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Expression of the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway in Bullous Pemphigoid and Dermatitis Herpetiformis. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:6716419. [PMID: 29203970 PMCID: PMC5674508 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6716419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of eleven proteins comprises the Janus kinases (JAK) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, which enables transduction of signal from cytokine receptor to the nucleus and activation of transcription of target genes. Irregular functioning of the cascade may contribute to pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases; however, there are no reports concerning autoimmune bullous diseases yet to be published. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of proteins constituting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in skin lesions and perilesional area in dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and bullous pemphigoid (BP), as well as in the control group. Skin biopsies were collected from 21 DH patients, from 20 BP patients, and from 10 healthy volunteers. The localization and expression of selected STAT and JAK proteins were examined by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. We found significantly higher expression of JAK/STAT proteins in skin lesions in patients with BP and DH, in comparison to perilesional skin and the control group, which may be related to proinflammatory cytokine network and induction of inflammatory infiltrate in tissues. Our findings suggest that differences in the JAK and STAT expression may be related to distinct cytokines activating them and mediating neutrophilic and/or eosinophilic infiltrate.
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Inflammation dependent mTORC1 signaling interferes with the switch from keratinocyte proliferation to differentiation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180853. [PMID: 28700632 PMCID: PMC5507280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a frequent and often severe inflammatory skin disease, characterized by altered epidermal homeostasis. Since we found previously that Akt/mTOR signaling is hyperactivated in psoriatic skin, we aimed at elucidating the role of aberrant mTORC1 signaling in this disease. We found that under healthy conditions mTOR signaling was shut off when keratinocytes switch from proliferation to terminal differentiation. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α) induced aberrant mTOR activity which led to enhanced proliferation and reduced expression of differentiation markers. Conversely, regular differentiation could be restored if mTORC1 signaling was blocked. In mice, activation of mTOR through the agonist MHY1485 also led to aberrant epidermal organization and involucrin distribution. In summary, these results not only identify mTORC1 as an important signal integrator pivotal for the cells fate to either proliferate or differentiate, but emphasize the role of inflammation-dependent mTOR activation as a psoriatic pathomechanism.
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53
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Qin X, Chen C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Mei Y, Long X, Tan R, Liang W, Sun L. Acitretin modulates HaCaT cells proliferation through STAT1- and STAT3-dependent signaling. Saudi Pharm J 2017; 25:620-624. [PMID: 28579901 PMCID: PMC5447439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acitretin has been a valuable option for the treatment of psoriasis, however, the molecular events of acitretin leading to the normalization of keratinocytes differentiation on psoriasis patients have not been fully explored. To investigate whether there were certain relationship between keratinocytes proliferation and JAK/STAT signaling pathways in psoriasis, and how acitretin modulated the signaling pathways. HaCaT cells, an in vitro immortal human keratinocyte cell line, was chosen as a in vitro model of psoriasis. The small interfering RNA targeting STAT1 (siRNA-STAT1) and STAT3 (siRNA-STAT3) were subsequently transfected into the HaCaT cells which were treated with or without acitretin. We found that HaCaT cells proliferation and the expression of STAT1 or STAT3 were inhibited by acitretin, siRNA-STAT1 and siRNA-STAT3. Our experimental data shows that acitretin might inhibit HaCaT cells proliferation in psoriasis by decreasing the expression of STAT- and STAT3-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China.,Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Chunna Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yijie Mei
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xinchun Long
- Department of Dermatology, The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Chenzhou 423000, China
