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Efficacy of Lytic Phage Cocktails on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Mixed-Species Planktonic Cultures and Biofilms. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050559. [PMID: 32443619 PMCID: PMC7291191 DOI: 10.3390/v12050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of phages in multispecies infections has been poorly examined. The in vitro lytic efficacies of phage cocktails AB-SA01, AB-PA01, which target Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, and their combination against their hosts were evaluated in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa mixed-species planktonic and biofilm cultures. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled P. aeruginosa PAO1 and mCherry-labelled S. aureus KUB7 laboratory strains and clinical isolates were used as target bacteria. During real-time monitoring using fluorescence spectrophotometry, the density of mCherry S. aureus KUB7 and GFP P. aeruginosa PAO1 significantly decreased when treated by their respective phage cocktail, a mixture of phage cocktails, and gentamicin. The decrease in bacterial density measured by relative fluorescence strongly associated with the decline in bacterial cell counts. This microplate-based mixed-species culture treatment monitoring through spectrophotometry combine reproducibility, rapidity, and ease of management. It is amenable to high-throughput screening for phage cocktail efficacy evaluation. Each phage cocktail, the combination of the two phage cocktails, and tetracycline produced significant biofilm biomass reduction in mixed-species biofilms. This study result shows that these phage cocktails lyse their hosts in the presence of non-susceptible bacteria. These data support the use of phage cocktails therapy in infections with multiple bacterial species.
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52
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RLP, a bacteriophage of the family Podoviridae, rescues mice from bacteremia caused by multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1289-1297. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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53
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Olender A, Bogut A, Magryś A, Tabarkiewicz J. Cytokine Levels in the In Vitro Response of T Cells to Planktonic and Biofilm Corynebacterium amycolatum. Pol J Microbiol 2019; 68:457-464. [PMID: 31880890 PMCID: PMC7260632 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2019-045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unravelling of the interplay between the immune system and non-diphtheria corynebacteria would contribute to understanding their increasing role as medically important microorganisms. We aimed at the analysis of pro- (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12p70) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines produced by Jurkat T cells in response to planktonic and biofilm Corynebacterium amycolatum. Two reference strains: C. amycolatum ATCC 700207 (R-CA), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (R-SA), and ten clinical strains of C. amycolatum (C-CA) were used in the study. Jurkat T cells were stimulated in vitro by the planktonic-conditioned medium (PCM) and biofilm-conditioned medium (BCM) derived from the relevant cultures of the strains tested. The cytokine concentrations were determined in the cell culture supernatants using the flow cytometry. The levels of the cytokines analyzed were lower after stimulation with the BCM when compared to the PCM derived from the cultures of C-CA; statistical significance (p < 0.05) was observed for IL-1β, IL-12 p70, and IL-10. Similarly, planktonic R-CA and R-SA stimulated a higher cytokine production than their biofilm counterparts. The highest levels of pro-inflammatory IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-12p70 were observed after stimulation with planktonic R-SA whereas the strongest stimulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 was noted for the BCM derived from the mixed culture of both reference species. Our results are indicative of weaker immunostimulatory properties of the biofilm C. amycolatum compared to its planktonic form. It may play a role in the persistence of biofilm-related infections. The extent of the cytokine response can be dependent on the inherent virulence of the infecting microorganism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bogut
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin , Lublin , Poland
| | - Jacek Tabarkiewicz
- Department of Human Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzeszów , Rzeszów , Poland
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54
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Magin V, Garrec N, Andrés Y. Selection of Bacteriophages to Control In Vitro 24 h Old Biofilm of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolated from Drinking and Thermal Water. Viruses 2019; 11:E749. [PMID: 31412645 PMCID: PMC6722843 DOI: 10.3390/v11080749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes public healthcare issues. In moist environments, this Gram-negative bacterium persists through biofilm-associated contamination on surfaces. Bacteriophages are seen as a promising alternative strategy to chemical biocides. This study evaluates the potential of nine lytic bacteriophages as biocontrol treatments against nine environmental P. aerginosa isolates. The spot test method is preliminarily used to define the host range of each virus and to identify their minimum infectious titer, depending on the strain. Based on these results, newly isolated bacteriophages 14.1, LUZ7, and B1 are selected and assessed on a planktonic cell culture of the most susceptible isolates (strains MLM, D1, ST395E, and PAO1). All liquid infection assays are achieved in a mineral minimum medium that is much more representative of real moist environments than standard culture medium. Phages 14.1 and LUZ7 eliminate up to 90% of the PAO1 and D1 bacterial strains. Hence, their effectiveness is evaluated on the 24 h old biofilms of these strains, established on a stainless steel coupon that is characteristic of materials found in thermal and industrial environments. The results of quantitative PCR viability show a maximum reduction of 1.7 equivalent Log CFU/cm2 in the coupon between treated and untreated surfaces and shed light on the importance of considering the entire virus/host/environment system for optimizing the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Magin
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Plateforme AQUASIM, 44300 Nantes, France.
