adaptive radiation in relation to different ecological dimensions. Our results reveal that brain diversification in this clade can be explained by invoking a model of adaptive peak shifts to unique and shared optima, defined by a multidimensional ecological niche hypothesis. Particularly, we show that the evolution of convergent brain phenotypes may be related to ecological factors associated with group size (e.g., social complexity). Together, our results highlight the complexity of brain evolution and the ecological significance of brain shape changes during the evolutionary diversification of a primate clade.
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Conradsen C, Walker JA, Perna C, McGuigan K. Repeatability of locomotor performance and of morphology – locomotor performance relationships. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2888-2897. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is good evidence that natural selection drives the evolution of locomotor performance, but the processes that generate among individual variation in locomotion, the substrate upon which selection acts, are relatively poorly understood. We measured prolonged swimming performance, Ucrit, and morphology in a large cohort (n=461) of wildtype zebrafish, Danio rerio, at ∼6 months and again at ∼9 months. Using mixed model analyses to estimate repeatability as the intraclass correlation coefficient, we determined that Ucrit was significantly repeatable (r = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.45 -0.64). Performance differences between the sexes (males 12% faster than females) and changes with age (decreasing 0.07% per day) both contributed to variation in Ucrit and, therefore, the repeatability estimate. Accounting for mean differences between sexes within the model decreased the estimate of Ucrit repeatability to 21% below the naïve estimate, while fitting age in the models increased the estimate to 14% above the naïve estimate. Greater consideration of factors such as age and sex is therefore necessary for the interpretation of performance repeatability in wild populations. Body shape significantly predicted Ucrit in both sexes in both assays, with the morphology – performance relationship significantly repeatable at the population level. However, morphology was more strongly predicative of performance in older fish, suggesting a change in the contribution of morphology relative to other factors such as physiology and behaviour. The morphology – performance relationship changed with age to a greater extent in males than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Conradsen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine 04103, USA
| | - Catherine Perna
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Katrina McGuigan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
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67
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Moen DS, Morlon H, Wiens JJ. Testing Convergence Versus History: Convergence Dominates Phenotypic Evolution for over 150 Million Years in Frogs. Syst Biol 2015; 65:146-60. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syv073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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68
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Encephalization and diversification of the cranial base in platyrrhine primates. J Hum Evol 2015; 81:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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69
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Perez SI, Rosenberger AL. The status of platyrrhine phylogeny: A meta-analysis and quantitative appraisal of topological hypotheses. J Hum Evol 2014; 76:177-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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70
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Morlon H, Kefi S, Martinez ND. Effects of trophic similarity on community composition. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1495-506. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Morlon
- Institut de Biologie; Ecole Normale Supérieure; UMR CNRS 8197, 46 rue d'Ulm Paris 75005 France
- Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées; Ecole Polytechnique; UMR CNRS 7641, Route de Saclay Palaiseau Cedex 91128 France
| | - Sonia Kefi
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; Université de Montpellier II; CNRS, IRD, CC 065; Place Eugène Bataillon; 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Neo D. Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary; University of Arizona; Tucson AZ 85721 USA
- Pacific Ecoinformatics and Computational Ecology Lab; Berkeley CA 94703 USA
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Pyron RA. Biogeographic Analysis Reveals Ancient Continental Vicariance and Recent Oceanic Dispersal in Amphibians. Syst Biol 2014; 63:779-97. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G Street NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
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