| | - Rui Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Wenli Liang
- Nursing School of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510318, China
| | - Ledong Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Johansen C, Rittig AH, Mose M, Bertelsen T, Weimar I, Nielsen J, Andersen T, Rasmussen TK, Deleuran B, Iversen L. STAT2 is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by promoting CXCL11 and CCL5 production by keratinocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176994. [PMID: 28472186 PMCID: PMC5417613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK/STAT signaling pathway is suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and recently JAK/STAT inhibitors have shown promising results in psoriasis treatment. The present study aimed to characterize the role of STAT2 in psoriasis. We demonstrated an increased expression of STAT2 and an increased level of phosphorylated/activated STAT2 in lesional compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin. Gene silencing of STAT2 by siRNA in human keratinocytes revealed that upon IFNα stimulation CXCL11 and CCL5 were the only two cytokines, among 102 analyzed, found to be regulated through a STAT2-dependent mechanism. Moreover, the regulation of CXCL11 and CCL5 depended on IRF9, but not on STAT1 and STAT6. The CXCL11 and CCL5 expression was increased in lesional compared with nonlesional psoriatic skin, and analysis demonstrated positive correlation between the expression of CXCL11 and IFNγ and between the expression of CCL5 and IFNγ in lesional psoriatic skin. In contrast, no correlation between the expression of CXCL11 and IL-17A and the expression of CCL5 and IL-17A in lesional psoriatic skin was found. Our data suggest that STAT2 plays a role in the psoriasis pathogenesis by regulating the expression of CXCL11 and CCL5, and thereby attracting IFNγ-producing immune cells to the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anne Hald Rittig
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maike Mose
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Trine Bertelsen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Isabella Weimar
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jakob Nielsen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Andersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Deleuran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lars Iversen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Activation of the JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway after In Vitro Stimulation with IFNß in Multiple Sclerosis Patients According to the Therapeutic Response to IFNß. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170031. [PMID: 28103257 PMCID: PMC5245989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon beta (IFNß) is a common treatment used for multiple sclerosis (MS) which acts through the activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. However, this therapy is not always effective and currently there are no reliable biomarkers to predict therapeutic response. We postulate that the heterogeneity in the response to IFNß therapy could be related to differential activation patterns of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Our aim was to evaluate the basal levels and the short term activation of this pathway after IFNß stimulation in untreated and IFNß treated patients, as well as according to therapeutic response. Therefore, cell surface levels of IFNAR subunits (IFNAR1 and IFNAR2) and the activated forms of STAT1 and STAT2 were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS patients by flow cytometry. Basal levels of each of the markers strongly correlated with the expression of the others in untreated patients, but many of these correlations lost significance in treated patients and after short term activation with IFNß. Patients who had undergone IFNß treatment showed higher basal levels of IFNAR1 and pSTAT1, but a reduced response to in vitro exposure to IFNß. Conversely, untreated patients, with lower basal levels, showed a greater ability of short term activation of this pathway. Monocytes from responder patients had lower IFNAR1 levels (p = 0.039) and higher IFNAR2 levels (p = 0.035) than non-responders just after IFNß stimulation. A cluster analysis showed that levels of IFNAR1, IFNAR2 and pSTAT1-2 in monocytes grouped 13 out of 19 responder patients with a similar expression pattern, showing an association of this pattern with the phenotype of good response to IFNß (p = 0.013). Our findings suggest that an activation pattern of the IFNß signaling pathway in monocytes could be associated with a clinical phenotype of good response to IFNß treatment and that a differential modulation of the IFNAR subunits in monocytes could be related with treatment effectiveness.
