51
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Abstract
Uncooled thermal imaging sensors in the LWIR (7.5 μm to 14 μm) have recently been developed for use with small RPAS. This study derives a new thermal imaging validation methodology via the use of a blackbody source (indoors) and real-world field conditions (outdoors). We have demonstrated this method with three popular LWIR cameras by DJI (Zenmuse XT-R, Zenmuse XT2 and, the M2EA) operated by three different popular DJI RPAS platforms (Matrice 600 Pro, M300 RTK and, the Mavic 2 Enterprise Advanced). Results from the blackbody work show that each camera has a highly linearized response (R2 > 0.99) in the temperature range 5–40 °C as well as a small (<2 °C) temperature bias that is less than the stated accuracy of the cameras. Field validation was accomplished by imaging vegetation and concrete targets (outdoors and at night), that were instrumented with surface temperature sensors. Environmental parameters (air temperature, humidity, pressure and, wind and gusting) were measured for several hours prior to imaging data collection and found to either not be a factor, or were constant, during the ~30 min data collection period. In-field results from imagery at five heights between 10 m and 50 m show absolute temperature retrievals of the concrete and two vegetation sites were within the specifications of the cameras. The methodology has been developed with consideration of active RPAS operational requirements.
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52
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Sunaga A, Saue T. Towards highly accurate calculations of parity violation in chiral molecules: relativistic coupled-cluster theory including QED-effects. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2021.1974592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayaki Sunaga
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Trond Saue
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantique, UMR 5626 CNRS–Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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53
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Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN. CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2018. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA 2021; 50:033105. [PMID: 36726646 PMCID: PMC9888147 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We report the 2018 self-consistent values of constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data of the International Science Council. The recommended values can also be found at physics.nist.gov/constants. The values are based on a least-squares adjustment that takes into account all theoretical and experimental data available through 31 December 2018. A discussion of the major improvements as well as inconsistencies within the data is given. The former include a decrease in the uncertainty of the dimensionless fine-structure constant and a nearly two orders of magnitude improvement of particle masses expressed in units of kg due to the transition to the revised International System of Units (SI) with an exact value for the Planck constant. Further, because the elementary charge, Boltzmann constant, and Avogadro constant also have exact values in the revised SI, many other constants are either exact or have significantly reduced uncertainties. Inconsistencies remain for the gravitational constant and the muon magnetic-moment anomaly. The proton charge radius puzzle has been partially resolved by improved measurements of hydrogen energy levels.
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54
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Abstract
We present a toolbox of microstrip building blocks for microwave atom chips geared towards trapped atom interferometry. Transverse trapping potentials based on the AC Zeeman (ACZ) effect can be formed from the combined microwave magnetic near fields of a pair or a triplet of parallel microstrip transmission lines. Axial confinement can be provided by a microwave lattice (standing wave) along the microstrip traces. Microwave fields provide additional parameters for dynamically adjusting ACZ potentials: detuning of the applied frequency to select atomic transitions and local polarization controlled by the relative phase in multiple microwave currents. Multiple ACZ traps and potentials, operating at different frequencies, can be targeted to different spin states simultaneously, thus enabling spin-specific manipulation of atoms and spin-dependent trapped atom interferometry.
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55
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Hecker F, Stubbe J, Bennati M. Detection of Water Molecules on the Radical Transfer Pathway of Ribonucleotide Reductase by 17O Electron-Nuclear Double Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7237-7241. [PMID: 33957040 PMCID: PMC8154519 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of water in biological proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) is emerging as a key for understanding mechanistic details at atomic resolution. Here we demonstrate 17O high-frequency electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) in conjunction with H217O-labeled protein buffer to establish the presence of ordered water molecules at three radical intermediates in an active enzyme complex, the α2β2 E. coli ribonucleotide reductase. Our data give unambiguous evidence that all three, individually trapped, intermediates are hyperfine coupled to one water molecule with Tyr-O···17O distances in the range 2.8-3.1 Å. The availability of this structural information will allow for quantitative models of PCET in this prototype enzyme. The results also provide a spectroscopic signature for water H-bonded to a tyrosyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hecker
- Max
Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - JoAnne Stubbe
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 20139, United States
| | - Marina Bennati
- Max
Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, Georg-August-University, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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56
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Tiesinga E, Mohr PJ, Newell DB, Taylor BN. CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2018. REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS 2021; 93:025010. [PMID: 36733295 PMCID: PMC9890581 DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.93.025010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the 2018 self-consistent values of constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data of the International Science Council (CODATA). The recommended values can also be found at physics.nist.gov/constants. The values are based on a least-squares adjustment that takes into account all theoretical and experimental data available through 31 December 2018. A discussion of the major improvements as well as inconsistencies within the data is given. The former include a decrease in the uncertainty of the dimensionless fine-structure constant and a nearly two orders of magnitude improvement of particle masses expressed in units of kg due to the transition to the revised International System of Units (SI) with an exact value for the Planck constant. Further, because the elementary charge, Boltzmann constant, and Avogadro constant also have exact values in the revised SI, many other constants are either exact or have significantly reduced uncertainties. Inconsistencies remain for the gravitational constant and the muon magnetic-moment anomaly. The proton charge radius puzzle has been partially resolved by improved measurements of hydrogen energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eite Tiesinga
