51
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Ren L, Ren Q, Wang J, He Y, Deng H, Wang X, Liu C. miR-199a-3p promotes gastric cancer progression by promoting its stemness potential via DDR2 mediation. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110636. [PMID: 36813149 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peritoneal metastasis (PM) is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer (GC), however, the underlying mechanisms of PM occurrence remain unclear. METHOD The roles of DDR2 were investigated in GC and its potential relationship to PM, and orthotopic implants into nude mice were performed to assess the biological effects of DDR2 on PM. RESULTS Herein, DDR2 level is more significantly observed to elevate in PM lesion than the primary lesion. GC with DDR2-high expression evokes a worse overall survival (OS) in TCGA, similar results of the gloomy OS with high DDR2 levels are clarified via the stratifying stage of TNM. The conspicuously increased expression of DDR2 was found in GC cell lines, luciferase reporter assays verified that miR-199a-3p directly targeted DDR2 gene, which was correlated to tumor progression. We ulteriorly observed DDR2 participated in GC stemness maintenance via mediating pluripotency factor SOX2 expression and implicated in autophagy and DNA damage of cancer stem cells (CSCs). In particular, DDR2 dominated EMT programming through recruiting NFATc1-SOX2 complex to Snai1 in governing cell progression, controlling by DDR2-mTOR-SOX2 axis in SGC-7901 CSCs. Furthermore, DDR2 promoted the tumor peritoneal dissemination in gastric xenograft mouse model. CONCLUSION Phenotype screens and disseminated verifications incriminating in GC exposit the miR-199a-3p-DDR2-mTOR-SOX2 axis as a clinically actionable target for tumor PM progression. The herein-reported DDR2-based underlying axis in GC represents novel and potent tools for studying the mechanisms of PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ren
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Qiang Ren
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Hong Deng
- Department of General Surgery (Gastrointestinal Surgery), The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Inflammation and Allergic Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Inflammation and Allergic Research Unit, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China; Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Thalkirchner Str. 36, Munich 80336, Germany.
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52
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Baker IM, Smalley JP, Sabat KA, Hodgkinson JT, Cowley SM. Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis of Novel Class I HDAC Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs). Biochemistry 2023; 62:645-656. [PMID: 35948047 PMCID: PMC9910044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes;HDAC1,2 and 3 form the catalytic engine of at least seven structurally distinct multiprotein complexes in cells. These molecular machines play a vital role in the regulation of chromatin accessibility and gene activity via the removal of acetyl moieties from lysine residues within histone tails. Their inhibition via small molecule inhibitors has beneficial effects in a number of disease types, including the clinical treatment of hematological cancers. We have previously reported a library of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) incorporating a benzamide-based HDAC ligand (from CI-994), with an alkyl linker and ligand for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrade HDAC1-3 at submicromolar concentrations. Here we report the addition of two novel PROTACs (JPS026 and JPS027), which utilize a ligand for the cellular inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of E3 ligases. We found that both VHL (JPS004)- and IAP (JPS026)-based PROTACs degrade HDAC1-3 and induce histone acetylation to a similar degree. However, JPS026 is significantly more potent at inducing cell death in HCT116 cells than is JPS004. RNA sequencing analysis of PROTAC-treated HCT116 cells showed a distinct gene expression signature in which cell cycle and DNA replication machinery are repressed. Components of the mTORC1 and -2 complexes were also reduced, leading to an increase in FOXO3 and downstream target genes that regulate autophagy and apoptosis. In summary, a novel combination of HDAC and IAP ligands generates a PROTAC with a potent ability to stimulate apoptosis and differential gene expression in human cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- India M Baker
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Joshua P Smalley
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Khadija A Sabat
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - James T Hodgkinson
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
| | - Shaun M Cowley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K
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53
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Zhu SF, Yuan W, Du YL, Wang BL. Research progress of lncRNA and miRNA in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:45-53. [PMID: 35934611 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a common complication of liver surgeries, such as hepatectomy and liver transplantation. In recent years, several non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as factors involved in the pathological progression of HIRI. In this review, we summarized the latest research on lncRNAs, miRNAs and the lncRNA-miRNA regulatory networks in HIRI. DATA SOURCES The PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for articles published up to December 2021 using the following keywords: "hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury", "lncRNA", "long non-coding RNA", "miRNA" and "microRNA". The bibliography of the selected articles was manually screened to identify additional studies. RESULTS The mechanism of HIRI is complex, and involves multiple lncRNAs and miRNAs. The roles of lncRNAs such as AK139328, CCAT1, MALAT1, TUG1 and NEAT1 have been established in HIRI. In addition, numerous miRNAs are associated with apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and cellular inflammation that accompany HIRI pathogenesis. Based on the literature, we conclude that four lncRNA-miRNA regulatory networks mediate the pathological progression of HIRI. Furthermore, the expression levels of some lncRNAs and miRNAs undergo significant changes during the progression of HIRI, and thus are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS Complex lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks regulate HIRI progression through mutual activation and antagonism. It is necessary to screen for more HIRI-associated lncRNAs and miRNAs in order to identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Fei Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Yong-Liang Du
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Bai-Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China.