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56
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Goswami R, Kaplan M. STAT Transcription Factors in T Cell Control of Health and Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 331:123-180. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zhang W, Guo S, Li B, Liu L, Ge R, Cao T, Wang H, Gao T, Wang G, Li C. Proinflammatory effect of high-mobility group protein B1 on keratinocytes: an autocrine mechanism underlying psoriasis development. J Pathol 2016; 241:392-404. [PMID: 27859256 DOI: 10.1002/path.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease, in which keratinocytes play a crucial pathogenic role. High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is an inflammatory factor that can be released from keratinocyte nuclei in psoriatic lesions. We aimed to investigate the proinflammatory effect of HMGB1 on keratinocytes and the contribution of HMGB1 to psoriasis development. Normal human keratinocytes were treated with recombinant human HMGB1, and the production of inflammatory factors and the intermediary signalling pathways were examined. Furthermore, the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model was used to investigate the role of HMGB1 in psoriasis development in vivo. A total of 11 inflammatory factors were shown to be upregulated by HMGB1 in keratinocytes, among which interleukin (IL)-18 showed the greatest change. We then found that activation of the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway and inflammasomes accounted for HMGB1-induced IL-18 expression and secretion. Moreover, HMGB1 and downstream IL-18 contributed to the development of psoriasiform dermatitis in the imiquimod-treated mice. In addition, T-helper 17 immune response in the psoriasis-like mouse model could be inhibited by both HMGB1 and IL-18 blockade. Our findings indicate that HMGB1 secreted from keratinocytes can facilitate the production and secretion of inflammatory factors such as IL-18 in keratinocytes in an autocrine way, thus promoting the development of psoriasis. Blocking the proinflammatory function of the HMGB1-IL-18 axis may be useful for psoriasis treatment in the future. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Rui Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
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58
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Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Transcription Factor Drug Targets. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2693-2696. [PMID: 27191703 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors represent the point of convergence of multiple signaling pathways within eukaryotic cells. Deregulated transcription factors contribute to the pathogenesis of a plethora of human diseases, ranging from diabetes, inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular disease to many cancers, and thus these proteins hold great therapeutic potential. Direct modulation of transcription factor function by small molecules is no longer regarded a Sisyphean task, as recent work in drug discovery has revealed that transcription factors are amenable to drug inhibition. Here in we summarize, recent advances regarding the significance of transcription factors in human diseases and we discuss emerging pharmacological strategies to modulate transcription factor function. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2693-2696, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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59
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of psoriasis is complex and dynamic. Recently, the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of psoriasis has been proposed. Oxidative stress is an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of the oxidants, leading to a disruption of redox signaling and control and/or molecular damage. In this article, the published studies on the role of oxidative stress in psoriasis pathogenesis are reviewed, focusing on the impacts of oxidative stress on dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and keratinocytes, on angiogenesis and on inflammatory signaling (mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, and Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription). As there is compelling evidence that oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the possibility of using this information to develop novel strategies for treatment of patients with psoriasis is of considerable interest. In this article, we also review the published studies on treating psoriasis with antioxidants and drugs with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiran Lin
- a Department of Dermatology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
| | - Tian Huang
- b Department of Dermatology , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University , Dalian , China
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60
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Korman AM, Hill D, Alikhan A, Feldman SR. Oral tofacitinib for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:525-539. [PMID: 26881913 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1154785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New treatments for psoriasis have been developed based on increasing knowledge of the underlying pathogenesis of the disease. The development of very safe and highly effective biologics has revolutionized the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Biologics are not perfect, however, as they are delivered parenterally, immunogenic, and costly. Small molecule agents, with molecular weights of less than 1 kDa, are being developed and hold the advantage of being administered orally. Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor that has been developed to disrupt the aberrant JAK-STAT pathway that contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Phase II and Phase III clinical trial results for tofacitinib are encouraging, demonstrating substantial efficacy and satisfactory safety in the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis. An effective oral treatment without the organ toxicities of methotrexate and cyclosporine, tofacitinib is a promising alternative to biologics in the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham M Korman
- a Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.,d Department of Dermatology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Dane Hill
- a Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
| | - Ali Alikhan
- d Department of Dermatology , University of Cincinnati College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Steven R Feldman
- a Center for Dermatology Research, Department of Dermatology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.,b Department of Pathology , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA.,c Department of Public Health Sciences , Wake Forest School of Medicine , Winston-Salem , NC , USA
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61