- Institut Mines Télécom Atlantique, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Environnement Agro-alimentaire (UMR CNRS 6144), 44300 Nantes, France.
| | - Nathalie Garrec
- Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Plateforme AQUASIM, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Yves Andrés
- Institut Mines Télécom Atlantique, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés Environnement Agro-alimentaire (UMR CNRS 6144), 44300 Nantes, France
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55
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Big Impact of the Tiny: Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in Biofilms. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:739-752. [PMID: 31128928 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriophages (phages) have been shaping bacterial ecology and evolution for millions of years, for example, by selecting for defence strategies. Evidence supports that bacterial biofilm formation is one such strategy and that biofilm-mediated protection against phage infection depends on maturation and composition of the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, studies have revealed that phages can induce and strengthen biofilms. Here we review interactions between bacteria and phages in biofilms, discuss the underlying mechanisms, the potential of phage therapy for biofilm control, and emphasize the importance of considering biofilms in future phage research. This is especially relevant as biofilms are associated with increased tolerance towards antibiotics and are implicated in the majority of chronic infections.
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56
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Fleitas Martínez O, Cardoso MH, Ribeiro SM, Franco OL. Recent Advances in Anti-virulence Therapeutic Strategies With a Focus on Dismantling Bacterial Membrane Microdomains, Toxin Neutralization, Quorum-Sensing Interference and Biofilm Inhibition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:74. [PMID: 31001485 PMCID: PMC6454102 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance constitutes one of the major challenges facing humanity in the Twenty-First century. The spread of resistant pathogens has been such that the possibility of returning to a pre-antibiotic era is real. In this scenario, innovative therapeutic strategies must be employed to restrict resistance. Among the innovative proposed strategies, anti-virulence therapy has been envisioned as a promising alternative for effective control of the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. This review presents some of the anti-virulence strategies that are currently being developed, it will cover strategies focused on quench pathogen quorum sensing (QS) systems, disassemble of bacterial functional membrane microdomains (FMMs), disruption of biofilm formation and bacterial toxin neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmel Fleitas Martínez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Suzana Meira Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,S-inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
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57
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Geredew Kifelew L, Mitchell JG, Speck P. Mini-review: efficacy of lytic bacteriophages on multispecies biofilms. BIOFOULING 2019; 35:472-481. [PMID: 31144513 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2019.1613525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There is potential for phages to prevent and control bacterial biofilms, but few studies have examined the effect of phages on the multispecies biofilms that characterize most bacterial infections. This paper reviews the mechanism of action of phages, the evidence supporting the view that phage therapy will be effective against bacterial targets and the opposite viewpoint, phage application approaches, and the comparative advantage of phage therapy in multispecies biofilms. The few reports measuring the actions of lytic phages against multispecies biofilms are also reviewed. The authors are cautiously optimistic about the application of phages against their targets when in multispecies biofilms because some lysis mechanisms do not require species specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James G Mitchell
- a Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering , Bedford Park , South Australia
| | - Peter Speck
- a Flinders University, College of Science and Engineering , Bedford Park , South Australia
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58
