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Gonzalez AP, Pereyra VD, Milchev A, Zgrablich G. Kinetics of simple reactions in a dichotomic barrier model. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 75:3954-3957. [PMID: 10059773 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.75.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Privman V, Burgos E, Grynberg MD. Multiparticle reactions with spatial anisotropy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 52:1866-1870. [PMID: 9963605 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.52.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Piasecki J. Ballistic annihilation in a one-dimensional fluid. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1995; 51:5535-5540. [PMID: 9963287 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.51.5535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Saito Y, Müller-Krumbhaar H. Critical phenomena in morphology transitions of growth models with competition. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1995; 74:4325-4328. [PMID: 10058472 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.74.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Zumofen G, Klafter J. Reaction dynamics controlled by enhanced diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:5119-5122. [PMID: 9962599 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.5119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Alemany PA, Zanette DH, Wio HS. Time-dependent reactivity for diffusion-controlled annihilation and coagulation in two dimensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:3646-3655. [PMID: 9962419 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Privman V. Exact results for diffusion-limited reactions with synchronous dynamics. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 50:50-53. [PMID: 9961943 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.50.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Krapivsky PL. Diffusion-limited-aggregation processes with three-particle elementary reactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1994; 49:3233-3238. [PMID: 9961591 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.49.3233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Clément E, Kopelman R, Sander L. The diffusion-limited reaction A + A →0 in the steady state: influence of correlations in the source. Chem Phys 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(93)e0413-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Diffusion-limited binary reactions: the hierarchy of nonclassical regimes for random initial conditions. Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(93)85032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hoyuelos M, Mártin HO. Rate equation of the A+A-->A reaction with probability of reaction and diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:3309-3313. [PMID: 9960987 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.3309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Rodriguez MA, Abramson G, Wio HS, Bru A. Diffusion-controlled bimolecular reactions: Long- and intermediate-time regimes with imperfect trapping within a Galanin approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:829-836. [PMID: 9960664 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Privman V, Doering CR, Frisch HL. Crossover from rate-equation to diffusion-controlled kinetics in two-particle coagulation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:846-851. [PMID: 9960667 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Influence of external steady source structure on particle distributions and kinetics of diffusion-limited reactions. II. A + B → 0 simulations. Chem Phys 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(93)80003-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hoyuelos M, Mártin HO. Annihilation reactions in two-dimensional percolation clusters: Effects of short-range interactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 48:71-76. [PMID: 9960569 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.48.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Nagatani T. Crossover scaling in Scheidegger's river-network model. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:3896-3899. [PMID: 9960462 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.3896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kroon R, Fleurent H, Sprik R. Diffusion-limited exciton fusion reaction in one-dimensional tetramethylammonium manganese trichloride (TMMC). PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:2462-2472. [PMID: 9960278 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Agmon N. Competitive and noncompetitive reversible binding processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:2415-2429. [PMID: 9960273 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.2415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Krug J. Sandpiles and diffusion-limited reactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:730-732. [PMID: 9960053 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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Chopard B, Droz M, Karapiperis T, Rácz Z. Properties of the reaction front in a reversible A+B. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL PHYSICS, PLASMAS, FLUIDS, AND RELATED INTERDISCIPLINARY TOPICS 1993; 47:R40-R43. [PMID: 9960074 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.47.r40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Meakin P, Krug J. Scaling structure in simple screening models for columnar growth. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:4654-4660. [PMID: 9908681 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.4654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Leyvraz F, Redner S. Spatial structure in diffusion-limited two-species annihilation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 46:3132-3147. [PMID: 9908482 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.46.3132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Horsthemke W, Doering CR, Ray TS, Burschka MA. Fluctuations and correlations in a diffusion-reaction system: Unified description of internal fluctuations and external noise. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:5492-5503. [PMID: 9907647 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Argyrakis P, Kopelman R. Diffusion-controlled binary reactions in low dimensions: Refined simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1992; 45:5814-5819. [PMID: 9907683 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lin JC. Exact results for one-dimensional reversible coagulation in discrete spatial formalism. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1992; 45:3892-3895. [PMID: 9907437 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.45.3892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Frisch HL, Kimball JC. Some aspects of diffusion: fluctuations in reaction diffusion, and geometric influences in nonuniform media. Theor Chem Acc 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lin JC. Closure schemes for joint density functions in diffusion-limited reactions. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1991; 44:6706-6722. [PMID: 9905799 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.6706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Swartz MW, Peacock‐López E. Two‐dimensional reactive systems: Rapid bimolecular processes on spherical surfaces. J Chem Phys 1991. [DOI: 10.1063/1.460924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Sokolov IM, Schnörer H, Blumen A. Diffusion-controlled reaction A+B-->0 in one dimension: The role of particle mobilities and the diffusion-equation approach. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1991; 44:2388-2393. [PMID: 9906220 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.2388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Wio HS, Rodrguez MA, Briozzo CB, Pesquera L. Diffusion-limited reactions: Effect of strong space disorder on segregation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 44:R813-R816. [PMID: 9906102 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.44.r813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Lin JC. Symmetry between diffusion-limited coagulation and annihilation. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:5714-5716. [PMID: 9904890 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Havlin S, Kopelman R, Schoonover R, Weiss GH. Diffusive motion in a fractal medium in the presence of a trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:5228-5232. [PMID: 9904834 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Leyvraz F, Redner S. Spatial organization in the two-species annihilation reaction A+B-->0. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 66:2168-2171. [PMID: 10043408 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Sheu WS, Lindenberg K. Coagulation reaction in a one-dimensional gas. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1991; 43:4401-4405. [PMID: 9905544 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.43.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Kopelman R. Exciton microscopy and reaction kinetics in restricted spaces. BASIC LIFE SCIENCES 1991; 58:475-98; discussion 499-502. [PMID: 1811482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-7627-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development of a new biologically non-invasive ultraresolution light microscopy, based on combining the energy transfer "spectral ruler" method with the micro-movement technology employed in scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We use near-field scanning optical microscopy, with micropipettes containing crystals of energy packaging donor molecules in the tips that can have apertures below 5 nm. The excitation of these tips extends near field microscopy well beyond the 50 nm limit. The theoretical resolution limit for this spectrally sensitive light microscopy is well below 1 nm. Exciton microscopy is ideally suited for kinetic studies that are spatially resolved on the molecular scale, i.e., at a single molecule site. Moreover, the successful operation of the scanning exciton tip depends on an understanding of reaction kinetics in restricted spaces. In contrast to the many recent reviews on scanning tip microscopies, there is no adequate review of the recent revolutionary developments in the area of reaction kinetics in confined geometries. We thus attempt such a review in this paper. Reactions in restricted spaces rarely get stirred vigorously by convection and are thus often controlled by diffusion. Furthermore, the compactness of the Brownian motion leads to both anomalous diffusion and anomalous reaction kinetics. Elementary binary reactions of the type A + A----Products, A + B----Products and A + C----C + Products are discussed theoretically for both batch and steady-state conditions. The anomalous reaction orders and time exponents (for the rate coefficients) are discussed for various situations. Global and local rate laws are related to particle distribution functions. Only Poissonian distributions guarantee the classical rate laws. Reactant self-organization leads to interesting new phenomena. These are demonstrated by theory, simulations, and experiments. The correlation length of reactant production affects the self-ordering length-scale. These effects are demonstrated experimentally, including the stability of reactant segregation observed in chemical reactions in one-dimensional spaces, e.g., capillaries and microcapillaries. The gap between the reactant A (cation) and B (anion) actually increases in time, and extends over millimeters. Excellent agreement is found among theory, simulation, and experiment for the various scaling exponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kopelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Narasimhan SL. Aggregation due to anomalous transport of particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:6243-6244. [PMID: 9903912 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.6243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Sheu WS, Lindenberg K. Exact solution of the one-dimensional immobile trapping problem with and without sources. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 42:5025-5028. [PMID: 9904618 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.42.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
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Taitelbaum H, Havlin S, Weiss GH. Effects of hard-core interaction on nearest neighbor distances at a single trap for random walks and for diffusion processes. Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0301-0104(90)80055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Taitelbaum H, Kopelman R, Weiss GH, Havlin S. Statistical properties of nearest-neighbor distances at an imperfect trap. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:3116-3120. [PMID: 9903464 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.3116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Amar JG, Family F. Diffusion annihilation in one dimension and kinetics of the Ising model at zero temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:3258-3262. [PMID: 9903482 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Schnörer H, Kuzovkov V, Blumen A. Bimolecular annihilation reactions with immobile reactants. J Chem Phys 1990. [DOI: 10.1063/1.457972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Argyrakis P, Kopelman R. Nearest-neighbor distance distributions and self-ordering in diffusion-controlled reactions. II. A+B simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW A 1990; 41:2121-2126. [PMID: 9903323 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Argyrakis P, Kopelman R. Nearest-neighbor distance distributions and self-ordering in diffusion-controlled reactions. I. A+A simulations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1990; 41:2114-2120. [PMID: 9903322 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.41.2114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Doering CR, Burschka MA. Long crossover times in a finite system. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1990; 64:245-248. [PMID: 10041930 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Krug J, Meakin P. Microstructure and surface scaling in ballistic deposition at oblique incidence. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, GENERAL PHYSICS 1989; 40:2064-2077. [PMID: 9902364 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.40.2064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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Schnörer H, Kuzovkov V, Blumen A. Segregation in annihilation reactions without diffusion: Analysis of correlations. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 63:805-808. [PMID: 10041182 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.63.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Burschka MA, Doering CR, ben-Avraham D. Transition in the relaxation dynamics of a reversible diffusion-limited reaction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1989; 63:700-703. [PMID: 10041155 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.63.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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