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Nielsen J, Kofod-Olsen E, Spaun E, Larsen CS, Christiansen M, Mogensen TH. A STAT1-gain-of-function mutation causing Th17 deficiency with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, psoriasiform hyperkeratosis and dermatophytosis. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2015-211372. [PMID: 26494717 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2015-211372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent years, inborn errors of human IL-17 immunity have been demonstrated to underlie primary immunodeficiencies with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC). Various defects in receptors responsible for sensing of Candida albicans or downstream signalling to IL-17 may lead to susceptibility to Candida infection. While CMC is common in patients with profound T cell immunodeficiencies, CMC is also recognised as part of other immunodeficiencies in syndromic CMC, or as relatively isolated CMC disease. We describe a 40-year-old woman with a clinical picture involving cutaneous bacterial abscesses, chronic oral candidiasis and extensive dermatophytic infection of the feet. By whole exome sequencing, we identified a STAT1-gain-of-function mutation. Moreover, the patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells displayed severely impaired Th17 responses. The patient was treated with antifungals and prophylactic antibiotics, which led to resolution of the infection. We discuss the current knowledge within the field of Th17 deficiency and the pathogenesis and treatment of CMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nielsen
- Department of Dermatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Emil Kofod-Olsen
- Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Eva Spaun
- Institute of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Carsten S Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
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Gao W, McGarry T, Orr C, McCormick J, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Tofacitinib regulates synovial inflammation in psoriatic arthritis, inhibiting STAT activation and induction of negative feedback inhibitors. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 75:311-5. [PMID: 26353790 PMCID: PMC4717390 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-207201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterised by synovitis and destruction of articular cartilage/bone. Janus-kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signalling pathway is implicated in the pathogenesis of PsA. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of tofacitinib (JAK inhibitor) on proinflammatory mechanisms in PsA. METHODS Primary PsA synovial fibroblasts (PsAFLS) and ex vivo PsA synovial explants were cultured with tofacitinib (1 µM). PhosphoSTAT3 (pSTAT3), phosphoSTAT1 (pSTAT1), suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3), protein inhibitor of activated Stat3 (PIAS3) and nuclear factor kappa B cells (NFκBp65) were quantified by western blot. The effect of tofacitinib on PsAFLS migration, invasion, Matrigel network formation and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)2/9 was quantified by invasion/migration assays and zymography. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IFN-gamma-inducible protein 10 (IP-10) monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, IL-17, IL-10, MMP3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3) were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Tofacitinib significantly decreased pSTAT3, pSTAT1, NFκBp65 and induced SOCS3 and PIAS3 expression in PsAFLS and synovial explant cultures (p<0.05). Functionally, PsAFLS invasion, network formation and migration were inhibited by tofacitinib (all p<0.05). In PsA explant, tofacitinib significantly decreased spontaneous secretion of IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MMP9/MMP2, MMP3 (all p<0.05) and decreased the MMP3/TIMP3 ratio (p<0.05), with no effect observed for IP-10 or IL-10. CONCLUSIONS This study further supports JAK-STAT inhibition as a therapeutic target for the treatment of PsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Gao
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T McGarry
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Orr
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J McCormick
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D J Veale
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - U Fearon
- Centre for Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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63
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Kang EJ, Kavanaugh A. Psoriatic arthritis: latest treatments and their place in therapy. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2015; 6:194-203. [PMID: 26137209 DOI: 10.1177/2040622315582354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory disease that may affect peripheral and axial joints, entheses, skin and nails, and other organs. Treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, steroid and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs had been the backbone of traditional management of PsA for many years. However, improvement in our understanding of immunopathogenesis of PsA has led to new immunomodulatory therapies. Introduction of novel agents has raised the bar for treatment and helped drive research into additional therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jin Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Busan Medical Center, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Arthur Kavanaugh
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Center for Innovative Therapy, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0943, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Sundarrajan S, Lulu S, Arumugam M. Insights into protein interaction networks reveal non-receptor kinases as significant druggable targets for psoriasis. Gene 2015; 566:138-47. [PMID: 25881869 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic disease of the skin characterized by hyper proliferation and inflammation of the epidermis and dermal components of the skin. T-cell-dependent inflammatory process in skin governs the pathogenesis of psoriasis. An in-silico search strategy was utilized to identify psoriatic therapeutic drug targets. The gene expression profiling of psoriatic skin identified a total of 427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene ontology investigation of DEGs identified genes involved in calcium binding, apoptosis, keratinisation, lipid transportation and homeostasis apart from immune mediated processes. The protein interaction networks identified proteins involved in various signaling mechanisms with high degree of interconnections. The gene modules derived from the main network were enriched with rich kinome. These sub-networks were dominated by the presence of non-receptor kinase family members which are major signal transmitters in immune response. The computational approach has aided in the identification of non-receptor kinases as potential targets for psoriasis drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudharsana Sundarrajan
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, India
| | - Sajitha Lulu
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, India
| | - Mohanapriya Arumugam
- Bioinformatics Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology University, India.