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Fong SA, Drilling AJ, Ooi ML, Paramasivan S, Finnie JW, Morales S, Psaltis AJ, Vreugde S, Wormald PJ. Safety and efficacy of a bacteriophage cocktail in an in vivo model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sinusitis. Transl Res 2019; 206:41-56. [PMID: 30615845 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a bacterial pathogen that frequently displays antibiotic resistance. Its presence within the sinuses of chronic rhinosinusitis sufferers is associated with poorer quality of life. Obligately lytic bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect, replicate within, and lyse bacteria, causing bacterial death. The aims of this study were to assess the safety and efficacy of a PA phage cocktail (CT-PA) in a sheep model of rhinosinusitis. The sheep rhinosinusitis model was adapted to simulate PA infection in sheep frontal sinuses. To assess efficacy, after a 7-day biofilm formation period, sheep received twice-daily frontal trephine flushes of CT-PA or saline for 1 week. Biofilm quantitation on frontal sinus mucosa was performed using LIVE/DEAD BacLight staining. To assess safety, sheep received twice-daily frontal trephine flushes of CT-PA or vehicle control for 3 weeks. Blood and fecal samples were collected throughout treatment. Histopathology of frontal sinus, lung, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney tissue was performed. Sinus cilia were visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The Efficacy arm showed a statistically significant reduction in biofilm biomass with all concentrations of CT-PA tested (P < 0.05). Phage presence in sinuses was maintained for at least 16hours after the final flush. All Safety arm sheep completed 3 weeks of treatment. Phage was detected consistently in feces and sporadically in blood and organ samples. Histology and SEM of tissues revealed no treatment-related damage. In conclusion, CT-PA was able to decrease sinus PA biofilm at concentrations of 108-1010 PFU/mL. No safety concerns were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Fong
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amanda J Drilling
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mian Li Ooi
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sathish Paramasivan
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - John W Finnie
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Alkis J Psaltis
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah Vreugde
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter-John Wormald
- Department of Surgery - Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia.
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59
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Isolation and characterization of a bacteriophage and its potential to disrupt multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Microb Pathog 2019; 128:329-336. [PMID: 30682523 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A lytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteriophage, vB_PaeM_LS1, was isolated and characterized herein. To examine the eligibility of bacteriophage vB_PaeM_LS1 as a therapeutic bacteriophage, we analysed its genome and compared it to similar bacteriophages. Genome of bacteriophage vB_PaeM_LS1 consisted of a linear, double-stranded DNA molecule 66,095 bp in length and with 55.7% G + C content. Neighbor-joining analysis of the large subunit terminase showed that bacteriophage vB_PaeM_LS1 had similarity to the Pbunavirus genus. The potential of the lytic bacteriophage to disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms was assessed by scanning electron microscopy and bacterial counts. This study revealed that the bacteriophage vB_PaeM_LS1 with its lytic effect showed a high potential impact on the inhibition of the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation.
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60
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Castillo DE, Nanda S, Keri JE. Propionibacterium (Cutibacterium) acnes Bacteriophage Therapy in Acne: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2018; 9:19-31. [PMID: 30539425 PMCID: PMC6380980 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-018-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common dermatological disorder worldwide. It is a multifactorial disease that involves increased sebum production, hyperkeratinization of the pilosebaceous unit, Propionibacterium acnes (Cutibacterium acnes) colonization, and inflammation. The human skin microbiome hosts a wide variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. A delicate balance of these microorganisms is essential for the barrier function of the skin. Propionibacterium acnes represents nearly 90% of the human skin microbiome of healthy adults. Acne is a chronic recurrent disease that requires long-lasting treatment, which has led to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. New alternatives to traditional therapy are emerging, including antimicrobial peptides, natural engineered antibodies, and bacteriophages. Bacteriophages have been shown to play a role in human skin health and disease. There is evidence supporting phage therapy in many types of skin infections. P. acnes bacteriophages have been isolated and characterized. However, only a few in vitro studies have tested the ability of bacteriophages to kill P. acnes. Furthermore, there is no evidence on bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of acne in humans. In this review, we summarize the most recent evidence regarding P. acnes bacteriophages and the potential role of these bacteriophages in the treatment of acne. Further research on this field will provide the evidence to use phage therapy to decrease rates of antibiotic resistance and restore antibiotic susceptibility of P. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Castillo
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sonali Nanda
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jonette E Keri
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Miami Health Care System, Miami, FL, USA.