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54
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Weel I, Ribeiro V, Romão-Veiga M, Fioratti E, Peraçoli J, Peraçoli M. Down-regulation of autophagy proteins is associated with higher mTOR expression in the placenta of pregnant women with preeclampsia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 55:e12283. [PMID: 36629523 PMCID: PMC9828864 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles maintaining cellular integrity. It seems to be essential for cell survival during stress, starvation, hypoxia, and consequently to the placenta implantation and development. Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by the onset of hypertension associated or not with proteinuria and other maternal complications. Considering that the placenta seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of PE, the objective of the present study was to evaluate protein levels of light chain protein (LC3), beclin-1, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the placenta of pregnant women with PE. Placental tissues collected from 20 women with PE and 20 normotensive (NT) pregnant women were evaluated for LC3, beclin-1, and mTOR expression by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA for LC3 and beclin-1 were significantly lower, while mTOR gene expression was significantly higher in the placenta of pregnant women with PE than in the NT group. Placentas of PE women showed significantly decreased protein expression of LC3-II and beclin-1, whereas mTOR was significantly increased compared with the NT pregnant women. There was a negative correlation between protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II in the placental tissue of PE women. In conclusion, the results showed autophagy deficiency suggesting that failure in this degradation process may contribute to the pathogenesis of PE; however, new studies involving cross-talk between autophagy and inflammatory molecular mechanisms might help to better understand the autophagy process in this obstetric pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.C. Weel
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - V.R. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M. Romão-Veiga
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - E.G. Fioratti
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - J.C. Peraçoli
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M.T.S. Peraçoli
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil,Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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55
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Zanfardino P, Longo G, Amati A, Morani F, Picardi E, Girolamo F, Pafundi M, Cox SN, Manzari C, Tullo A, Doccini S, Santorelli FM, Petruzzella V. Mitofusin 2 mutation drives cell proliferation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A fibroblasts. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:333-350. [PMID: 35994048 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant mutations in ubiquitously expressed mitofusin 2 gene (MFN2) cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2A (CMT2A; OMIM 609260), an inherited sensory-motor neuropathy that affects peripheral nerve axons. Mitofusin 2 protein has been found to take part in mitochondrial fusion, mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum tethering, mitochondrial trafficking along axons, mitochondrial quality control and various types of cancer, in which MFN2 has been indicated as a tumor suppressor gene. Discordant data on the mitochondrial altered phenotypes in patient-derived fibroblasts harboring MFN2 mutations and in animal models have been reported. We addressed some of these issues by focusing on mitochondria behavior during autophagy and mitophagy in fibroblasts derived from a CMT2AMFN2 patient with an MFN2650G > T/C217F mutation in the GTPase domain. This study investigated mitochondrial dynamics, respiratory capacity and autophagy/mitophagy, to tackle the multifaceted MFN2 contribution to CMT2A pathogenesis. We found that MFN2 mutated fibroblasts showed impairment of mitochondrial morphology, bioenergetics capacity, and impairment of the early stages of autophagy, but not mitophagy. Unexpectedly, transcriptomic analysis of mutated fibroblasts highlighted marked differentially expressed pathways related to cell population proliferation and extracellular matrix organization. We consistently found the activation of mTORC2/AKT signaling and accelerated proliferation in the CMT2AMFN2 fibroblasts. In conclusion, our evidence indicates that MFN2 mutation can positively drive cell proliferation in CMT2AMFN2 fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zanfardino
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Longo
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Amati
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Morani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ernesto Picardi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Girolamo
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariella Pafundi
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sharon N Cox
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Manzari
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo M Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56128 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Petruzzella
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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56
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Sun Y, Wang H, Qu T, Luo J, An P, Ren F, Luo Y, Li Y. mTORC2: a multifaceted regulator of autophagy. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:4. [PMID: 36604720 PMCID: PMC9814435 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step catabolic process that delivers cellular components to lysosomes for degradation and recycling. The dysregulation of this precisely controlled process disrupts cellular homeostasis and leads to many pathophysiological conditions. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central nutrient sensor that integrates growth signals with anabolism to fulfil biosynthetic and bioenergetic requirements. mTOR nucleates two distinct evolutionarily conserved complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2). However, only mTORC1 is acutely inhibited by rapamycin. Consequently, mTORC1 is a well characterized regulator of autophagy. While less is known about mTORC2, the availability of acute small molecule inhibitors and multiple genetic models has led to increased understanding about the role of mTORC2 in autophagy. Emerging evidence suggests that the regulation of mTORC2 in autophagy is mainly through its downstream effector proteins, and is variable under different conditions and cellular contexts. Here, we review recent advances that describe a role for mTORC2 in this catabolic process, and propose that mTORC2 could be a potential clinical target for the treatment of autophagy-related diseases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Huihui Wang
- grid.411734.40000 0004 1798 5176College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Taiqi Qu
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Junjie Luo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Peng An
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yongting Luo
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Yixuan Li
- grid.22935.3f0000 0004 0530 8290Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
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57