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65
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Chiricozzi A, Faleri S, Saraceno R, Bianchi L, Buonomo O, Chimenti S, Chimenti MS. Tofacitinib for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:443-55. [PMID: 25666451 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1013534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Because of the increased knowledge about the underlying cytokine network in psoriasis, selective systemic agents for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis have been developed during the past decade. The marked upregulation of JAK/STAT pathways in psoriasis and the identification of multiple key mediators in psoriasis pathogenesis that signal through JAK/STAT pathways led to investigation of JAK proteins as potential therapeutic targets for psoriasis treatment. A novel JAK-STAT inhibitor, tofacitinib, has been tested in preclinical studies for the treatment of psoriasis. Considering the satisfactory safety profile and the encouraging efficacy observed in the Phase II and Phase III trials, tofacitinib may represent an important therapeutic to be included into the psoriasis paradigm.
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66
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Fish EN, Platanias LC. Interferon receptor signaling in malignancy: a network of cellular pathways defining biological outcomes. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1691-703. [PMID: 25217450 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IFNs are cytokines with important antiproliferative activity and exhibit key roles in immune surveillance against malignancies. Early work initiated over three decades ago led to the discovery of IFN receptor activated Jak-Stat pathways and provided important insights into mechanisms for transcriptional activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) that mediate IFN biologic responses. Since then, additional evidence has established critical roles for other receptor-activated signaling pathways in the induction of IFN activities. These include MAPK pathways, mTOR cascades, and PKC pathways. In addition, specific miRNAs appear to play a significant role in the regulation of IFN signaling responses. This review focuses on the emerging evidence for a model in which IFNs share signaling elements and pathways with growth factors and tumorigenic signals but engage them in a distinctive manner to mediate antiproliferative and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwestern University Medical School and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.
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Hsieh CY, Chen CL, Lin YS, Yeh TM, Tsai TT, Hong MY, Lin CF. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor triggers chemotaxis of CD74+CXCR2+ NKT cells in chemically induced IFN-γ-mediated skin inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3693-703. [PMID: 25172501 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ mediates chemically induced skin inflammation; however, the mechanism by which IFN-γ-producing cells are recruited to the sites of inflammation remains undefined. Secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine, from damaged cells may promote immune cell recruitment. We hypothesized that MIF triggers an initial step in the chemotaxis of IFN-γ-producing cells in chemically induced skin inflammation. Using acute and chronic models of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation in mouse ears, MIF expression was examined, and its role in this process was investigated pharmacologically. The cell populations targeted by MIF, their receptor expression patterns, and the effects of MIF on cell migration were examined. TPA directly caused cytotoxicity accompanied by MIF release in mouse ear epidermal keratinocytes, as well as in human keratinocytic HaCaT cells. Treatment with the MIF antagonist (S,R)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazole acetic acid methyl ester considerably attenuated TPA-induced ear swelling, leukocyte infiltration, epidermal cell proliferation, and dermal angiogenesis. Inhibition of MIF greatly diminished the dermal infiltration of IFN-γ(+) NKT cells, whereas the addition of exogenous TPA and MIF to NKT cells promoted their IFN-γ production and migration, respectively. MIF specifically triggered the chemotaxis of NKT cells via CD74 and CXCR2, and the resulting depletion of NKT cells abolished TPA-induced skin inflammation. In TPA-induced skin inflammation, MIF is released from damaged keratinocytes and then triggers the chemotaxis of CD74(+)CXCR2(+) NKT cells for IFN-γ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Hsieh
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Center of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Shin Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Trai-Ming Yeh
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yuan Hong
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; and Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Manczinger M, Kemény L. Novel factors in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and potential drug candidates are found with systems biology approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80751. [PMID: 24303025 PMCID: PMC3841158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disease characterized by increased proliferation of keratinocytes, activation of immune cells and susceptibility to metabolic syndrome. Systems biology approach makes it possible to reveal novel important factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Protein-protein, protein-DNA, merged (containing both protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions) and chemical-protein interaction networks were constructed consisting of differentially expressed genes (DEG) between