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61
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Taha M, Abdelbary H, Ross FP, Carli AV. New Innovations in the Treatment of PJI and Biofilms-Clinical and Preclinical Topics. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2018; 11:380-388. [PMID: 29926287 PMCID: PMC6105481 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-018-9500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication after total joint replacement. A main source for antibiotic tolerance and treatment failure is bacterial production of biofilm-a resilient barrier against antibiotics, immune system, and mechanical debridement. The purpose of this review is to explore some novel approaches to treat PJI and biofilm-related infections. RECENT FINDINGS Innovative treatment strategies of bacterial and biofilm infections revolve around (a) augmenting current therapies, such as improving the delivery and efficiency of conventional antibiotics and enhancing the efficacy of antiseptics and (b) administrating completely new therapeutic modalities, such as using immunotherapy, nanoparticles, lytic bacteriophages, photodynamic therapy, novel antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides. Several promising treatment strategies for PJI are available to be tested further. The next requirement for most of the novel treatments is reproducing their effects in clinically representative animal models of PJI against clinical isolates of relevant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Taha
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Abdelbary
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F Patrick Ross
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Alberto V Carli
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 E 70th St, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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62
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Maszewska A, Zygmunt M, Grzejdziak I, Różalski A. Use of polyvalent bacteriophages to combat biofilm ofProteus mirabiliscausing catheter-associated urinary tract infections. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:1253-1265. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Maszewska
- Department of Biology of Bacteria; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - M. Zygmunt
- Department of Biology of Bacteria; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - I. Grzejdziak
- Department of Biology of Bacteria; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - A. Różalski
- Department of Biology of Bacteria; Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection; University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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63
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Alves DR, Booth SP, Scavone P, Schellenberger P, Salvage J, Dedi C, Thet NT, Jenkins ATA, Waters R, Ng KW, Overall ADJ, Metcalfe AD, Nzakizwanayo J, Jones BV. Development of a High-Throughput ex-Vivo Burn Wound Model Using Porcine Skin, and Its Application to Evaluate New Approaches to Control Wound Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:196. [PMID: 29963501 PMCID: PMC6013584 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation in wounds is considered a major barrier to successful treatment, and has been associated with the transition of wounds to a chronic non-healing state. Here, we present a novel laboratory model of wound biofilm formation using ex-vivo porcine skin and a custom burn wound array device. The model supports high-throughput studies of biofilm formation and is compatible with a range of established methods for monitoring bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and gene expression. We demonstrate the use of this model by evaluating the potential for bacteriophage to control biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus, and for population density dependant expression of S. aureus virulence factors (regulated by the Accessory Gene Regulator, agr) to signal clinically relevant wound infection. Enumeration of colony forming units and metabolic activity using the XTT assay, confirmed growth of bacteria in wounds and showed a significant reduction in viable cells after phage treatment. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the growth of biofilms in wounds, and showed phage treatment could significantly reduce the formation of these communities. Evaluation of agr activity by qRT-PCR showed an increase in activity during growth in wound models for most strains. Activation of a prototype infection-responsive dressing designed to provide a visual signal of wound infection, was related to increased agr activity. In all assays, excellent reproducibility was observed between replicates using this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Alves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, United Kingdom.,The Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Booth
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,The Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Scavone
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pascale Schellenberger
- Electron Microscopy Imaging Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Salvage
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Dedi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Naing-Tun Thet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - A Toby A Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Keng W Ng
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Pharmacy, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D J Overall
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony D Metcalfe
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,The Blond McIndoe Research Foundation, Queen Victoria Hospital, East Grinstead, United Kingdom.,School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Nzakizwanayo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Brian V Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom.,The Queen Victoria Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom.,Department of Biology and Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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64