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Ballesteros-Álvarez J, Nguyen W, Sivapatham R, Rane A, Andersen JK. Urolithin A reduces amyloid-beta load and improves cognitive deficits uncorrelated with plaque burden in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2022; 45:1095-1113. [PMID: 36576642 PMCID: PMC9886708 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of urolithin A (UA), a metabolite generated from ellagic acid via its metabolism by gut bacteria, as an autophagy activator with potential neuroprotective activity. WT and 3xTg-AD mice were administered long-term intermittent dietary supplementation with UA. UA was found to prevent deficits in spatial memory, cued fear response, and exploratory behavior in this model. It also decreased the Aβ plaque burden in areas of the hippocampus where these protein deposits are prominent in the model. Interestingly, correlation analyses demonstrate that Aβ plaque burden positively correlates with enhanced spatial memory in 3xTg-AD mice on a control diet but not in those supplemented with UA. In contrast, Aβ42 abundance in cortical and hippocampal homogenates negatively correlate with spatial memory in UA-fed mice. Our data suggest that plaque formation may be a protective mechanism against neurodegeneration and cognitive decline and that targeting the generation of proteotoxic Aβ species might be a more successful approach in halting disease progression. UA was also found to extend lifespan in normal aging mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that UA is able to induce autophagy and to increase Aβ clearance in neuronal cell lines. In summary, our studies reveal UA, likely via its actions as a autophagy inducer, is capable of removing Aβ from neurons and its dietary administration prevents the onset of cognitive deficits associated with pathological Aβ deposition in the 3xTg-AD mouse model as well as extending lifespan in normal aging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wynnie Nguyen
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
| | | | - Anand Rane
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA USA
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58
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Hurvitz N, Elkhateeb N, Sigawi T, Rinsky-Halivni L, Ilan Y. Improving the effectiveness of anti-aging modalities by using the constrained disorder principle-based management algorithms. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:1044038. [PMID: 36589143 PMCID: PMC9795077 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.1044038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process with multifactorial nature underlined by genetic, environmental, and social factors. In the present paper, we review several mechanisms of aging and the pre-clinically and clinically studied anti-aging therapies. Variability characterizes biological processes from the genome to cellular organelles, biochemical processes, and whole organs' function. Aging is associated with alterations in the degrees of variability and complexity of systems. The constrained disorder principle defines living organisms based on their inherent disorder within arbitrary boundaries and defines aging as having a lower variability or moving outside the boundaries of variability. We focus on associations between variability and hallmarks of aging and discuss the roles of disorder and variability of systems in the pathogenesis of aging. The paper presents the concept of implementing the constrained disease principle-based second-generation artificial intelligence systems for improving anti-aging modalities. The platform uses constrained noise to enhance systems' efficiency and slow the aging process. Described is the potential use of second-generation artificial intelligence systems in patients with chronic disease and its implications for the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Hurvitz
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Narmine Elkhateeb
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Sigawi
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lilah Rinsky-Halivni
- Braun School of Public Health, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel,Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yaron Ilan
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University and Department of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel,*Correspondence: Yaron Ilan,
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59
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Zhao X, Wang S, Wang S, Xie J, Cui D. mTOR signaling: A pivotal player in Treg cell dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Immunol 2022; 245:109153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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60
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Gunel NS, Yildirim N, Ozates NP, Oktay LM, Bagca BG, Sogutlu F, Ozsaran A, Korkmaz M, Biray Avci C. Investigation of cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of disodium pentaborate decahydrate on ovarian cancer cells and assessment of gene profiling. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 40:8. [PMID: 36308567 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
After revealing the anti-cancer properties of boron, which is included in the category of essential elements for human health by the World Health Organization, the therapeutic potential of boron compounds has been begun to be evaluated, and its molecular effect mechanisms have still been among the research subjects. In ovarian cancer, mutations or amplifications frequently occur in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components, and dysregulation of this pathway is shown among the causes of treatment failure. In the present study, it was aimed to investigate the anti-cancer properties of boron-containing DPD in SKOV3 cells, which is an epithelial ovarian cancer model, through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The cytotoxic activity of DPD in SKOV3 cells was evaluated by WST-1 test, apoptotic effect by Annexin V and JC-1 test. The gene expressions associated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway were determined by real-time qRT-PCR. In SKOV3 cells, the IC50 value of DPD was found to be 6.7 mM, 5.6 mM, and 5.2 mM at 24th, 48th and 72nd hour, respectively. Compared with the untreated control group, DPD treatment was found to induce apoptosis 2.6-fold and increase mitochondrial membrane depolarization 4.5-fold. DPD treatment was found to downregulate PIK3CA, PIK3CG, AKT2, IGF1, IRS1, MAPK3, HIF-1, VEGFC, CAB39, CAB39L, STRADB, PRKAB2, PRKAG3, TELO2, RICTOR, MLST8, and EIF4B genes and upregulate TP53, GSK3B, FKBP8, TSC2, ULK1, and ULK2 genes. These results draw attention to the therapeutic potential of DPD, which is frequently exposed in daily life, in epithelial ovarian cancer and show that it can be a candidate compound in combination with chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Selvi Gunel
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nuri Yildirim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Latife Merve Oktay
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bakiye Goker Bagca
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Adnan Menderes University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Sogutlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aydin Ozsaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Cigir Biray Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Medicine Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
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61