lesional and non-lesional skin samples of psoriatic patients and/or the encoded proteins. DEGs were determined by microarray meta-analysis using MetaOMICS package. We used STRING for protein-protein, CisRED for protein-DNA and STITCH for chemical-protein interaction network construction. General network-, cluster- and motif-analysis were carried out in each network. Many DEG-coded proteins (CCNA2, FYN, PIK3R1, CTGF, F3) and transcription factors (AR, TFDP1, MEF2A, MECOM) were identified as central nodes, suggesting their potential role in psoriasis pathogenesis. CCNA2, TFDP1 and MECOM might play role in the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, whereas FYN may be involved in the disturbed immunity in psoriasis. AR can be an important link between inflammation and insulin resistance, while MEF2A has role in insulin signaling. A controller sub-network was constructed from interlinked positive feedback loops that with the capability to maintain psoriatic lesional phenotype. Analysis of chemical-protein interaction networks detected 34 drugs with previously confirmed disease-modifying effects, 23 drugs with some experimental evidences, and 21 drugs with case reports suggesting their positive or negative effects. In addition, 99 unpublished drug candidates were also found, that might serve future treatments for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Manczinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | - Lajos Kemény
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Swindell WR, Johnston A, Xing X, Voorhees JJ, Elder JT, Gudjonsson JE. Modulation of epidermal transcription circuits in psoriasis: new links between inflammation and hyperproliferation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79253. [PMID: 24260178 PMCID: PMC3829857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-genome expression profiling has been used to characterize molecular-level differences between psoriasis lesions and normal skin. Pathway analysis, however, is complicated by the fact that expression profiles have been derived from bulk skin biopsies with RNA derived from multiple cell types. Results We analyzed gene expression across a large sample of psoriatic (PP) and uninvolved/normal (PN) skin biopsies (n = 215 patients). We identified 1975 differentially expressed genes, including 8 associated with psoriasis susceptibility loci. To facilitate pathway analysis, PP versus PN differences in gene expression were analyzed with respect to 235 gene modules, each containing genes with a similar expression pattern in keratinocytes and epidermis. We identified 30 differentially expressed modules (DEMs) biased towards PP-increased or PP-decreased expression. These DEMs were associated with regulatory axes involving cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-17A, TNF-α), transcription factors (e.g., STAT1, NF-κB, E2F, RUNX1) and chromatin modifiers (SETDB1). We identified an interferon-induced DEM with genes encoding anti-viral proteins (designated “STAT1-57”), which was activated in psoriatic epidermis but repressed following biologic therapy. Genes within this DEM shared a motif near the transcription start site resembling the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE). Conclusions We analyzed a large patient cohort and developed a new approach for delineating epidermis-specific pathways and regulatory mechanisms that underlie altered gene expression in psoriasis. Our findings highlight previously unrecognized “transcription circuits” that can provide targets for development of non-systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Swindell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew Johnston
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xianying Xing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John J. Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - James T. Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Johann E. Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Mavropoulos A, Rigopoulou EI, Liaskos C, Bogdanos DP, Sakkas LI. The role of p38 MAPK in the aetiopathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:569751. [PMID: 24151518 PMCID: PMC3787653 DOI: 10.1155/2013/569751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenetic mechanisms responsible for the induction of immune-mediated disorders, such as psoriasis, remain not well characterized. Molecular signaling pathways are not well described in psoriasis, as well as psoriatic arthritis, which is seen in up to 40% of patients with psoriasis. Signaling pathway defects have long been hypothesized to participate in the pathology of psoriasis, yet their implication in the altered psoriatic gene expression still remains unclear. Emerging data suggest a potential pathogenic role for mitogen activated protein kinases p38 (p38 MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the development of psoriasis. The data are still limited, though, for psoriatic arthritis. This review discusses the current data suggesting a crucial role for p38 MAPK in the pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mavropoulos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Eirini I. Rigopoulou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Liaskos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P. Bogdanos
- Cellular Immunotherapy and Molecular Immunodiagnostics, Institute of Research and Technology Thessaly, 41222 Larissa, Greece
- Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Institute of Liver Studies, King's College London School of Medicine at King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Lazaros I. Sakkas
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
- Center of Molecular Medicine, Old Dominion University, 23529 Monarch Way, Norfolk, VA, USA
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
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