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Scarascia G, Yap SA, Kaksonen AH, Hong PY. Bacteriophage Infectivity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Saline Conditions. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:875. [PMID: 29770130 PMCID: PMC5942161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous member of marine biofilm, and reduces thiosulfate to produce toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. In this study, lytic bacteriophages were isolated and applied to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa in planktonic mode at different temperature, pH, and salinity. Bacteriophages showed optimal infectivity at a multiplicity of infection of 10 in saline conditions, and demonstrated lytic abilities over all tested temperature (25, 30, 37, and 45°C) and pH 6–9. Planktonic P. aeruginosa exhibited significantly longer lag phase and lower specific growth rates upon exposure to bacteriophages. Bacteriophages were subsequently applied to P. aeruginosa-enriched biofilm and were determined to lower the relative abundance of Pseudomonas-related taxa from 0.17 to 5.58% in controls to 0.01–0.61% in treated microbial communities. The relative abundance of Alphaproteobacteria, Pseudoalteromonas, and Planococcaceae decreased, possibly due to the phage-induced disruption of the biofilm matrix. Lastly, when applied to mitigate biofouling of ultrafiltration membranes, bacteriophages were determined to reduce the transmembrane pressure increase by 18% when utilized alone, and by 49% when used in combination with citric acid. The combined treatment was more effective compared with the citric acid treatment alone, which reported ca. 30% transmembrane pressure reduction. Collectively, the findings demonstrated that bacteriophages can be used as a biocidal agent to mitigate undesirable P. aeruginosa-associated problems in seawater applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giantommaso Scarascia
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Scott A Yap
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anna H Kaksonen
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Pei-Ying Hong
- Biological and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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65
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Rossitto M, Fiscarelli EV, Rosati P. Challenges and Promises for Planning Future Clinical Research Into Bacteriophage Therapy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Cystic Fibrosis. An Argumentative Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 29780361 PMCID: PMC5945972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although early aggressive and prolonged treatment with specific antibiotics can extend survival in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) colonized by opportunistic Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), antibiotics fail to eradicate the infecting multidrug-resistant (MDR) PA strains in CF. Century-long research has suggested treating patients with bacteriophages (phages, prokaryotic viruses) naturally hosted by bacteria. Although the only phage types used in therapy, lytic phages, lyse PA aggregated in biofilm matrix by depolymerase degrading enzymes, how they can effectively, safely, and persistently do so in patients with CF is unclear. Even though advanced techniques for formulating phage cocktails, training phages and collecting phage libraries have improved efficacy in vitro, whether personalized or ready-to-use therapeutic approaches or phages and antibiotics combined are effective and safe in vivo, and can reduce PA biofilms, remains debatable. Hence, to advance clinical research on phage therapy in clinical trials, also involving mucoid and non-mucoid multidrug-resistant PA in CF, and overcome problems in Western international regulations, we need reliable and repeatable information from experiments in vitro and in vivo on phage characterization, cocktail selection, personalized approaches, and phages combined with antibiotics. These findings, challenges, and promises prompted us to undertake this argumentative review to seek up-to-date information from papers describing lytic phage activity tested in vitro on PA laboratory strains, and PA strains from chronic infections including CF. We also reviewed in vivo studies on phage activity on pulmonary and non-pulmonary animal host models infected by laboratory or CF PA strains. Our argumentative review provides essential information showing that future phage clinical research in CF should use well-characterized and selected phages isolated against CF PA, tested in vitro under dynamic conditions in cocktails or combined with antibiotics, and in vivo on non-pulmonary and pulmonary host models infected with mucoid and non-mucoid CF MDR PA. Our findings should encourage pharmaceutical industries to conduct clinical trials in vitro and in vivo testing patented genomic engineered phages from phage libraries combined with antibiotics to treat or even prevent multidrug-resistant PA in CF, thus helping international regulatory agencies to plan future clinical research on phage therapy in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rossitto
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology, Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ersilia V. Fiscarelli
- Cystic Fibrosis Microbiology, Laboratory Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Rosati
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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66
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Abstract
The sequencing of phage genomes has become a routine procedure for phage characterization. The protocol presented here allows rapid isolation of DNA from a single phage plaque followed by building ready-to-sequence Illumina-compatible library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kot
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark.