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Therapeutic Targeting of NF-κB in Acute Lung Injury: A Double-Edged Sword. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203317. [PMID: 36291185 PMCID: PMC9601210 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a devastating disease that can be caused by a variety of conditions including pneumonia, sepsis, trauma, and most recently, COVID-19. Although our understanding of the mechanisms of ALI/ARDS pathogenesis and resolution has considerably increased in recent years, the mortality rate remains unacceptably high (~40%), primarily due to the lack of effective therapies for ALI/ARDS. Dysregulated inflammation, as characterized by massive infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the airspace and the associated damage of the capillary-alveolar barrier leading to pulmonary edema and hypoxemia, is a major hallmark of ALI/ARDS. Endothelial cells (ECs), the inner lining of blood vessels, are important cellular orchestrators of PMN infiltration in the lung. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays an essential role in rendering the endothelium permissive for PMN adhesion and transmigration to reach the inflammatory site. Thus, targeting NF-κB in the endothelium provides an attractive approach to mitigate PMN-mediated vascular injury, not only in ALI/ARDS, but in other inflammatory diseases as well in which EC dysfunction is a major pathogenic mechanism. This review discusses the role and regulation of NF-κB in the context of EC inflammation and evaluates the potential and problems of targeting it as a therapy for ALI/ARDS.
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Synthetic Non-Coding RNA for Suppressing mTOR Translation to Prevent Renal Fibrosis Related to Autophagy in UUO Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911365. [PMID: 36232665 PMCID: PMC9569483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of chronic kidney disease is increasing, and the majority of these diseases are progressive. Special site-targeted drugs are emerging as alternatives to traditional drugs. Oligonucleotides (ODNs) have been proposed as effective therapeutic tools in specific molecular target therapies for several diseases. We designed ring-type non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), also called mTOR ODNs to suppress mammalian target rapamycin (mTOR) translation. mTOR signaling is associated with excessive cell proliferation and fibrogenesis. In this study, we examined the effects of mTOR suppression on chronic renal injury. To explore the regulation of fibrosis and inflammation in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced injury, we injected synthesized ODNs via the tail vein of mice. The expression of inflammatory-related markers (interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α), and that of fibrosis (α-smooth muscle actin, fibronectin), was decreased by synthetic ODNs. Additionally, ODN administration inhibited the expression of autophagy-related markers, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3, Beclin1, and autophagy-related gene 5-12. We confirmed that ring-type ODNs inhibited fibrosis, inflammation, and autophagy in a UUO mouse model. These results suggest that mTOR may be involved in the regulation of autophagy and fibrosis and that regulating mTOR signaling may be a therapeutic strategy against chronic renal injury.
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Steenwinkel TE, Hamre KK, Werner T. The use of non-model Drosophila species to study natural variation in TOR pathway signaling. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270436. [PMID: 36137094 PMCID: PMC9499319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and growth are strongly linked, but not much is known about how nutrition leads to growth. To understand the connection between nutrition through the diet, growth, and proliferation, we need to study the phenotypes resulting from the activation and inhibition of central metabolic pathways. One of the most highly conserved metabolic pathways across eukaryotes is the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway, whose primary role is to detect the availability of nutrients and to either induce or halt cellular growth. Here we used the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (D. mel.) and three non-model Drosophila species with different dietary needs, Drosophila guttifera (D. gut.), Drosophila deflecta (D. def.), and Drosophila tripunctata (D. tri.), to study the effects of dietary amino acid availability on fecundity and longevity. In addition, we inhibited the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway, using rapamycin, to test how the inhibition interplays with the nutritional stimuli in these four fruit fly species. We hypothesized that the inhibition of the TOR pathway would reverse the phenotypes observed under conditions of overfeeding. Our results show that female fecundity increased with higher yeast availability in all four species but decreased in response to TOR inhibition. The longevity data were more varied: most species experienced an increase in median lifespan in both genders with an increase in yeast availability, while the lifespan of D. mel. females decreased. When exposed to the TOR inhibitor rapamycin, the life spans of most species decreased, except for D. tri, while we observed a major reduction in fecundity across all species. The obtained data can benefit future studies on the evolution of metabolism by showing the potential of using non-model species to track changes in metabolism. Particularly, our data show the possibility to use relatively closely related Drosophila species to gain insight on the evolution of TOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa E. Steenwinkel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kailee K. Hamre
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Khan F, Khan H, Khan A, Yamasaki M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Al-Harrasi A, Rahman SM. Autophagy in adipogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and regulation by bioactive compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113715. [PMID: 36152415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue expands rapidly due to increased adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), which results in obesity. Adipogenesis is a process of the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. Additionally, obesity-related metabolic complications, such as fatty liver and insulin resistance, are linked to adipogenesis. On the contrary, autophagy is a catabolic process; essential to maintain cellular homeostasis via the degradation or recycling of unnecessary or damaged components. Importantly, autophagy dictates obesity and adipogenesis. Hence, a clear understanding of how autophagy regulates adipogenesis is crucial for drug development and the prevention and treatment of obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the crosstalk between adipogenesis and autophagy, as well as the molecules involved. Furthermore, the review discussed how bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis by manipulating autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on in vitro and animal studies, we summarized the effects of bioactive compounds on adipogenesis and autophagy. Hence, human studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizullah Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman; Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Texas Tech University, Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman.
