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Pinard D, Mizrachi E. Unsung and understudied: plastids involved in secondary growth. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 42:30-36. [PMID: 29459221 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastids represent the only subcellular compartment where aromatic amino acid precursors for lignin can be synthesized during secondary growth in vascular plants. Despite this, aside from a general shared understanding that plastid-localized metabolism occurs during secondary growth, virtually no research has been performed on understanding their biology. Of particular importance will be insight into their ontogeny, morphology and ultrastructure, and (given the complex cytonuclear communication required) their nuclear-encoded and organellar-encoded regulation. Updating and integrating this knowledge will contribute to our fundamental understanding of a ubiquitous developmental process in vascular plants, and a major terrestrial carbon sink, as well as carbon-related plant biotechnology. Given available evidence, we propose a new name for a distinct plastid derivative-the 'xyloplast', is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desre Pinard
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Eshchar Mizrachi
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Pretoria 0028, South Africa.
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Li B, Tang M, Nelson A, Caligagan H, Zhou X, Clark-Wiest C, Ngo R, Brady SM, Kliebenstein DJ. Network-Guided Discovery of Extensive Epistasis between Transcription Factors Involved in Aliphatic Glucosinolate Biosynthesis. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:178-195. [PMID: 29317470 PMCID: PMC5810574 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants use diverse mechanisms influenced by vast regulatory networks of indefinite scale to adapt to their environment. These regulatory networks have an unknown potential for epistasis between genes within and across networks. To test for epistasis within an adaptive trait genetic network, we generated and tested 47 Arabidopsis thaliana double mutant combinations for 20 transcription factors, which all influence the accumulation of aliphatic glucosinolates, the defense metabolites that control fitness. The epistatic combinations were used to test if there is more or less epistasis depending on gene membership within the same or different phenotypic subnetworks. Extensive epistasis was observed between the transcription factors, regardless of subnetwork membership. Metabolite accumulation displayed antagonistic epistasis, suggesting the presence of a buffering mechanism. Epistasis affecting enzymatic estimated activity was highly conditional on the tissue and environment and shifted between both antagonistic and synergistic forms. Transcriptional analysis showed that epistasis shifts depend on how the trait is measured. Because the 47 combinations described here represent a small sampling of the potential epistatic combinations in this genetic network, there is potential for significantly more epistasis. Additionally, the main effect of the individual gene was not predictive of the epistatic effects, suggesting that there is a need for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Li
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Michelle Tang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Ayla Nelson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Hart Caligagan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Caitlin Clark-Wiest
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Richard Ngo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Siobhan M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Daniel J Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
- DynaMo Center of Excellence, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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