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67
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Abedon ST. Bacteriophage-Mediated Biocontrol of Wound Infections, and Ecological Exploitation of Biofilms by Phages. BIOFILM, PILONIDAL CYSTS AND SINUSES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/15695_2018_110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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68
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Latz S, Krüttgen A, Häfner H, Buhl EM, Ritter K, Horz HP. Differential Effect of Newly Isolated Phages Belonging to PB1-Like, phiKZ-Like and LUZ24-Like Viruses against Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa under Varying Growth Conditions. Viruses 2017; 9:v9110315. [PMID: 29077053 PMCID: PMC5707522 DOI: 10.3390/v9110315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterize three phages (SL1 SL2, and SL4), isolated from hospital sewage with lytic activity against clinical isolates of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR-PA). The host spectrum ranged from 41% to 54%, with all three phages together covering 79% of all tested clinical isolates. Genome analysis revealed that SL1 (65,849 bp, 91 open reading frames ORFs) belongs to PB1-like viruses, SL2 (279,696 bp, 354 ORFs) to phiKZ-like viruses and SL4 (44,194 bp, 65 ORFs) to LUZ24-like viruses. Planktonic cells of four of five selected MDR-PA strains were suppressed by at least one phage with multiplicities of infection (MOIs) ranging from 1 to 10−6 for 16 h without apparent regrowth of bacterial populations. While SL2 was most potent in suppressing planktonic cultures the strongest anti-biofilm activity was observed with SL4. Phages were able to rescue bacteria-infected wax moth larvae (Galleria melonella) for 24 h, whereby highest survival rates (90%) were observed with SL1. Except for the biofilm experiments, the effect of a cocktail with all three phages was comparable to the action of the best phage alone; hence, there are no synergistic but also no antagonistic effects among phages. The use of a cocktail with these phages is therefore expedient for increasing host range and minimizing the development of phage resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Latz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Alex Krüttgen
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Helga Häfner
- Department of Infection Control and Infectious Diseases, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Peter Horz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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69
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Yu X, Xu Y, Gu Y, Zhu Y, Liu X. Characterization and genomic study of "phiKMV-Like" phage PAXYB1 infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13068. [PMID: 29026171 PMCID: PMC5638911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage PAXYB1 was recently isolated from wastewater samples. This phage was chosen based on its lytic properties against clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). In the present study, characterized PAXYB1, clarified its morphological and lytic properties, and analyzed its complete genome sequence. Based on the morphology of PAXYB1, it is a Podoviridae. The linear GC-rich (62.29%) double-stranded DNA genome of PAXYB1 is 43,337 bp including direct terminal repeats (DTRs) of 468 bp. It contains 60 open reading frames (ORFs) that are all encoded within the same strand. We also showed that PAXYB1 is a virulent phage and a new member of the phiKMV-like phages genus. Twenty-eight out of sixty predicted gene products (gps) showed significant homology to proteins of known function, which were confirmed by analyzing the structural proteome. Altogether, our work identified a novel lytic bacteriophage that lyses P. aeruginosa PAO1 and efficiently infects and kills several clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. This phage has potential for development as a biological disinfectant to control P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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70
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Pires DP, Melo L, Vilas Boas D, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J. Phage therapy as an alternative or complementary strategy to prevent and control biofilm-related infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 39:48-56. [PMID: 28964986 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The complex heterogeneous structure of biofilms confers to bacteria an important survival strategy. Biofilms are frequently involved in many chronic infections in consequence of their low susceptibility to antibiotics as well as resistance to host defences. The increasing need of novel and effective treatments to target these complex structures has led to a growing interest on bacteriophages (phages) as a strategy for biofilm control and prevention. Phages can be used alone, as a cocktail to broaden the spectra of activity, or in combination with other antimicrobials to improve their efficacy. Here, we summarize the studies involving the use of phages for the treatment or prevention of bacterial biofilms, highlighting the biofilm features that can be tackled with phages or combined therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Pires
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ldr Melo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - D Vilas Boas
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - S Sillankorva
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - J Azeredo
- CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO - Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
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71
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Matilla MA. A technology for the investigation of biofilm transmission under shearing pressures. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1451-1453. [PMID: 28840961 PMCID: PMC5658607 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a multifactorial and dynamic process. Stages of biofilm formation are highly regulated and include bacterial attachment to a target surface, formation of microcolonies, biofilm maturation and dispersion. This article highlights recent research by Gusnaniar et al., (2017) in which the authors develop a device to investigate bacterial biofilm transmission between surfaces under shearing pressures. The instrument can potentially be used to investigate the role of different genetic determinants and environmental cues on biofilm stability and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Matilla
- Department of Environmental Protection, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Prof. Albareda 1, Granada, 18008, Spain