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miR-99a-5p: A Potential New Therapy for Atherosclerosis by Targeting mTOR and Then Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Promoting Macrophage Autophagy. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7172583. [PMID: 35968506 PMCID: PMC9374553 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7172583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective MicroRNAs have been revealed to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. The present study is aimed at exploring the potential of miR-99a-5p as a therapy for atherosclerosis. We suspected that miR-99a-5p might inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promote macrophage autophagy via constraining mTOR, therefore, alleviating atherosclerosis. Methods The cell viability in ox-LDL-induced THP-1 macrophages was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the target genes of miR-99a-5p. The binding between miR-99a-5p and mTOR was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. In vivo, a high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis model was established in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Hematoxylin-eosin, oil red O, and Sirius red staining were performed for the determination of atherosclerotic lesions. MTOR and associated protein levels were detected by Western blot analysis. Results miR-99a-5p inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promoted macrophage autophagy by targeting mTOR. Enforced miR-99a-5p significantly reduced the levels of inflammasome complex and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, miR-99a-5p overexpression inhibited the expression of mTOR, whereas mTOR overexpression reversed the trend of the above behaviors. In vivo, the specific overexpression of miR-99a-5p significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions, accompanied by a significant downregulation of autophagy marker CD68 protein expression. Conclusion We demonstrated for the first time that miR-99a-5p may be considered a therapy for atherosclerosis. The present study has revealed that miR-99a-5p might inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promote macrophage autophagy by targeting mTOR, therefore, alleviating atherosclerosis.
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Zhuang L, Jin G, Hu X, Yang Q, Pei X, Zhao W. TSPAN8 alleviates high glucose-induced apoptosis and autophagy via targeting mTORC2. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1693-1703. [PMID: 35904232 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
TSPAN8 mediates signal transduction from extracellular cues and regulates cell development, activation, growth, and motility. However, whether TSPAN8 is involved in the progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the potential functional roles of TSPAN8 in regulating autophagy and apoptosis of HK-2 cells induced by high glucose (HG). RT-PCR and western blot analysis (WB) were employed to detect TSPAN8 levels in the blood samples of DN patients as well as in HG-induced HK-2 cells. Cell proliferation of HK-2 cells was examined by CCK-8 assay, and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The functional role of TSPAN8 was evaluated by the transfection of TSPAN8 expression plasmid. Results showed that TSPAN8 level was significantly reduced in the blood samples of DN patients and HG-induced HK-2 cell lines. TSPAN8 overexpression rescued HG-induced apoptosis in HK-2 cells. TSPAN8 could form a complex with Rictor and mTORC2. TSPAN8 overexpression suppressed HG-induced autophagy in HK-2 cells, which was dependent on mTOR activity. In conclusion, the present study showed that TSPAN8 mitigates HG-induced autophagy and apoptosis in HK-2 cells, which may serve as candidate target for DN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langen Zhuang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Guoxi Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaolei Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Pei
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Wendi Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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Muhammad N, Usmani D, Tarique M, Naz H, Ashraf M, Raliya R, Tabrez S, Zughaibi TA, Alsaieedi A, Hakeem IJ, Suhail M. The Role of Natural Products and Their Multitargeted Approach to Treat Solid Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142209. [PMID: 35883653 PMCID: PMC9318484 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products play a critical role in the discovery and development of numerous drugs for the treatment of various types of cancer. These phytochemicals have demonstrated anti-carcinogenic properties by interfering with the initiation, development, and progression of cancer through altering various mechanisms such as cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Treating multifactorial diseases, such as cancer with agents targeting a single target, might lead to limited success and, in many cases, unsatisfactory outcomes. Various epidemiological studies have shown that the steady consumption of fruits and vegetables is intensely associated with a reduced risk of cancer. Since ancient period, plants, herbs, and other natural products have been used as healing agents. Likewise, most of the medicinal ingredients accessible today are originated from the natural resources. Regardless of achievements, developing bioactive compounds and drugs from natural products has remained challenging, in part because of the problem associated with large-scale sequestration and mechanistic understanding. With significant progress in the landscape of cancer therapy and the rising use of cutting-edge technologies, we may have come to a crossroads to review approaches to identify the potential natural products and investigate their therapeutic efficacy. In the present review, we summarize the recent developments in natural products-based cancer research and its application in generating novel systemic strategies with a focus on underlying molecular mechanisms in solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshad Muhammad
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | | | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Huma Naz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Mohammad Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Bundelkhand University Jhansi, Jhansi 284128, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Ramesh Raliya
- IFFCO Nano Biotechnology Research Center, Kalol 382423, Gujarat, India;
| | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.T.); (T.A.Z.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Torki A. Zughaibi
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.T.); (T.A.Z.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahdab Alsaieedi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Israa J. Hakeem
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohd Suhail
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.T.); (T.A.Z.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
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Ravasio A, Morselli E, Bertocchi C. Mechanoautophagy: Synergies Between Autophagy and Cell Mechanotransduction at Adhesive Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917662. [PMID: 35721483 PMCID: PMC9198486 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are exposed and respond to various mechanical forces and physical cues stemming from their environment. This interaction has been seen to differentially regulate various cellular processes for maintenance of homeostasis, of which autophagy represents one of the major players. In addition, autophagy has been suggested to regulate mechanical functions of the cells including their interaction with the environment. In this minireview, we summarize the state of the art of the fascinating interplay between autophagy and the mechanotransduction machinery associated with cell adhesions, that we name ¨Mechanoautophagy¨
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
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Wang G, Chen L, Qin S, Zhang T, Yao J, Yi Y, Deng L. Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1: From a Nutrient Sensor to a Key Regulator of Metabolism and Health. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:1882-1900. [PMID: 35561748 PMCID: PMC9526850 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a multi-protein complex widely found in eukaryotes. It serves as a central signaling node to coordinate cell growth and metabolism by sensing diverse extracellular and intracellular inputs, including amino acid-, growth factor-, glucose-, and nucleotide-related signals. It is well documented that mTORC1 is recruited to the lysosomal surface, where it is activated and, accordingly, modulates downstream effectors involved in regulating protein, lipid, and glucose metabolism. mTORC1 is thus the central node for coordinating the storage and mobilization of nutrients and energy across various tissues. However, emerging evidence indicated that the overactivation of mTORC1 induced by nutritional disorders leads to the occurrence of a variety of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes, as well as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and aging. That the mTORC1 pathway plays a crucial role in regulating the occurrence of metabolic diseases renders it a prime target for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Here, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying how mTORC1 integrates metabolic inputs as well as the role of mTORC1 in the regulation of nutritional and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Division of Laboratory Safety and Services, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Senlin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanglei Yi
- Address correspondence to YLY (e-mail: )
| | - Lu Deng
- Address correspondence to LD (e-mail: )
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Oleksak P, Nepovimova E, Chrienova Z, Musilek K, Patocka J, Kuca K. Contemporary mTOR inhibitor scaffolds to diseases breakdown: A patent review (2015–2021). Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Lv J, Cheng H, Yao W, Liu C, Chen Y, Jin X, Yang Z, Li Y. 4.8% sevoflurane induces activation of autophagy in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. Neurotoxicology 2022; 90:256-264. [PMID: 35472370 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged sevoflurane exposure leads to neurotoxicity. Autophagy plays an important role in promoting cell survival in different conditions. However, the role and mechanism of autophagy in sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity were not fully elucidated. We attempted to indicate whether sevoflurane could activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated autophagy to attenuate anesthetics-induced neuronal injury in this study. Sevoflurane treatment significantly decreased the cell viability and induced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. The expression level of Bcl-2 decreased, while that of Bax remarkably increased. Meanwhile, autophagy was activated by sevoflurane exposure as evidenced by increased expression levels of autophagy-related proteins (LC3-II and Atg5), decreased expression level of autophagic substrate P62, and increased autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Further autophagosomes and fewer autolysosomes were observed in the presence of Bafilomycin A1, an autolysosomes degradation inhibitor, suggesting that sevoflurane induced autophagic flux rather than inhibiting degradation of autophagy. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin partly reversed the sevoflurane-decreased cell viability. In contrast, inhibition of autophagy by 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) or Atg5-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) aggravated the sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity. Further examination revealed that sevoflurane-induced autophagy was mediated by the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, with increased p-AMPK expression and decreased p-mTOR expression. Collectively, these results indicated that sevoflurane activates autophagy by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, which is protective against sevoflurane-induced damage in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results may assist clinicians to develop further promising therapeutic strategies for the neurotoxicity induced by inhaled anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hao Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Weidong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Xiaoju Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, No. 2 Zheshan Road, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, PR China
| | - Zeyong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, PR China.
| | - Yuanhai Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 Jixi Road, Hefei 230022, Anhui, PR China.