- Joint Quantum Institute and Joint Center for Quantum Information and Computer Science, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Peter J. Mohr
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - David B. Newell
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Barry N. Taylor
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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57
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Mebelli M, Velliadou D, Assael MJ, Antoniadis KD, Huber ML. Reference Correlation for the Thermal Conductivity of Ethane-1,2-diol (Ethylene Glycol) from the Triple Point to 475 K and Pressures up to 100 MPa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS 2021; 42:10.1007/s10765-021-02904-y. [PMID: 37551302 PMCID: PMC10405737 DOI: 10.1007/s10765-021-02904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a new wide-ranging correlation for the thermal conductivity of ethane-1,2-diol (ethylene glycol) based on critically evaluated experimental data. The correlation is designed to be used with an existing equation of state, and it is valid from the triple point to 475 K, at pressures up to 100 MPa. The estimated uncertainty is 2.2 % (at the 95 % confidence level), except in the dilute-gas region which is estimated to be 20 %, as there are no measurements in this region for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mebelli
- Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Processes, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Danai Velliadou
- Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Processes, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Marc J Assael
- Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Processes, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Antoniadis
- Laboratory of Thermophysical Properties and Environmental Processes, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki 54636, Greece
| | - Marcia L Huber
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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58
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Wittmann JJ, Can TV, Eckardt M, Harneit W, Griffin RG, Corzilius B. High-precision measurement of the electron spin g factor of trapped atomic nitrogen in the endohedral fullerene N@C 60. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 290:12-17. [PMID: 29524757 PMCID: PMC5895517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The electronic g factor carries highly useful information about the electronic structure of a paramagnetic species, such as spin-orbit coupling and dia- or paramagnetic (de-)shielding due to local fields of surrounding electron pairs. However, in many cases, a near "spin-only" case is observed, in particular for light elements, necessitating accurate and precise measurement of the g factors. Such measurement is typically impeded by a "chicken and egg situation": internal or external reference standards are used for relative comparison of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) Larmor frequencies. However, the g factor of the standard itself usually is subject to a significant uncertainty which directly limits the precision and/or accuracy of the sought after sample g factor. Here, we apply an EPR reference-free approach for determining the g factor of atomic nitrogen trapped within the endohedral fullerene C60:N@C60 in its polycrystalline state by measuring the 1H NMR resonance frequency of dispersing toluene at room temperature. We found a value of g=2.00204(4) with a finally reached relative precision of ∼20 ppm. This accurate measurement allows us to directly compare the electronic properties of N@C60 to those found in atomic nitrogen in the gas phase or trapped in other solid matrices at liquid helium temperature. We conclude that spin-orbit coupling in N@C60 at room temperature is very similar in magnitude and of same sign as found in other inert solid matrices and that interactions between the quartet spin system and the C60 molecular orbitals are thus negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wittmann
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - T V Can
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Eckardt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - W Harneit
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany; Fachbereich Physik, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - R G Griffin
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - B Corzilius
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Biophysical Chemistry, and Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7-9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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59
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Lemmon EW, Huber ML. Revised Standardized Equation for Hydrogen Gas Densities for Fuel Consumption Applications. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2008; 113:341-50. [PMID: 27096133 PMCID: PMC4652867 DOI: 10.6028/jres.113.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An equation for the density of hydrogen gas has been developed that agrees with the current standard to within 0.01 % from 220 K to 1000 K with pressures up to 70 MPa, to within 0.01 % from 255 K to 1000 K with pressures to 120 MPa, and to within 0.1 % from 200 K to 1000 K up to 200 MPa. The equation is a truncated virial-type equation based on pressure and temperature dependent terms. The density uncertainty for this equation is the same as the current standard and is estimated to be 0.04 % (combined uncertainty with a coverage factor of 2) between 250 K and 450 K for all pressures, and 0.1 % for lower temperatures. Comparisons are presented with experimental data and with the full equation of state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric W. Lemmon
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3337
| | - Marcia L. Huber
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305-3337
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60
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Deutsch M. X-Ray Spectrometry of Copper: New Results on an Old Subject. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2004; 109:75-98. [PMID: 27366598 PMCID: PMC4849622 DOI: 10.6028/jres.109.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2003] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We review recent, and some less recent, measurements of several emission spectra of copper. The results are discussed with special emphasis on elucidating the structure of the Kα 1,2 and Kβ 1,3 diagram lines and their underlying transitions. These lines are found to contain ≈30 % contribution from 3d spectator hole transitions. Other multielectronic transitions, the 2p spectator hole (satellites) and 1s spectator hole (hypersatellites) transitions were also measured. They are discussed paying special attention to the evolution of the lineshapes and intensities from the excitation threshold to saturation. Trends in the measured quantities depending on the spectator hole's shell and subshell are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Deutsch
- Physics Dept., Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gann 52900,
Israel
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