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72
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Pires DP, Dötsch A, Anderson EM, Hao Y, Khursigara CM, Lam JS, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J. A Genotypic Analysis of Five P. aeruginosa Strains after Biofilm Infection by Phages Targeting Different Cell Surface Receptors. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1229. [PMID: 28713356 PMCID: PMC5492357 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance constitutes one of the most serious threats to the global public health and urgently requires new and effective solutions. Bacteriophages are bacterial viruses increasingly recognized as being good alternatives to traditional antibiotic therapies. In this study, the efficacy of phages, targeting different cell receptors, against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm and planktonic cell cultures was evaluated over the course of 48 h. Although significant reductions in the number of viable cells were achieved for both cases, the high level of adaptability of the bacteria in response to the selective pressure caused by phage treatment resulted in the emergence of phage-resistant variants. To further investigate the genetic makeup of phage-resistant variants isolated from biofilm infection experiments, some of these bacteria were selected for phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Whole genome sequencing was performed on five phage-resistant variants and all of them carried mutations affecting the galU gene as well as one of pil genes. The sequencing analysis further revealed that three of the P. aeruginosa PAO1 variants carry large deletions (>200 kbp) in their genomes. Complementation of the galU mutants with wild-type galU in trans restored LPS expression on the bacterial cell surface of these bacterial strains and rendered the complemented strains to be sensitive to phages. This provides unequivocal evidence that inactivation of galU function was associated with resistance to the phages that uses LPS as primary receptors. Overall, this work demonstrates that P. aeruginosa biofilms can survive phage attack and develop phage-resistant variants exhibiting defective LPS production and loss of type IV pili that are well adapted to the biofilm mode of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. Pires
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Andreas Dötsch
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erin M. Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Youai Hao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Cezar M. Khursigara
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Joseph S. Lam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, GuelphON, Canada
| | - Sanna Sillankorva
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do MinhoBraga, Portugal
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73
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Al-Wrafy F, Brzozowska E, Górska S, Gamian A. Pathogenic factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa – the role of biofilm in pathogenicity and as a target for phage therapy. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2017; 71:78-91. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<i>Pseudomonas</i> aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause several acute and chronic infections in humans, and it has become an important cause of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance. Biofilm represents an important virulence factor for these bacteria, plays a role in <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections and avoidance of immune defence mechanisms, and has the ability to protect the bacteria from antibiotics. Alginate, Psl and Pel, three exopolysaccharides, are the main components in biofilm matrix, with many biological functions attributed to them, especially with respect to the protection of the bacterial cell from antibiotics and the immune system. <i>Pseudomonas</i> infections, biofilm formation and development of resistance to antibiotics all require better understanding to achieve the best results using alternative treatment with phage therapy. This review describes the <i>P. aeruginosa</i> pathogenicity and virulence factors with a special focus on the biofilm and its role in infection and resistance to antibiotics and summarizes phage therapy as an alternative approach in treatment of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fairoz Al-Wrafy
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; Department of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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74
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Kwiatek M, Parasion S, Rutyna P, Mizak L, Gryko R, Niemcewicz M, Olender A, Łobocka M. Isolation of bacteriophages and their application to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa in planktonic and biofilm models. Res Microbiol 2016; 168:194-207. [PMID: 27818282 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is frequently identified as a cause of diverse infections and chronic diseases. It forms biofilms and has natural resistance to several antibiotics. Strains of this pathogen resistant to new-generation beta-lactams have emerged. Due to the difficulties associated with treating chronic P. aeruginosa infections, bacteriophages are amongst the alternative therapeutic options being actively researched. Two obligatorily lytic P. aeruginosa phages, vB_PaeM_MAG1 (MAG1) and vB_PaeP_MAG4 (MAG4), have been isolated and characterized. These phages belong to the PAK_P1likevirus genus of the Myoviridae family and the LIT1virus genus of the Podoviridae family, respectively. They adsorb quickly to their hosts (∼90% in 5 min), have a short latent period (15 min), and are stable during storage. Each individual phage propagated in approximately 50% of P. aeruginosa strains tested, which increased to 72.9% when phages were combined into a cocktail. While MAG4 reduced biofilm more effectively after a short time of treatment, MAG1 was more effective after a longer time and selected less for phage-resistant clones. A MAG1-encoded homolog of YefM antitoxin of the bacterial toxin-antitoxin system may contribute to the superiority of MAG1 over MAG4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kwiatek
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Parasion
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Paweł Rutyna
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Lidia Mizak
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Romuald Gryko
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Marcin Niemcewicz
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Lubelska Str. 2, 24-100 Puławy, Poland.