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Petrosyan E, Fares J, Cordero A, Rashidi A, Arrieta VA, Kanojia D, Lesniak MS. Repurposing Autophagy Regulators in Brain Tumors. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:167-180. [PMID: 35179776 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors, such as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and brain metastases, continue to be an unmet medical challenge. Despite advances in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics, tumor cell colonization in the central nervous system (CNS) renders most treatment options ineffective. This is primarily due to the selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which hinders the crossing of targeting agents into the brain. As such, repositioning medications that demonstrate anti-cancer effects and possess the ability to cross the BBB can be a promising option. Antidepressants, which are BBB-permeable, have been reported to exhibit cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Autophagy, specifically, has been identified as one of the common key mediators of antidepressant's antitumor effects. In this work, we provide a comprehensive overview of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antidepressants with reported cytotoxic activities in different tumor models, where autophagy dysregulation was demonstrated to play the main part. As such, imipramine, maprotiline, fluoxetine and escitalopram were shown to induce autophagy, whereas nortriptyline, clomipramine and paroxetine were identified as autophagy inhibitors. Sertraline and desipramine, depending on the neoplastic context, were demonstrated to either induce or inhibit autophagy. Collectively, these medications were associated with favorable therapeutic outcomes in a variety of cancer cell models, including brain tumors. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Petrosyan
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jawad Fares
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alex Cordero
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Aida Rashidi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Víctor A Arrieta
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Deepak Kanojia
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Maciej S Lesniak
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.,Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Sebestyén A, Dankó T, Sztankovics D, Moldvai D, Raffay R, Cervi C, Krencz I, Zsiros V, Jeney A, Petővári G. The role of metabolic ecosystem in cancer progression — metabolic plasticity and mTOR hyperactivity in tumor tissues. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 40:989-1033. [PMID: 35029792 PMCID: PMC8825419 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite advancements in cancer management, tumor relapse and metastasis are associated with poor outcomes in many cancers. Over the past decade, oncogene-driven carcinogenesis, dysregulated cellular signaling networks, dynamic changes in the tissue microenvironment, epithelial-mesenchymal transitions, protein expression within regulatory pathways, and their part in tumor progression are described in several studies. However, the complexity of metabolic enzyme expression is considerably under evaluated. Alterations in cellular metabolism determine the individual phenotype and behavior of cells, which is a well-recognized hallmark of cancer progression, especially in the adaptation mechanisms underlying therapy resistance. In metabolic symbiosis, cells compete, communicate, and even feed each other, supervised by tumor cells. Metabolic reprogramming forms a unique fingerprint for each tumor tissue, depending on the cellular content and genetic, epigenetic, and microenvironmental alterations of the developing cancer. Based on its sensing and effector functions, the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase is considered the master regulator of metabolic adaptation. Moreover, mTOR kinase hyperactivity is associated with poor prognosis in various tumor types. In situ metabolic phenotyping in recent studies highlights the importance of metabolic plasticity, mTOR hyperactivity, and their role in tumor progression. In this review, we update recent developments in metabolic phenotyping of the cancer ecosystem, metabolic symbiosis, and plasticity which could provide new research directions in tumor biology. In addition, we suggest pathomorphological and analytical studies relating to metabolic alterations, mTOR activity, and their associations which are necessary to improve understanding of tumor heterogeneity and expand the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Zinecker H, Simon AK. Autophagy takes it all - autophagy inducers target immune aging. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:274170. [PMID: 35098310 PMCID: PMC8822217 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as the key nutrient recycling pathway, enables eukaryotic cells to adapt to surging cellular stress during aging and, thereby, delays age-associated deterioration. Autophagic flux declines with age and, in turn, decreases in autophagy contribute to the aging process itself and promote senescence. Here, we outline how autophagy regulates immune aging and discuss autophagy-inducing interventions that target senescent immune cells, which are major drivers of systemic aging. We examine how cutting-edge technologies, such as single-cell omics methods hold the promise to capture the complexity of molecular and cellular phenotypes associated with aging, driving the development of suitable putative biomarkers and clinical bioassays. Finally, we debate the urgency to initiate large-scale human clinical trials. We give special preference to small molecule probes and to dietary interventions that can extend healthy lifespan and are affordable for most of the world's population. Summary: Aging of the immune system drives ineffective immune responses in older people. Autophagy-inducing dietary interventions and drugs rejuvenate adaptive immune cells and could extend a healthy lifespan or offer new strategies to treat age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Zinecker
- Turkish-German University, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, 34820, Beykoz/Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- NDORMS, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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75
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Regulation of spatially restricted gene expression: linking RNA localization and phase separation. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2591-2600. [PMID: 34821361 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subcellular restriction of gene expression is crucial to the functioning of a wide variety of cell types. The cellular machinery driving spatially restricted gene expression has been studied for many years, but recent advances have highlighted novel mechanisms by which cells can generate subcellular microenvironments with specialized gene expression profiles. Particularly intriguing are recent findings that phase separation plays a role in certain RNA localization pathways. The burgeoning field of phase separation has revolutionized how we view cellular compartmentalization, revealing that, in addition to membrane-bound organelles, phase-separated cytoplasmic microenvironments - termed biomolecular condensates - are compositionally and functionally distinct from the surrounding cytoplasm, without the need for a lipid membrane. The coupling of phase separation and RNA localization allows for precise subcellular targeting, robust translational repression and dynamic recruitment of accessory proteins. Despite the growing interest in the intersection between RNA localization and phase separation, it remains to be seen how exactly components of the localization machinery, particularly motor proteins, are able to associate with these biomolecular condensates. Further studies of the formation, function, and transport of biomolecular condensates promise to provide a new mechanistic understanding of how cells restrict gene expression at a subcellular level.
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76
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Carosi JM, Fourrier C, Bensalem J, Sargeant TJ. The mTOR-lysosome axis at the centre of ageing. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 12:739-757. [PMID: 34878722 PMCID: PMC8972043 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age‐related diseases represent some of the largest unmet clinical needs of our time. While treatment of specific disease‐related signs has had some success (for example, the effect of statin drugs on slowing progression of atherosclerosis), slowing biological ageing itself represents a target that could significantly increase health span and reduce the prevalence of multiple age‐related diseases. Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is known to control fundamental processes in ageing: inhibiting this signalling complex slows biological ageing, reduces age‐related disease pathology and increases lifespan in model organisms. How mTORC1 inhibition achieves this is still subject to ongoing research. However, one mechanism by which mTORC1 inhibition is thought to slow ageing is by activating the autophagy–lysosome pathway. In this review, we examine the special bidirectional relationship between mTORC1 and the lysosome. In cells, mTORC1 is located on lysosomes. From this advantageous position, it directly controls the autophagy–lysosome pathway. However, the lysosome also controls mTORC1 activity in numerous ways, creating a special two‐way relationship. We then explore specific examples of how inhibition of mTORC1 and activation of the autophagy–lysosome pathway slow the molecular hallmarks of ageing. This body of literature demonstrates that the autophagy–lysosome pathway represents an excellent target for treatments that seek to slow biological ageing and increase health span in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Carosi
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julien Bensalem
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, SAHMRI, Adelaide, Australia
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77
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Sheng L, Li J, Rao S, Yang Z, Huang Y. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 Regulatory Subunit Associated Protein 3: Potential Functions and Implications for Development and Disease. Front Oncol 2021; 11:760429. [PMID: 34722315 PMCID: PMC8551632 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.760429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) regulatory subunit associated protein 3 (CDK5RAP3, also named as C53 or LZAP) was initially identified as a binding protein of CDK5 activator p35. To date, CDK5RAP3 has been reported to interact with a range of proteins involved in cellular events ranging from cell cycle, apoptosis, and invasion to UFMylation modification and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Owing to its crucial roles in cellular processes, CDK5RAP3 is demonstrated to be not only an active participant in embryonic and mammalian tissue development, but also a key regulator in the onset and progress of human cancers such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer and breast cancer. Notwithstanding, the detailed function of CDK5RAP3 and its mechanism remain poorly defined. Here, we briefly described a history of the discovery of CDK5RAP3, and systematically overviewed its gene structural and distribution features. We also focused on the known functions of this protein and its implications for embryogenesis and tissue development, as well as diseases especially carcinoma. This review may facilitate to understand the molecular and functional basis of CDK5RAP3 and its association with development and disease, and provide a reasonable idea for novel therapeutic opportunities targeting CDK5RAP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Sheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Graduate College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- Nanchang Joint Program, Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shengfang Rao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Nanchang University Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhijun Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yonghong Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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78
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Ballesteros‐Álvarez J, Andersen JK. mTORC2: The other mTOR in autophagy regulation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13431. [PMID: 34250734 PMCID: PMC8373318 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) has gathered significant attention as a ubiquitously expressed multimeric kinase with key implications for cell growth, proliferation, and survival. This kinase forms the central core of two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, which share the ability of integrating environmental, nutritional, and hormonal cues but which regulate separate molecular pathways that result in different cellular responses. Particularly, mTORC1 has been described as a major negative regulator of endosomal biogenesis and autophagy, a catabolic process that degrades intracellular components and organelles within the lysosomes and is thought to play a key role in human health and disease. In contrast, the role of mTORC2 in the regulation of autophagy has been considerably less studied despite mounting evidence this complex may regulate autophagy in a different and perhaps complementary manner to that of mTORC1. Genetic ablation of unique subunits is currently being utilized to study the differential effects of the two mTOR complexes. RICTOR is the best‐described subunit specific to mTORC2 and as such has become a useful tool for investigating the specific actions of this complex. The development of complex‐specific inhibitors for mTORC2 is also an area of intense interest. Studies to date have demonstrated that mTORC1/2 complexes each signal to a variety of exclusive downstream molecules with distinct biological roles. Pinpointing the particular effects of these downstream effectors is crucial toward the development of novel therapies aimed at accurately modulating autophagy in the context of human aging and disease.
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