| | - Alina Olender
- Medical University of Lublin, Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, dr W. Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Łobocka
- Autonomous Department of Microbial Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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75
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Liu S, Gunawan C, Barraud N, Rice SA, Harry EJ, Amal R. Understanding, Monitoring, and Controlling Biofilm Growth in Drinking Water Distribution Systems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:8954-8976. [PMID: 27479445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution systems (DWDS), biofilms are the predominant mode of microbial growth, with the presence of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) protecting the biomass from environmental and shear stresses. Biofilm formation poses a significant problem to the drinking water industry as a potential source of bacterial contamination, including pathogens, and, in many cases, also affecting the taste and odor of drinking water and promoting the corrosion of pipes. This article critically reviews important research findings on biofilm growth in DWDS, examining the factors affecting their formation and characteristics as well as the various technologies to characterize and monitor and, ultimately, to control their growth. Research indicates that temperature fluctuations potentially affect not only the initial bacteria-to-surface attachment but also the growth rates of biofilms. For the latter, the effect is unique for each type of biofilm-forming bacteria; ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, for example, grow more-developed biofilms at a typical summer temperature of 22 °C compared to 12 °C in fall, and the opposite occurs for the pathogenic Vibrio cholerae. Recent investigations have found the formation of thinner yet denser biofilms under high and turbulent flow regimes of drinking water, in comparison to the more porous and loosely attached biofilms at low flow rates. Furthermore, in addition to the rather well-known tendency of significant biofilm growth on corrosion-prone metal pipes, research efforts also found leaching of growth-promoting organic compounds from the increasingly popular use of polymer-based pipes. Knowledge of the unique microbial members of drinking water biofilms and, importantly, the influence of water characteristics and operational conditions on their growth can be applied to optimize various operational parameters to minimize biofilm accumulation. More-detailed characterizations of the biofilm population size and structure are now feasible with fluorescence microscopy (epifluorescence and CLSM imaging with DNA, RNA, EPS, and protein and lipid stains) and electron microscopy imaging (ESEM). Importantly, thorough identification of microbial fingerprints in drinking water biofilms is achievable with DNA sequencing techniques (the 16S rRNA gene-based identification), which have revealed a prevalence of previously undetected bacterial members. Technologies are now moving toward in situ monitoring of biomass growth in distribution networks, including the development of optical fibers capable of differentiating biomass from chemical deposits. Taken together, management of biofilm growth in water distribution systems requires an integrated approach, starting from the treatment of water prior to entering the networks to the potential implementation of "biofilm-limiting" operational conditions and, finally, ending with the careful selection of available technologies for biofilm monitoring and control. For the latter, conventional practices, including chlorine-chloramine disinfection, flushing of DWDS, nutrient removal, and emerging technologies are discussed with their associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cindy Gunawan
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Nicolas Barraud
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics of Biofilms Unit, Institut Pasteur , Paris 75015, France
| | - Scott A Rice
- The Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering and School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 639798, Singapore
| | - Elizabeth J Harry
- ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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